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Andries de Graeff

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Andries de Graeff
Andries de Graeff (1661) byArtus Quellinus
Statutory auditorof theCourt of Auditof Holland and West-Friesland
In office
1652–1657
Preceded byAdriaan Pauw
Succeeded byJacob de Witt
Regent and burgomaster of Amsterdam
In office
1657 (1st) – 1672 (last)
Preceded byCornelis de Graeff
Succeeded byGillis ValckenierandCoenraad van Beuningen
Personal details
Born19 February 1611
Amsterdam
Died30 November 1678
Amsterdam
NationalityDutch
Political partyStates Faction
SpouseElisabethBicker van Swieten
RelationsCornelis de Graeff(brother)
Andries Bicker(cousin)
Jan de Witt(nephew)
Cornelis de Witt(nephew)
Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft(uncle)
ChildrenCornelis,Alia and Arnoldina (Aertje)
Residence(s)Herengracht446,Amsterdam,country housesVredenhofnearVoorschotenandGraeffenveldnear Oud-Naarden
OccupationRegent / Mayor andLandlord
Signature of Andries de Graeff

Andries de Graeff(19 February 1611 – 30 November 1678) was aregentandburgomaster(mayor) ofAmsterdamand leadingDutchstatesman during theGolden Age.[1]

He came from theDe Graefffamily, which, together with theBickerfamily by marriage, held political power in Amsterdam,Holland,and ultimately in theRepublic of the Seven United Provinces.[2]He was a member of a family of regents who belonged to therepublicanpolitical movement also referred to as the ‘state oriented’, theDutch States Party,as opposed to theOrangistenand opponent of the political ambitions of theHouse of Orange.[3]

At the height of the Dutch Golden Age, during theFirst Stadtholderless Periodfrom 1650 to theRampjaar1672, political power within Holland rested primarily with two republican and state-minded families. In Amsterdam this lay with the brothers Andries andCornelis de Graeff,and in The Hague with the brothersCornelisandJohan de Witt,the leaders of Holland's pro-state faction, which was reinforced by their close collaboration and mutual kinship.[4]Andries de Graeff was one of the leading figures seeking to end theEighty Years' Warbetween the United Netherlands and the Kingdom of Spain.[5]This took place in 1648 with thePeace of Münster.[6][7]After his brother's death in 1664, he took over the leadership of the De Graeff faction and continued his politics.[3]Andries was called the last mayor from the dynasty of the "Graven", who was powerful and able enough to ruled the city of Amsterdam.[8][3]His political stance was characteristic of his family: on the one handlibertineand state-minded, on the other hand, if only to a limited extent, loyal to theHouse of Orange.The proponents of the De Graeff family has shown they had an eye for national politics and tried to find some balance between the House of Orange and the Republicans. They were against too much influence of the church on political issues.[9]

Together with his brother Cornelis de Graeff he became an illustriousPatronandArt collectorof various artists and poets of the Dutch Golden Age.[1][10]His patronage consisted of commissions to artists such asRembrandt,Artus Quellinus,Gerard ter BorchandGovert Flinckfor the portraits of himself and his family. He was also sung about by poets such asJoost van den VondelandJan Vos.[9]

Family De Graeff

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Origin

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Overview of the immediate family of Andries de Graeff

Andries de Graeff was born inAmsterdam,the third son ofJacob Dircksz de Graeffand AaltjeBoelens Loen,[11]great-great-granddaughter of the important late medieval Amsterdam city regent andburgomasterAndries Boelens.His father was of free-thinking, republican sentiment, but also known for his obsession with fame.[9]He was one of the leading Remonstrant and state-loving patricians,[12]who was nevertheless not a principled anti-Orangist(supporters if the House of Orange-Nassau). He honored the inheritance of his father,Dirck Jansz Graeff,who was on friendly terms withWilliam the Silent of Orange.The young De Graeffs were influenced by their father's antagonistic attitude towards political issues.[9]

The relationship between the leadingpatriciatwas very close. Three of Andries' siblings married members of theBickerfamily, and so did Andries as the fourth. His older sisterAgneta de Graeff van PolsbroekmarriedJan Bicker.The couple hadWendela BickerandJacoba Bickeramong others; Wendela married to Grand pensionaryJohan de Wittand Jacoba to De Graeffs nephewPieter de Graeff.His close relatives included also Hollands writer and poetPieter Corneliszoon Hooftas one of his uncles, the influential Amsterdam burgomasters and statesmenAndries,Cornelis,Jan Bickerwho were his cousins, and burgomasterFrans Banning Cocq(captain ofRembrandt's paintingThe Night Watch), who was his brother-in-law. A more distant relative für example was his second cousin burgomasterJoan Huydecoper van Maarsseveen[13]

Genealogical and political Legacy

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Descendants ofAndries Boelens.Overview of the personal family relationships of theAmsterdamoligarchybetween theregent-dynastiesBoelens Loen,De Graeff,Bicker (van Swieten),WitsenandJohan de Wittin theDutch Golden Age

