Jump to content

Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromAli Baba)
"Ali Baba" redirects here. For the technology company named after the character, seeAlibaba Group.For other uses, seeAli Baba (disambiguation).
For other uses, seeAli Baba and the Forty Thieves (disambiguation).
Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Cassim, Ali Baba's elder brother, in the cave byMaxfield Parrish(1909)
Folk tale
NameAli Baba and the Forty Thieves
RegionMiddle East
Published inThe One Thousand and One Nights,translated byAntoine Galland

"Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves"(Arabic:علي بابا والأربعون لصا) is a folk tale in Arabic added to theOne Thousand and One Nightsin the 18th century by its French translatorAntoine Galland,who heard it from Syrian storytellerHanna Diyab.As one of the most popularArabian Nightstales, it has been widely retold and performed in many media across the world, especially for children (for whom the more violent aspects of the story are often suppressed).

In the original version,Ali Baba(Arabic:علي باباʿAlī Bābā) is a poor woodcutter and an honest person who discovers the secret of a thieves' den, and enters with the magic phrase "open sesame".The thieves try to kill Ali Baba, but his faithful slave-girl foils their plots. His son marries her, and Ali Baba keeps the secret of the treasure.

Textual history[edit]

The tale was added to the story collectionOne Thousand and One Nightsby one of its European translators,Antoine Galland,who called his volumesLes Mille et Une Nuits(1704–1717). Galland was an 18th-centuryFrenchOrientalistwho heard it in oral form from a SyrianMaronitestory-teller calledHanna Diyab,who came fromAleppoin modern-daySyriaand told the story inParis.[1]In any case, the earliest known text of the story is Galland's French version.Richard F. Burtonincluded it in the supplemental volumes (rather than the main collection of stories) of his translation (published asThe Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night).[2]

The American OrientalistDuncan Black MacDonalddiscovered an Arabic-language manuscript of the story at theBodleian Library;[3]however, this was later found to be a counterfeit.[4]

Story[edit]

Ali Baba and his older brother, Cassim (Arabic:قاسمQāsim,sometimes spelled Kasim), are the sons of amerchant.After their father's death, the greedy Cassim marries a wealthy woman and becomes well-to-do, building on their father's business. Ali Baba marries a poor woman and settles into the trade of awoodcutter.

One day, Ali Baba is at work collecting and cutting firewood in the forest, when he happens to overhear a group of 40 thieves visiting their stored treasure. Their treasure is in a cave, the mouth of which is sealed by a huge rock. It opens on the magic words "open sesame"and seals itself on the words" close sesame ". When the thieves are gone, Ali Baba enters the cave himself and takes a single bag of gold coins home.

Ali Baba and his wife borrow his sister-in-law'sscalesto weigh their new wealth. Unbeknownst to them, Cassim's wife puts a blob of wax in the scales to find out what Ali Baba is using them for, as she is curious to know what kind of grain her impoverished brother-in-law needs to measure.

To her shock, she finds a gold coin sticking to the scales and tells her husband. Under pressure from his brother, Ali Baba is forced to reveal the secret of the cave. Cassim goes to the cave, taking a donkey with him to take as much treasure as possible. He enters the cave with the magic words. However, in his greed and excitement over the treasure, he forgets the words to get out again and ends up trapped. The thieves find him there and kill him. When his brother does not come back, Ali Baba goes to the cave to look for him, and finds the bodyquarteredand with each piece displayed just inside the cave's entrance, as a warning to anyone else who might try to enter.

Ali Baba brings the corpse home where he entrustsMorgiana(Arabic:مرجانةMurjāna), a clever slave-girl from Cassim's household, with the task of making others believe that Cassim has died a natural death. First, Morgiana purchases medicines from anapothecary,telling him that Cassim is gravely ill. Then, she finds an oldtailorknown as Baba Mustafa whom she pays, blindfolds, and leads to Cassim's house. There, overnight, the tailor stitches the pieces of Cassim's body back together. Ali Baba and his family are able to give Cassim a proper burial without anyone suspecting anything.

The thieves, finding the body gone, realize that another person must have known their secret, so they set out to track him down. One of the thieves goes down to the town and comes across Baba Mustafa, who mentions that he has just sewn the pieces of a corpse back together. Realizing the dead man must have been the thieves' victim, the thief asks Baba Mustafa to lead the way to the house where the deed was performed. The tailor is blindfolded again, and in this state he is able to retrace his steps and find the house.

