Altes Museum

Not to be confused withAlte Nationalgalerie.

Altes Museum

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Location	Museum Island,Berlin
Coordinates	52°31′10″N13°23′54″E
Public transit access	U:Museumsinsel()
Website	Altes Museum
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Part of	Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin
Criteria	Cultural: ii, iv
Reference	896
Inscription	1999 (23rdSession)
Area	8.6 ha (21 acres)
Buffer zone	22.5 ha (56 acres)

TheAltes Museum(English:Old Museum) is alisted buildingon theMuseum Islandin thehistoric centreofBerlin,Germany.Built between 1825 and 1830 by order of KingFrederick William III of Prussiaaccording to plans byKarl Friedrich Schinkel,it is considered a major work ofGerman Neoclassical architecture.It is surrounded by theBerlin Cathedralto the east, theBerlin Palaceto the south and theZeughausto the west. Currently, the Altes Museum houses theAntikensammlungand parts of theMünzkabinett.As part of the Museum Island complex, the Altes Museum was listed as aUNESCO World Heritage Sitein 1999, in recognition of its testimony to the development of themuseumas a social and architectural phenomenon.

History

Planning and location

In the early nineteenth century, Germany'sbourgeoisiehad become increasingly self-aware and self-confident. This growing class began to embrace new ideas regarding the relationship between itself and art, and the concepts that art should be open to the public and that citizens should be able to have access to a comprehensive cultural education began to pervade society. KingFriedrich Wilhelm III of Prussiawas a strong proponent of thisHumboldtianideal for education and chargedKarl Friedrich Schinkelwith planning a public museum for the royal art collection.

Schinkel's plans

Schinkel's plans for theKönigliches Museum,as it was then known, were also influenced by drafts of the crown prince, the future KingFriedrich Wilhelm IV,who desired a building that was heavily influenced byClassical antiquity.The crown prince even sent Schinkel a pencil sketch of a large hall adorned with a classical portico.

Schinkel's plans incorporated theKönigliches Museuminto an ensemble of buildings, which surround theBerliner Lustgarten(pleasure garden). TheStadtschlossin the south was a symbol of worldly power, theZeughausin the west represented military might, and theBerliner Domin the east was the embodiment ofdivine authority.The museum to the north of the garden, which was to provide for the education of the people, stood as a symbol for science and art—and not least for their torchbearer: the self-aware bourgeoisie. For the front facing the Lustgarten, a simple columned hall in grand style and proportionate to the importance of the location would most certainly give the building character. The arrangement of the eighteen Ionic columns was effected by the Lustgarten. The portico was designed with a function in order to give the museum building an exterior befitting its site, in which the monuments can be placed.

Altes Museum,c.1830

Schinkel had developed plans for theKönigliches Museumas early as 1822/23, but construction did not begin until 1825. Construction was completed in 1828 and the museum was inaugurated on 3 August 1830.Schinkel was also responsible for the renovation of theBerliner Dom,originally aBaroquecathedral, in the Neoclassical style, and he exercised considerable influence onPeter Joseph Lenné's renovation of theLustgarten,which coincided with the construction of the museum, resulting in a harmonized and integrated ensemble.

Museum Island

In 1841, King Friedrich Wilhelm IV announced, in a royal decree, that the entire northern part of the Spree Island (now known as Museum Island) "be transformed into a sanctuary for art and science". In 1845, with the completion of theNeues Museum( "New" ), theKönigliches Museumwas renamed theAltes Museum( "Old" ), a name it holds to this day.

Historical photograph of the Altes Museum, before 1854

Altes Museum, 1950

Types ofAncient Greekhelmets,Antikensammlung Berlin

With the completion of theNeues MuseumbyFriedrich August Stülerin 1855,Museum Islandbegan to take form. This was followed by theNationalgalerie(now theAlte Nationalgalerie) byJohann Heinrich Strack(1876), theKaiser-Friedrich-Museum(now theBodemuseum) byErnst von Ihneafter plans by Stüler (1904), and thePergamonmuseumbyAlfred MesselandLudwig Hoffmann(1930). Thus, Museum Island evolved into the institution it is today.