The De Graeff family therefore never boasted about the age of their own family in Amsterdam. But Andries and his brother Cornelis de Graeff together with their cousinsAndriesandCornelis Bicker,saw themselves as the political heirs of the old regent familyBoelens,whose main lineage, which had remained catholic, had died out in the male line in 1647. They had received the very significant first namesAndriesandCornelisfrom their Boelens ancestors. As in a real dynasty, members of the two families frequently intermarried in the 17th century in order to keep their political and commercial capital together. Its great historical ancestor wasAndries Boelens(1455-1519), the city's most influential medieval mayor. Both families, Bicker and De Graeff, descend in the female line from Boelens. He was allowed to hold the highest office in Amsterdam fifteen times.[14]

Von Graben connection

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Coat of Arms as knight of the Holy Roman Empire, diplom July 19th 1677 (archivMatthias Laurenz Gräff)

Shortly before Andries, the "Edle Herr von Graef(f)", died in end of 1678, he and his only adult son,Cornelis de Graeff,were raised to the German Imperial Knighthood by EmperorLeopold I[15]and their coat of arms improved.[16]The reason was a relationship claimed by De Graeff to the noble familyVon Graben,but this was doubted by his political opponents during De Graeff's lifetime. WithWolfgang von Grabenand his son Peter von Graben (* around 1450/1460), family members fromLaibachcame to Holland around 1476 [reported also in 1483] in the entourage of ArchdukeMaximilian of Austria[the later Emperor]. The latter had just acquired Holland by marryingMary of Burgundy.Margarethe von Croppenstein is reported as Peter's mother, but this cannot be correct, since she is mentioned as the wife of a Wolfgang von Graben, but only in the 16th century, which therefore applies to a later Wolfgang von Graben. Wolfgang entered the military service and was assigned to the archduke. Peter took the namePieter (de) Graeff(or De Graaff),[17]and also appears as the progenitor of the De Graeff family.[18]De Graeffwas the Dutch spelling ofVon Grabenduring the 14th and 15th century.[19]In the Diploma of Nobility loaned to Andries de Graeff,[20]it was affirmed that the family de Graeff was formerly called von Graben, which is the same as de Graeff. He also appears as the first known bearer of the Graeffsche/Grabenschen (family) coat of arms with the silver spade on a red background and the silver bird [swan] on a blue background.[21]This family today shows the same coat of arms as the De Graeff family. However, the Dutch Nieuw Nederlandsch Biographical Woordenboek doubts this family constellation:A certain Wolfgang von Graben, who came to Holland around 1483, is said to have married there and had a son Pieter, who is said to be the progenitor of the Dutch family...[18]That diplome dadet[check spelling]from 19 July 1677.[8]Diplom loaned to Andries de Graeff:

"Fide digis itegur genealogistarum Amsteldamensium edocti testimoniis te Andream de Graeff [Andries de Graeff] non paternum solum ex pervetusta in Comitatu nostro Tyrolensi von Graben dicta familia originem ducere, qua olim per quendam ex ascendentibus tuis ejus nominis in Belgium traducta et inPetrum de Graeff[Pieter Graeff], abavum,Johannem[Jan Pietersz Graeff], proavum,Theodorum[Dirck Jansz Graeff], avum, ac tandemJacobum[Jacob Dircksz de Graeff], patrem tuum, viros in civitate, Amstelodamensi continua serie consulatum scabinatus senatorii ordinis dignitabitus conspicuos et in publicum bene semper meritos propagata nobiliter et cum splendore inter suos se semper gessaerit interque alios honores praerogativasque nobilibus eo locorum proprias liberum venandi jus in Hollandia, Frisiaque occidentale ac Ultrajectina provinciis habuerit semper et exercuerit. "[22]

Feudality

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Deed of fief from the States of Holland and West Friesland for Andries de Graeff regarding the high and low Lordship of Urk and Emmeloord

In 1627/1636 Andries de Graeff inherited the manorVredenhof(Voorschoten) from both his uncle Jan Dircksz Graeff (?–1627) and his father Jacob Dircksz de Graeff. There he had the manorial right to breed swans.[23]

He also bought large plots of land in theOud-Naarden(Naarden) area and thus built his country estateGraeffenveld.He had a hill built there, the Venusberg, on the top of which a lion statue was erected, and which was then called Leeuwenberg.[24]

In 1660 De Graeff received the Lordship ofUrkandEmmeloordfrom theStates of Hollandfor the city of Amsterdam.[25]Oddly enough, he received the fief as a heritage fief (tot eenen erfleenen binnen after zusters kindt, niet te versterven, ende althoos te commen op den oudsten ende naesten, alzoo wel van manhooft als van wijfhoofde).[26]He held this administration until theRampjaar1672.

