Altar cross
Analtar crucifixoraltar crossis a cross placed upon analtar,and is often the principal ornament of the altar.[1]
History
[edit]Early Christians were wary of publicly exposing the cross or crucifix for fear of subjecting it to the insults of pagans, or scandalizing the weak. To avoid this, they often usedsymbolslike theanchorortrident.
The first appearances of a cross upon the altar occurred approximately in the 6th century, although it remained unusual for several centuries, and even discouraged. When it was used, it seems to have been only during the actual service, and was likely aprocessional crossdetachable from its staff, and placed on the altar after processing. This was at first almost always acrossrather than a truecrucifix;these began to be made specifically for altars in the late 11th century,[2]and became more common from the 12th century, though they may have been expensive at first.
By the start of the 13th century, treatises byPope Innocent IIIexpected there to be a cross between two candles on the altar during theMass.[3]This period was also the era whencandlesticks,also probably carried in procession at the start of a service, started appearing upon altars instead of nearby, and as such marked a rather large evolution in the adornment of altars. Around the 14th century, altar crosses were almost universally replaced by crucifixes, probably now affordable by all churches, however, it was not until the 1570Roman MissalofPope Pius Vthat there is any mention of an obligation to have a crucifix on the altar.
Purpose and use
[edit]Catholic Usage
[edit]
Roman Catholic liturgical norms require a crucifix (with the corpus or body of Jesus) near or on the altar whenever Mass is celebrated. In some cases, to better fulfill this requirement, the crucifix is instead hung on the wall behind the altar, so that when the priest is facing the congregation the crucifix is not obstructed. In some churches, the crucifix is hung mid-air via chains or metal cords, directly above the altar itself. This is called arood cross,which may also refer to a crucifix placed on a beam above the altar, along with figures of theBlessed Virgin MaryandSaint John the Apostle,or above arood screen.
Protestant Usage
[edit]Usage of an altar cross, or sometimes a crucifix, varies widely by custom. It is near universal inAnglicanchurches. Mostmainline Protestantchurches will have a cross displayed on or near the altar orcommunion tableor at some central location.Lutheranchurches retained both altar and crucifix (with the body of Jesus displayed) after theReformation,and is the norm in Europe. The influence of theReformed tradition,which comprises theProtestantmajority inNorth America,many Lutheran churches there prefer a plain altar cross rather than a crucifix.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913)..Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^G Schiller,Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. II,1972 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London, 141,ISBN0-85331-324-5
- ^J. H. Miller: "Crucifix; New Catholic Encyclopedia COM-DYS", page 485. Catholic University of America, 1967