The thief marks the door with a symbol so the other thieves can come back that night and kill everyone in the house. However, the thief has been seen by Morgiana who, loyal to her master, foils the thief's plan by marking all the houses in the neighborhood similarly. When the 40 thieves return that night, they cannot identify the correct house, and their leader kills the unsuccessful thief in a furious rage. The next day, another thief revisits Baba Mustafa and tries again. Only this time, a chunk is chipped out of the stone step at Ali Baba's front door. Again, Morgiana foils the plan by making similar chips in all the other doorsteps, and the second thief is killed for his failure as well. At last, the leader of the thieves goes and looks himself. This time, he memorizes every detail he can of the exterior of Ali Baba's house.

The leader of the thieves pretends to be an oil merchant in need of Ali Baba's hospitality, bringing with himmulesloaded with 38 oil jars, one filled with oil, the other 37 hiding the other remaining thieves. Once Ali Baba is asleep, the thieves plan to kill him. Again, Morgiana discovers and foils the plan when her lamp runs out of oil and she has to get it from the merchant's jars; the thieves give themselves away one by one hearing her approach and mistaking her for their boss. After refilling her lamp, Morgiana kills the 37 thieves in their jars by pouring boiling oil on them one by one. When their leader comes to rouse his men, he discovers they are all dead and escapes. The next morning, Morgiana tells Ali Baba about the thieves in the jars. They bury them, and Ali Baba shows his gratitude by giving Morgiana her freedom. However, she continues living with Ali Baba and his family anyway.

To exact revenge, the leader of the thieves establishes himself as a merchant, befriends Ali Baba's son (who is now in charge of his late uncle Cassim's business), and is invited to dinner at Ali Baba's house. However, the thief is recognized by Morgiana, who performs asword dancewith a dagger for the diners and plunges it into the thief's heart, when he is off his guard. Ali Baba is at first angry with Morgiana, but when he finds out the thief wanted to kill him, he is extremely grateful and rewards Morgiana by marrying her to his son. Ali Baba is then left as the only one knowing the secret of the treasure in the cave and how to access it.

Analysis[edit]

Classification[edit]

The story has been classified in the Aarne–Thompson-Uther classification system asATU 954,"The Forty Thieves".[5]The tale type enjoys "almost universal... diffusion".[6]

Variants[edit]

A West African version, namedThe Password: Outwitting Thieveshas been found.[7]

Percy Amaury Talbot located a Nigerian variant, calledThe Treasure House in the Bush,from Ojong Akpan of Mfamosing.[8]

An American variant was collected by Elsie Clews Parsons fromCape Verde.[9]

In popular culture[edit]

Audio recordings and music[edit]

Audio readings/dramatizations include:

Theatre - Stage[edit]

Poster for40 Thievesat theRoyal Lyceum Theatre,Edinburgh, 1886
  • The story has been used as a popularpantomimeplot for many years. An example of the "pantomime Ali Baba" was the pantomime/musicalChu Chin Chow(1916).
  • Badi-Bandar Rupkatha(বাঁদী-বান্দার রূপকথা) is a 2014Bangladeshitheatrical dance adaptation of Ali Baba and Forty Thieves organised by Srishti cultural centre and Nrityanchal. Many leading Bangladeshi dancers performed in the adaptation such asShamim Ara Nipa,Shibli Sadiq, etc.[13]

Theatrical films[edit]

Live-action non-English language films[edit]

Live-action English-language films[edit]

Animation - USA[edit]

Animation - Europe and Asia[edit]

Television[edit]

Live-action[edit]

  • Indian TV seriesAlif Laila,based on the Arabian Nights, had a 14 episode segment on Alibaba and the Forty Thieves.[30]
  • Princess Dollie Aur Uska Magic Bag(2004–2006), an Indian teen fantasy adventure television series onStar PluswhereVinod Singhportrays Ali Baba, one of the main characters in the show along withSinbadandHatim.
  • In the American/British television mini-seriesArabian Nights(2000), the story is told faithfully with two major changes. The first is: when Morgiana discovers the thieves in the oil jars, she alerts Ali Baba and, together with a friend, they release the jars on a street with a steep incline that allows the jars to roll down and break open. Furthermore, the city guard is alerted and arrest the disoriented thieves as they emerge from their containers. Later, when Morgiana defeats the thief leader, Ali Baba, who is young and has no children, marries the heroine himself.
  • In the 2019 BBC/FXadaptationofA Christmas Carol,Ali Baba was portrayed byKayvan Novak.This was an expansion from a reference to the character in theoriginal novel.[31]
  • This story was partially used in the 2022 Indian fantasy TV seriesAli Baba: Dastaan-E-KabulAired onSony SAB,whereSheezan Mohammed Khanplayed the main character of Ali Baba.[32]