Coat of arms

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Coat of arms
Ancient coat of arms
Personal coat of arms as Lord of Vredenhof (around 1638)
Personal coat of arms a Imperial knight and Lord of Vredenhof (1677)

Andries de Graeff's coat of arms of origin wasquarteredand showed the following symbols:

  • field 1 (left above) the silver shovel on a red background of their paternal ancestors, theHerren von Graben
  • field 2 (right above) it shows a silver falcon on a blue background. The origin of the falcon lies in the possession of the Valckeveen estate (later the Valckenburg estate) inGooiland
  • field 3 (left below), same as field 2
  • field 4 (right below), same as field 1
  • helmet covers in red and silver
  • helm adornment shows an upright silver spade with ostrich feathers (Herren von Graben)
  • motto: MORS SCEPTRA LIGONIBUS AEQUAT (DEATH MAKES SEPTRES AND HOES EQUAL)

The personal coat of arms of Andries de Graeff between around 1638 and 1677 is quartered and shows the following symbols:

  • field 1 (left above) shows the silver shovel on red of their paternal ancestors, theHerren von Graben
  • field 2 (right above) shows the silver swan on blue of the Fief Vredenhof
  • field 3 (left below) shows the silver swan of their maternal ancestors, theDe Grebberfamily of Waterland
  • field 4 (right below), same as field 1
  • helmet covers in red and silver
  • helm adornment shows an upright silver spade with ostrich feathers (Herren von Graben)
  • motto: MORS SCEPTRA LIGONIBUS AEQUAT (DEATH MAKES SEPTRES AND HOES EQUAL)

In 1677 Andries de Graeff was awarded the imperial knighthood and his coat of armsincreased.His coat of arms wascrowned,and the two shovels in the coat of arms were also gilded and additionally hung with golden crowns.

  • Marriage crest of Andries de Graeff and Elisabeth Bicker van Swieten (1646)
    Marriage crest of Andries de Graeff and Elisabeth Bicker van Swieten (1646)
  • Coat of arms on his townhouse Huis van der Graeff, Amsterdam (1672)
    Coat of arms on his townhouseHuis van der Graeff,Amsterdam (1672)
  • Coat of arms as imperial knight (1677)
    Coat of arms as imperial knight (1677)

Marriage and progeny

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Elisabeth Bicker van Swieten, full niece, second cousin and wife of Andries de Graeff
Marriage certificate Andries de Graeff and Elisabeth Bicker van Swieten

In 1646 Andries de Graeff married ElisabethBicker van Swieten(1623-1656), who was both his full niece and the daughter of his cousin burgomasterCornelis Bicker van Swieten.[8]This connection was possibly promoted by his brother Cornelis de Graeff and his cousin Andries Bicker.[9]Through his marriage he became a brother-in-law of burgomaster and statesmanCornelis Geelvinck,burgomasterLambert Reynstand his own nephewGerard Bicker (I) van Swieten.He also became a cousin-in-law to later Danish baronJoachim Irgens von Westervick,owner of the privateIrgens Estate,which was a huge part ofNorthern Norway.

The couple Andries and Elisabeth had four children:[8]

  • Cornelis de Graeff(1650–1678) m. 1675 AgnetaDeutz,daughter of Cornelis' uncle, the important financierJean Deutz(brother-in-law of Cornelis' own cousin Grand pensionaryJohan de Witt) and his multiple aunt Geertruida Bicker[27]
  • Alida de Graeff(1651–1738), m. 1678Diederik van Veldhuyzen(1651–1716), Lord of Heemstede, patrician and politician of Utrecht, President and Councilor of the States of Utrecht
  • Arnoldina de Graeff (1652–1703) m. 1681 Transisalanus Adolphus Baronvan Voorsttot Hagenvoorde, Vrijheer of Jaarsveld, member of the Knighthood of Holland, confidant and steward of stadholder-kingWilliam IIIand lieutenant-stadtholder ofGorinchem;son of Hidde van Voorst and Joannavan Haersoltetot Staverden en Bredenhorst, vrouwe van Staverden Bredenhorst en Zwaluwenberg (†1720), herself a daughter of Simon van Haersolte (1610-1673) and Adriana JosinaBentinck(ca 1620-ca 1685)
  • Jacob de Graeff, died at early age

Andries de Graeff was also tempted to marry off his children to people from different circles. The marriages of his daughters, especially Arnoldina's with Baron Van Voorst, showed a conscious rapprochement with theOrangismcamp in the republic even after his political end. Andries de Graeff was probably not as anti-Orangist as his politics would suggest.[9]The historianRob van der Laarselooks at these two connections, this deliberate approach to the Orange camp, but as forced marriages.[28]

Politics

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Influence

[edit]

The De Graeff family was in the circle of the Amsterdamoligarchyof the Golden Age and belonged to the rulingstates orientedpatriciateof the province of Holland. Both, Andries and his older brotherCornelis de Graeff,were critical of theOrangefamily's influence. Together with the Republican political leaderGrand PensionaryJohan de Witt,the De Graeff-family strove for the abolition ofstadtholderships,but also try to keep a good relationship with them and their sympathizers. They desired the full sovereignty of the individual regions in a form in which theRepublic of the United Seven Netherlandswas not ruled by a single person. Instead of a sovereign (or stadtholder) the political and military power was lodged with theStates Generaland with the regents of the cities in Holland.[3]