Julius Carl Raschdorff's 1894–1905 reconstruction of theBerliner Dominto aneo-Renaissancecathedral (replacing the classical cathedral designed by Schinkel) severely disrupted the classical ensemble, especially since the new cathedral has significantly larger dimensions than its predecessor.

Content of the museum

The royally appointed commission, which was responsible for the conception of the museum, decided to display only "High Art"in the proposed building, which includedOld Master paintingsandprints and drawingson the upper floor, as well asClassical sculpturefromancient Greece and Romeon the ground floor. This precluded the incorporation ofethnography,prehistory and the excavated treasures of the ancient Near East fromAssyria,Persia,and elsewhere); instead, these artifacts were primarily housed inSchloss Monbijou.

20th century

During theNazi era,the Altes Museum was used as the backdrop for propaganda, both in the museum itself and upon the parade grounds of the redesignedLustgarten.Close to the end ofSecond World War,the building was badly damaged when a tank truck exploded in front of it, and the frescoes designed by Schinkel andPeter Cornelius,which adorned the vestibule and the back wall of the portico, were largely lost.

Under General Director Ludwig Justi, the building was the first museum of Museum Island to undergo reconstruction and restoration, which was carried out from 1951 to 1966 byHans Erich BogatzkyandTheodor Voissen.Following Schinkel's designs, the murals of the rotunda were restored in 1982. However, neither the ornate ceilings of the ground floor exhibition rooms nor the pairs of columns under the girders were reconstructed. The former connection to theNeues Museumhas also not been rebuilt; instead, an underground passageway connecting all of the museums of Museum Island is planned as part of theMuseumsinsel 2015renovations.

Gallery

• 
  Centaur mosaic
• 
  Nile mosaic

The Antiquities Collection

A Greek glassamphora,2nd half of the 2nd century BC, fromOlbia,now in the Altes Museum

The Altes Museum was originally constructed to house all of the city's collections of fine arts, includingOld Masterpaintings, and prints and drawings. However, since 1904, the museum has solely housed theAntikensammlung(Collection of Classical Antiquities).Since 1998, the Collection of Classical Antiquities has displayed its Greek collection, including the treasury, on the ground floor of the Altes Museum.Special exhibitions are displayed on the second floor of the museum.

See also

• List of art museums
• List of museums in Berlin
• List of museums in Germany
• Granite bowl in Lustgarten
• Apulian picture vases for a funeral ceremony (Berlin Antique Collection)

Further reading

• Michael S. Cullen, Tilmann von Stockhausen:Das Alte Museum.Berlin-Edition, Berlin 1998,ISBN3-8148-0002-8.
• Wolf-Dieter Heilmeyer, Huberta Heres, Wolfgang Maßmann:Schinkels Pantheon. Die Statuen der Rotunde im Alten Museum.Von Zabern, Mainz 2004,ISBN3-8053-3255-6.
• Andreas Scholl, Gertrud Platz-Horster (Hrsg.):Altes Museum. Pergamonmuseum. Antikensammlung Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin.3., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Von Zabern, Mainz 2007,ISBN978-3-8053-2449-6.
• Jörg Trempler:Das Wandbildprogramm von Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Altes Museum Berlin.Gebr. Mann, Berlin 2001,ISBN3-7861-2333-0.
• Elsa van Wezel:Die Konzeptionen des Alten und Neuen Museums zu Berlin und das sich wandelnde historische Bewusstsein.Gebr. Mann, Berlin 2003,ISBN3-7861-2443-4(=Jahrbuch der Berlin MuseenN.F. Bd. 43, 2001, Beiheft).

External links

• Altes Museumat the website of the Berlin State Museums.
• Altes Museumat GreatBuildings.com.
• Altes Museumat Archiseek.com.
• (in German)Altes Museumat museum-location.de.
• Virtual tour of the Altes Museumprovided byGoogle Arts & Culture
• Media related toAltes Museum (Berlin)at Wikimedia Commons