Animation[edit]

  • Adventures of Ali Baba(2018–2019) is an Indian animated television series, produced byShilpa Shetty Kundra,which aired onColors Rishtey.A modern-day retelling of the folktale, it follows brothers Ali and Baba, who protect dungeons and fight evil forces with their supernatural powers.[33]

Video games[edit]

  • Blade of Ali Baba is a unique item of the video gameDiablo II(2000).
  • "Alibaba" appears as thehackeraliasofFutaba SakurainPersona 5(2016).
  • The story Alibaba and the 40 thieves appears on the websitePoptropicaas a playable island.
  • Alibaba and Morgiana were playable characters in the mobile gameGrimms Notes,while the 40 thieves and their leader were enemies.
  • "Ali Baba's Wee Booties" are a community created weapon for theDemomanin the video gameTeam Fortress 2(2007)[34]
  • "The Forty Thieves" is a questline inAssassin’s Creed Mirage(2023) where the player must help Ali Baba's daughter take on the 40 thieves.

Military[edit]

At theUnited States Air Force Academy,Cadet Squadron 40 was originally nicknamed "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves" before eventually changing its name to the "P-40Warhawks ".[35]

The name "Ali Baba" was often used as derogatoryslangbyAmericanandIraqisoldiers and their allies in theIraq War,to describe individuals suspected of a variety of offenses related to theft and looting.[36]Additionally, British soldiers routinely used the term to refer to Iraqi civilians.[37]In the subsequentoccupation,it is used as a general term for the insurgents.[38]

The Iraqis adopted the term "Ali Baba" to describe foreign troops suspected of looting.[39]

Miscellaneous[edit]

Gallery[edit]