During the two decades the De Graeff family had a leading role in the Amsterdam administration, the city was at the peak of its political power. This period was also referred to by Republicans as the ‘Ware Vrijheid’ (True Freedom). It was theFirst Stadtholderless Periodwhich lasted from 1650 to 1672. During these twenty years, the regents from Holland and in particular those of Amsterdam, controlled the republic. The city was flush with self-confidence and liked to compare itself to the famous Republic of Rome. Even without a stadtholder, things seemed to be going well for the Republic and its regents both politically and economically.[3]

Career

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Steps into politics, Peace of Münster

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Further information:Peace of Münster
Portrait of Andries de Graeff byRembrandtin 1639

Andries de Graeff finished his studies at theUniversity of Poitiersin 1634[29]and reached a degree in canon and civil law.[9]In 1646 he becameSchepen[8]and a member of theVroedschapof Amsterdam, a position he retained until 1650. For the first two decades of his career, Andries de Graeff was politically overshadowed by his older brother Cornelis and their cousinAndries Bicker.[10]

During the 1640s the republican elite of the province of Holland, the brothers Cornelis and Andries de Graeff,[5]Jacob de Wittand the brothers Andries andCornelis Bicker,advocated an end to the war with the Spanish Kingdom of Spain and a reduction in land forces.[6]This ongoing state of war prevented the economic growth and social development of the United Netherlands. Also, this state of war strengthened the stadtholder's power as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, something the Republicans did not want. This intensified the conflict between them and the stadtholderFrederick Henry of Orangeand theReformed Church of Holland.In 1648, due to the immense political pressure from the entireBicker-De Graeff clan,[5]the United Netherlands (States General) entered into peace negotiations with Spain in order to end theEighty Years' Warwith thePeace of Münster.[7]

Rekenmeester of Holland

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The Vredenhof estate, which De Graeff lived in while he was employed as an advisor and Statutory auditor of Holland and West-Friesland in The Hague

In 1650, Andries de Graeff took up his position as member of theCourt of Auditof the Dutch Republic atThe Hague[10][8]and was thus able to audit the administration of the Republic and the chambers of theAdmiraltyon behalf of the States General.[9]In 1652, through the mediation of his brother Cornelis, he became the charteredStatutory auditor(Rekenmeester der Grafelijke domeinen van Holland en West-Friesland Meester ordinaris der Grafelijke domeinen van Holland en West-Friesland) of the State Accounting Chamber at The Hague. He got this lucrative job because Cornelis thwarted the already established appointment of recently retired 74-years oldGrand pensionaryJacob Cats.[9]During his time as Meester ordinaris he also lived in the Vredenhof estate near Voorschoten, bought by his grandfatherDirck Jansz Graeffin 1581.[8]There he had the manorial right to breed swans.[30]De Graeff moved back to Amsterdam for a time in 1653. During this time he held positions as Commissioner of theHaarlemmermeer,Hoofdingeland(highest rank in dike management) of theWatergraafsmeerandDikemasterofNieuwer-Amstel.[9]In 1657 he finally resigned as Rekenmeester of the Grafelijke domeinen van Holland en West-Friesland.[8]

Amsterdam regent

[edit]
Beginning
[edit]
Portrait drawing of Andries de Graeff in 1657 on the occasion of his first mayoralty (byJan Lievens)

From 1657 Andries de Graeff devoted himself to his political activities in Amsterdam, where he was first elected burgomaster (mayor). In totally he acted burgomaster seven from 1657 to 1671 in the difficult times of theFirst Stadtholderless Period.[3][8]At that time theDe Graeff faction,under his brother Cornelis de Graeff, held the government of the city in their hands. Between 1658 and 1659 Andries de Graeff was advisor of theAdmiralty of Amsterdam.[8]Other offices whereDijkgraafof the lakes at theAmstelriver andPilotagemasteron the riverMaas.[11]De Graeff was also instrumental in the artistic decoration of the new AmsterdamCity Hall op de Dam.[1]The awarding of the art commissions was shared between a number of painters, including Jacob Jordaens and Jan Lievens, by principal burgomasters De Graeff and his 2nd cousinJoan Huydecoper van Maarsseveen.In 1660 he becameAmbachtsheerofUrkandEmmeloordin what is now the province ofFlevolandon behalf of the city of Amsterdam.[8]

The Dutch Gift
[edit]
Further information:Dutch Gift

In 1660/1661 the De Graeff brothers and other politicians of Holland pursued a pro-English strategy which secured them military support against Spain and free trade (vrij schip, vrij goed). For this reason, Andries and Cornelis de Graeff,[9]in 1660 founded a commission that presented the English KingCharles IIwith theDutch Gift,consisting of numerous valuable paintings and works of art.[31]The sculptures for the gift were selected by the pre-eminent sculptor in the Netherlands,Artus Quellinus,andGerrit van Uylenburgh,the son ofRembrandt's dealerHendrick van Uylenburgh,advised the De Graeff's and theStates General of the Netherlandson the purchase. The Dutch Gift was a collection of 28 mostly Italian Renaissance paintings and 12 classical sculptures, along with a yacht, the Mary, and furniture.[32]Most of the paintings and all the Roman sculptures were from theReynst collection,the most important seventeenth-century Dutch collection of paintings of the Italian sixteenth century. The collection was given to Charles II to mark his return to power in theEnglish Restoration,before which Charles had spent many years in exile in the Dutch Republic during the rule of theEnglish Commonwealth.It was intended to strengthen diplomatic relations between England and the Republic, but only a few years after the gift the two nations would be at war again in theSecond Anglo-Dutch Warof 1665–67.

Faction De Graeff
[edit]
The Arrival of Cornelis de Graeff and Members of His Family at Soestdijk, His Country Estate.Andries de Graeff is the right one of the three figures standing on the roadside to the right of center; painting byJacob van RuisdaelandThomas de Keyser,(1656/1660) (National Gallery of Ireland)

From the beginning of the 1660s, two other leading groups emerged in the Amsterdam Vroedschap, in addition to the influential pro-statefaction De Graeff;the faction ofGillis Valckenier,who was considered coarse, cunning and scheming and in later years Orange-minded, and theHenrick Hooftfaction, which stood as a middle party between the two opposite poles.[33]Between 1661 and 1663 Andries de Graeff acted as a councilor ofStates of Holland and West Frieslandat The Hague.[8]After the death of his brother Cornelis in 1664, he had a dominated force in Amsterdam[1]and chaired the moderateDe Graeff factionin the Vroedschap,[8]which included members of the De Graeff and Bicker regent families among others, which were considered moderate.[10]It was now up to Andries de Graeff to take over his brother's role as a balancing and pragmatic manager. This was difficult to achieve in the later 1660s in the incipient power struggle between the Republicans and the Orangists. From now on, Andries de Graeff, together with his nephewGrand pensionaryJohan de Wittand Valckenier, directed the development and education of the Prince of Orange and later King of EnglandWilliam III,thechild of the State.[34]

In 1666, together with the burgomasters Valckenier,Hendrick Dircksz SpiegelandGerard Claesz Hasselaer,he presented the French Foreign MinisterHugues de Lionnewith a representative painting of Amsterdam byLudolf Backhuysen.[35]The regents of Amsterdam hoped for the benevolent support of France.

The result of the Perpetual Edict (1667)
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Further information:Perpetual Edict (1667)
The States of Holland, led by Johan and Cornelis de Witt, adopt thePerpetual Edictin 1667, byRomeyn de Hooghe(1675)

In 1667, Andries de Graeff was the initiator of thePerpetual Edictalongside De Witt[10]and the later prince-loving statesmenGaspar Fageland Valckenier, which contained the abolition of the (Oranian) stadtholdership of Holland,[36][3]and the incompatibility of a stadtholdership with thecaptain generalshipof the Republic of the United Netherlands.[10]At approximately the same time a majority of provinces in theStates-General of the Netherlandsagreed to declare the office of stadtholder (in any of the provinces) incompatible with the office of Captain general of the Dutch Republic. Despite the Perpetual edict, De Graeff pursued a moderate policy, for it was extremely good relations with the Orange Court in The Hague.[10]

However, the younger De Graeff did not manage to be as active in maintaining the state as his brother Cornelis. Support for Grand pensionary Johan de Witt was also weakened; Cornelis de Graeff had been an excellent comrade-in-arms and adviser to De Witt, a role which the younger De Graeff could not play on an equal footing. As a result, De Witt lost the substantial support for his policy from Amsterdam.[8]In 1669 there was a first break with Valckenier, who opposed the De Graeff faction,[37]prevented the appointment as burgomaster of De Graeff[9]and also wanted to break their power.[10]As a result, he increasingly lost ground in government at Valckenier. When that 1670 was openly on the side of the Prince of Orange, and in Paris secret negotiations withWiliam III of Orange-Nassau,which had the purpose of bringing the Orangers back to power, led to an open break with De Graeff.

Amsterdam City Hall
TheAmsterdam City Hallon Dam Square, painting byGerrit Adriaenszoon Berckheyde(1665-1680)
Gerard de Lairesse,"Triomf der Vrede" (Triumph of Peace), three ceiling painting with its parts left to right:Unity, Freedom, Safety(1671/72). The paintings symbolizing the role of Andries de Graeff as protector of the True Freedom of the Dutch Republic (now located atThe Hague Peace Palace)