  • A depiction of the Forty Thieves.
    A depiction of the Forty Thieves.
  • The Forty Thieves attack Cassim.
    The Forty Thieves attackCassim.
  • A member of the Forty Thieves tries to discover the location of the house of Ali Baba.
    A member of the Forty Thieves tries to discover the location of the house of Ali Baba.
  • A member of the Forty Thieves marks the door of Ali Baba
    A member of the Forty Thieves marks the door of Ali Baba
  • Morgiana pays Baba Mustafa the Cobbler.
    Morgiana pays Baba Mustafa theCobbler.
  • Morgiana pours boiling hot oil into the jars containing the infamous Forty Thieves.
    Morgiana pours boiling hotoilinto the jars containing the infamous Forty Thieves.
  • Ali Baba presents treasures from the magical cave of Sesame to Morgiana.
    Ali Baba presents treasures from the magical cave ofSesameto Morgiana.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Goodman, John (17 Dec 2017).Marvellous Thieves adds a new chapter to Arabian Nights – Paulo Lemos Horta gives 'secret authors' their due in his study of the World Literature classic.North Shore News.
  2. ^Burton, R. F.Supplemental Nights to the Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night with Notes Anthropological and Explanatory.Vol. III, fasc. 2. p. 369.(n.)
  3. ^MacDonald, Duncan Black(April 1910)."'Ali Baba and the forty thieves' in Arabic from a Bodleian MS ".Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland:327–386.doi:10.1017/S0035869X00039575.JSTOR25189681.S2CID163708921.
  4. ^Mahdi, Muhsin(1994). "Galland's Successors".The Thousand and One Nights: From the Earliest Known Sources;Part 3, "Introduction and Indexes".
  5. ^Uther, Hans-Jörg (2004). The Types of International Folktales: Animal tales, tales of magic, religious tales, and realistic tales, with an introduction. FF Communications. p. 592 - 594.
  6. ^Paulme, Denise. "Morphologie du conte africain". In:Cahiers d'études africaines,vol. 12, n°45, 1972. p. 153. [DOI:https://doi.org/10.3406/cea.1972.2775];http://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1972_num_12_45_2775
  7. ^Herskovits, Melville; Herskovits, Frances (1998).Dahomean Narratives.Northwestern University Press.ISBN978-0810116504.
  8. ^Talbot, Percy (1912).In the Shadow of the Bush.George H. Doran Company. pp. 389–393.
  9. ^McCarthy, William (2007).Cinderella in America: A Book of Folk and Fairy Tales.University Press of Mississippi. pp. 137–141.ISBN978-1-57806-959-0.
  10. ^"A Bing Crosby Discography".BING magazine.International Club Crosby.Retrieved4 October2017.
  11. ^"Char Chand".Gaana.
  12. ^"Ali Baba Ali Baba - Agneepath".Tips Official.10 September 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 13 November 2021.
  13. ^"Leading Dancers to PresentAli Baba".Cinema.com.Archived fromthe originalon 29 December 2014.Retrieved29 December2014.
  14. ^abcdefghiRajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999).Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema.British Film Institute.ISBN9780851706696.
  15. ^Ganesh Anantharaman (January 2008).Bollywood Melodies: A History of the Hindi Film Song.Penguin Books India. p. 228.ISBN978-0-14-306340-7.
  16. ^Sanjit Narwekar (1994).Directory of Indian film-makers and films.Flicks Books.ISBN9780948911408.
  17. ^"Alibaba 1940".Alan Goble. Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.Retrieved20 September2014.
  18. ^Spaas p.148
  19. ^Bali, Karan (2 January 2015)."Tamil Nadu's trailblazing Modern Theatres studio spun romances, period dramas and colour films".Scroll.in.Archivedfrom the original on 6 September 2016.Retrieved6 September2016.
  20. ^Sim Sim Margina (1958).MySwar.
  21. ^"Ali Baba 40 Dongalu (Banner)".Chitr.com.
  22. ^"Ali Baba 40 Dongalu (Direction)".Filmiclub.
  23. ^"Alibabayum 41 kallanmaarum".malayalasangeetham.info.Retrieved6 October2014.
  24. ^Malhotra, A. P. S. (4 March 2017)."Alibaba Aur 40 Chor (1979)".The Hindu.Retrieved11 May2018.
  25. ^The Illustrated Weekly of India,Volume 101, Issues 18-34
  26. ^"Приключения Али-Бабы и сорока разбойников – в Багдаде все спокойно".Nashfilm.Archived fromthe originalon 13 October 2007.Retrieved13 October2007.
  27. ^"A Li Ba Ba (1988)".
  28. ^Gautam, Savitha (25 January 2002)."Alibaba".The Hindu.
  29. ^"Alibaba and The Forty Thieves (2018)".Indiancine.ma.
  30. ^"Alif Laila: 1001 Nights - Vol. 1 to 20 (Episodes - 1 to 143) DVD".Amazon.in.December 2013.Retrieved5 November2018.
  31. ^Fienberg, Daniel (18 December 2019)."'A Christmas Carol': TV Review ".The Hollywood Reporter.Retrieved21 December2019.
  32. ^"Ali Baba Dastaan – e – Kabul | First Look | New Show - Coming Soon".Youtube.
  33. ^"Raj & Shilpa Shetty Kundra Turn TV Producers With A 13 Part Animation Series!".Bollyy.31 October 2018.
  34. ^https://wiki.teamfortress.com/wiki/Ali_Baba's_Wee_Booties
  35. ^"Cadet Squadron 40".usafa.af.mil.Retrieved12 September2022.
  36. ^Vasagar, Jeevan."Court martial hears of drowned Iraqi's final moments".Retrieved18 April2007.
  37. ^Norton-Taylor, Richard (21 September 2009)."Baha Mousa inquiry: 'rotten' UK military blamed for death in army camp".The Guardian.
  38. ^Fumento, Michael."Back to Falluja: The Iraqi Army versus the Keystone Kops insurgency".Retrieved18 April2007.
  39. ^Levin, Jerry (3 May 2003)."Will The Real Ali Baba Please Stand Up".CPT.Archived fromthe originalon 11 April 2007.Retrieved18 April2007.
  40. ^"Alibaba's IPO Filing: Everything You Need to Know - Digits - WSJ".blogs.wsj.com. 7 May 2014.Retrieved11 July2014.
  41. ^Quisquater, Jean-Jacques; Guillou, Louis C.; Berson, Thomas A. (1990)."How to Explain Zero-Knowledge Protocols to Your Children"(PDF).Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO' 89 Proceedings.Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 435. pp. 628–631.doi:10.1007/0-387-34805-0_60.ISBN978-0-387-97317-3.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toHistoire d’Ali Baba (Galland).
Wikisourcehas original text related to this article:
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Baba_and_the_Forty_Thieves&oldid=1232457522"