At the early 1670s the Dutch Republic was in a dangerous position and war withFranceandEnglandseemed imminent. The call for the return of a strong military leader from the Orange-family was gaining momentum, particularly among commoners. A number of Amsterdam regents had started to realise that they needed to seek rapprochement with the Orangists. This put increasing pressure on De Witt's position. In 1670, the AmsterdamseVroedschap(Amsterdam City Council) led by the burgomasters Valckenier andCoenraad van Beuningendecided to enter into an alliance with theOrangistsand to offer William III a seat on theCouncil of State.This caused a definitive split between De Witt and the Orangist Amsterdam group of regents around Valckenier. However, De Witt and the state-minded partyfaction De Graeff(including Andries de Graeff, his nephewPieter de Graeff,his brother-in-lawLambert Reynstand his distant cousinCornelis van Vlooswijckamong others) and the faction Henrick Hooft succeeded in 1671 together in excluding Valckenier and his comrades-in-arms from the Amsterdam government.[8][3]Andries de Graeff was once again put forward as burgomaster and managed to gain control with his Republican faction. During the winter of 1671 it seemed as if – at least in Amsterdam – the Republicans were winning. It was an exceptionally opportune moment to commission a monumental three ceiling paintingTriomf der Vrede(Triumph of Peace) byGerard de Lairesseon Amsterdam's independent position for the ‘Sael’ of his burgomaster's hall at theAmsterdam City Hall.De Graeff had a clear message in mind for the ceiling painting: the ‘Ware Vrijheid’ of the Republic was only protected by the republican regents of Amsterdam. The paintings glorify the De Graeff family's role as the protector of the Republican state, defender of ‘True Freedom’. It is also to be understood as a statement of opposition and against the return to the Oranian stadtholdership. However, these paintings were not in the town hall, but in hisHuis van der Graeffuntil 1900.[3]

Rampjaar 1672
[edit]
Further information:Rampjaar

When the situation in the republic became more and more precarious in theRampjaarof 1672 due to the invading French troops, the Orange-leaning party of Valckenier and the statesmenCoenraad van Beuningen,Nicolaes WitsenandJohannes Hudde,who had becomeOrangistsin July of the same year, succeeded in seizing the power of the opposing party To seize the De Graeff faction again and to gain a majority in the Vroedschap (Amsterdam city parliament). In early summer, the population threatened by the French invasion refused to follow Grand pensionaryJohan de Wittand thus played themselves into the hands of the Orange Party. Amsterdam did everything it could to avoid surrendering Holland to the French. TheStates of Hollandplanned to establish a Holland line for protection. On behalf of Amsterdam, Andries de Graeff pushed ahead with the protective structure and was on duty as fortress commissioner.[8]

Contrary to De Graeff, whose close relationship to Johan de Witt was well known, his rival Valckenier was held in high esteem by the population. A July 1 event epitomizes this exactly, when a number of citizens went to De Graeff's home, denounced him as a coward and threatened that they would raise an army of up to 20,000 men to kill him and any suspects, i.e. supporters of the statesmen to attack De Witt. Valckenier was also asked by a citizen delegation whether he was aware of traitors within the city government, to which Valckenier denied. Since this group had murderous intentions towards De Graeff, Valckenier said that he was not a traitor. The citizens would have "weighed and shrugged their shoulders" and thus spared De Graeff. This event does not fit well with the theory of bitter enemy factions, for Valckenier held his hand protectively over De Graeff, to whom Valckenier later boasted that De Graeff owed his life.[38]In July, due to the immense pressure from the population, the AmsterdamVroedschapdecided to rescind thePerpetual Edictcreated in 1667 - the abolition of the (Oranian) stadtholdership,[4]which was also initiated five years earlier by De Graeff - and decided thatWilliam III of Orangeas the new stadtholder of Holland. Also, De Graeff voted for the appointment of Willem III to theCaptain generaland Admiral-General of Holland.[39]He continued to take on the task of bringing the resolution to The Hague. As he was about to leave, he was stoned by a crowd incited by one of his political opponents, who wanted to assassinate him. His wig was torn off and he was almost stabbed with a sword afterwards.[8]The main reason for this was that De Graeff, like Johan de Witt, was accused of treason and believed that he wanted to hand over the important documents and money for The Hague to the French.[40]De Graeff managed to escape back to the City house op de Dam with the help of the Citizens' Guard. After a speech to the crowd by burgomastersCornelis de Vlaming van OudshoornandHenrick Hooft,De Graeff was able to pass through theHaarlemmerpoort,accompanied by Hooft and De Vlaming van Oudshoorn[41]and the military guard commanded by his brother-in-law, ColonelCornelis Geelvinckbe smuggled out of town.[42]A contemporary report states the following:de Graff, Bürgermeister von Amsterdam / wird von dem gemeinen Pöbel angefallen / wird aus der Stadt convoyiret.(de Graff, mayor of Amsterdam / is attacked by the common mob / is convoyed out of the city.)[43]

Atrocities
Mistreatment of Andries de Graeff by an incited crowd (graphic bySimon Fokke)
The bodies of the brothersJohanandCornelis de Witt,The Hague, August 1672. Painting byJan de Baen,Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam)

On August 12, William III to visited Amsterdam. At the Vroedschap session, he was courted "with great zeal" by Hooft, who also led him to the seat of the president-burgomaster. When the meeting was almost over, De Graeff went straight for the prince with outstretched hand, but it was noticeable that Willem "did not accept him aen sach". The cards seemed to have already been reshuffled, and Hooft had succeeded in gaining the Orangeman's favor against De Graeff.[44]

The brothers Johan andCornelis de Wittwere accused in pamphlets by Oranian partisans of wanting to replace the House of Orange with that of De Witt together withLouis XIV of France.[4]On August 20, the De Witts were brutally murdered in The Hague by a popular mob, incensed by Orange party members and the ongoing pamphlets. After these internal political upheavals, the people stood united behind the Orangers. As in other cities, large crowds demanded that the Amsterdam Vroedschap be purged of the De Witts' confidants and partisans. De Graeff's ally, burgomaster Henrick Hooft, was threatened with stoning if he did not resign. On walls in the city the inscription could be read:Beware citizens, the traitors are active again. They are:Reinst,Vlooswijk,de Graeff,Outshoorn,Hooft,Pol,Bontemantel.[4]On August 30, at the behest of the Oranger, treacherous pro-De Witt city regents were to be identified and forced to resign. In Amsterdam the Vroedschap delayed this result in order to achieve a reconciliation between De Graeff and Hooft with Valckenier. On August 30, at the behest of the Oranger, treacherous pro-De Witt city regents were to be identified and forced to resign. In Amsterdam the Vroedschap in person of SchepenJan Six[10]delayed this result in order to achieve a reconciliation between De Graeff and Hooft with Valckenier. However, there was no reconciliation between De Graeff and Valckenier, since the Orangeman saw no advantage in it, and Valckenier himself would have no interest in it, since he wasted his popularity with the people and with the Orangeman precisely because of his opposition to De Graeff,the Wittiaanse(Johan de Witt), thanked.[45]

During the Vroedschaps meeting on 3 September, De Graeff offered his support to Amsterdam's new powerful politician, Valckenier, who vehemently refused, swearing at both him and his late Cornelis de Graeff. De Graeff resigned from politics that same day, but was not expelled from the government and from all offices until September 11 (September 10 session).[8]On September 5, the ongoing uproar and popular anger caused the Amsterdam Vroedschap, due to community unrest and to prevent massacres and looting, the new governor to change the law to allow certain regents to be replaced by those more friendly to Stadtholder William III, thus restoring order within the city government. [4]This law allowed the Amsterdam Vroedschap on September 10 to expel Republicans, who were undesirable in the Orange Party, from the government. This affected 16 former burgomasters, Vroedschapen and Schepen of the city, mostly members of the De Graeff parliamentary group,[9]including De Graeff, Hooft, Bontemantel,[4][46]De Graeff's brother-in-law Lambert Reynst[47]and his two nephewsPieterandJacob de Graeff,[48]the sons of his late brother Cornelis. It is striking that twelve of these politicians were among those who expelled Valckenier and his faction from the Vroedschap in 1671.[49]This event marked the end of Andries de Graeff's Wittians (Johan de Witt), but by contrast Hooft and his fellow factions were able to remain in the Vroedschap. It was probably the reward for Hooft having served the Orangeman well and owed his subservience to him.[50]

Conclusion and outlook
[edit]

In the end, despite his best efforts, Andries de Graeff failed to take over from his late brother Cornelis and thus ensure a stable Amsterdam (Dutch) government and the support of Johan de Witt. This meant the political exit of the De Graeff faction in the government of Amsterdam and its influence on Holland.[51]

The conflicts between Wilhelm III of Orange and the patricians of Amsterdam in the Rampjaar 1672 showed that neither Gillis Valckenier nor Henrick Hooft can be considered convinced Orangists. The decisive factors here were mainly the commercial interests for which Valckenier campaigned and at the same time accused his rival Andries de Graeff of wasteful politics. Likewise, the anti-French policies of Valckenier and Coenraad van Beuningen arose from their belief that trade would benefit them. This makes her conflict with Johan de Witt, the epitome of the "French Connection", and also De Graeff, understandable. It can be assumed that it was not of primary interest to Valckenier whether the Oranger would become stadtholder. When he advocated the continuation of the war with France after 1674, there were arguments with Valckenier because Amsterdam was now benefiting from the peace.[52]

Last years and death

[edit]
Portrait of Andries de Graeff byGerard ter Borch,1673/74. The book with the red and white ribbons indicates the imperial knighthood to be obtained.
Death report of Andries de Graeff

Andries Graeff initially stayed in Amsterdam. De Graeff was one of the 250 richest people of the Dutch Golden Age[53]and was initially posted a fortune of 292,000guildersin 1674, but this sum was increased to 700,000 guilders (equivalent to the sum of six millioneurosin 2009) through the influence of his old adversary Gillis Valckenier 2009[10]), while Valckenier's sonWouter Valckenier,who married a rich heiress, only had to pay tax on the sum of 10,000 guilders himself (which corresponded to the average wealth of a notary or pharmacist). The historianKees Zandvlietestimates De Graeff's fortune in 1678 at 1,100,000 guilders.[28]In 1676 De Graeff moved toUtrecht,whereupon Valckenier reported him for tax evasion, after which he returned to his native city after only one year.[8]

In 1678, Andries de Graeff died on November 30 and was buried in the family plot in Amsterdam'sOude Kerk.[54]However, since his son Cornelis died young on October 16, half of his inheritance went to his son-in-law Diederik van Veldhuyzen, the husband of his older daughter Alida. In 1681 the husband of his younger daughter Arnoldina, Transisalanus Adolphus Baron van Voorst tot Hagenvoorde van Bergentheim, received estates from the De Graeff family worth 556,000 guilders, organized by Van Veldhuyzen.[28]

Art and Lifestyle

[edit]
Andries de Graeff, painting byGovert Flinck(c 1650)
Andries de Graeff, marble bust byArtus Quellinus(1661)
Gerard de Lairesse,Triomf der Vrede;detail (Allegory of the Freedom of Trade) of the ceiling painting symbolizing the role of Andries de Graeff as protector of the True Freedom of the Dutch Republic (1671/72), The Hague Peace Palace
Matthias Laurenz Gräff,"Im herbstlichen Wald" (In the autumn forest), 2007; Andries de Graeff on the left side

Like his brother Cornelis, Andries de Graeff was one of the greatestpatronsof art and culture of his time and surrounded himself with art and beauty. He was painted by various artists of theDutch Golden Age,Rembrandt van Rijn,Gerard ter Borch,Govert FlinckandThomas de Keyser.Jan Lievensdid a drawing andArthus Quellinusa bust of him. In addition to his friendships and patronage with Flinck, ter Borch, Lievens, Quellinus and the poetsJoost van den Vondel[55]Jan Vos,Caspar Barlaeus,andGerard Brandt,[1]he was also a patron of Rembrandt at a young age.[56]But this support ended abruptly when Rembrandt received a commission for a portrait from De Graeff, which, according to his family, represented "drunk and unfinished". De Graeff refused to pay him the immensely high sum of 500guildersfor this work. Eventually, Rembrandt sued De Graeff in a lawsuit he won, earning him his claimed payment of over 500 guilders. Since then, however, he has not been given any more commissions by the Amsterdam patrician class and has been ignored when it comes to prestigious public contracts.[57]On the other hand, De Graeff was associated with the poet Van den Vondel as a patron and supporter into old age, and after the bankruptcy in 1656 he got him a job as an accountant at theBank van Leningwith a salary until the end of his life.[4]

In literature, Andries de Graeff is often considered an art lover orpatron.His patronage consisted of commissions to artists such as Quellinus, Rembrandt and Ter Borch for the portraits of himself and his family. Also the remarks of the writer and painterArnold Houbraken,beginning 18th century have contributed to this picture. In one of his works, the British historianPeter Burkecompares the elites of Venice and Amsterdam in the 17th century. In it he mentions that Andries de Graeff had paintings of Ceres, Flora, Juno, Venus and the reclining Diana in his cityhouse.[9]

De Graeff liked to show himself in princely garb. The marble bust of Quellinus depicts him as aRoman consul.[58]The burgomasters of Amsterdam were inspired by the ancientRoman Republicand saw themselves as successors to theRoman patriciansand Amsterdam as the successor to the Roman Republic. TheRijksmuseum Amsterdamexplains more about this bust:This is impressively expressed in this impressive portrait bust by Andries de Graeff. Wearing a cloak resembling a classical toga, he had himself immortalized in marble in the guise of a Roman consul, as indicated by the letters "COS" (the abbreviation for a consul in ancient Rome) after his name on the pedestal.[59]

Around 1660, Andries de Graeff was also painted atThe Arrival of Cornelis de Graeff and Members of His Family at Soestdijk, His Country EstatebyThomas de KeyserandJacob van Ruisdael.The painting Show his brother Cornelis and his wifeCatharina Hooftand their sons Pieter and Jacob on horsebacks. Alongside his brothers-in-law PieterTripandWillem Schrijver,he is the right of the three figures standing on the roadside to the right of center.[60]

In 1671,Gerard de Lairessepainted the three ceiling paintingTriomf der Vrede(Triumph of Peace) for De Graeff. They had a clear message: the ‘Ware Vrijheid’ of the Republic was only protected by the republican regents of Amsterdam. The paintings glorify the De Graeff family's role as the protector of the Republican state, defender of ‘True Freedom’. It is also to be understood as a statement of opposition and against the return to the Oranian stadtholdership. De Graeff's choice of this subject was based on its quality as a signer and co-initiator of thePerpetual Edictand is not surprising. The ominous thing is that these ceiling paintings atRampjaarwere completed in 1672. Here came theTrue freedom- the era of theFirst Stadtholderless Period- to an abrupt end, as did burgomaster De Graeff's political career.[3]

In 2007, Austrian artistMatthias Laurenz Gräff,a distant descendant of De Graeff, used Rembrandt's painting of Andries in his painting "Im herbstlichen Wald" (In the autumn forest) and Quellinus' bust in his painting "Morbide Zeiten" (Morbid times) as part of his diploma series.[61]

De Graeff also dealt very intensively with the genealogy of his house and its lineage, about which Van den Vondel wrote a treatise personally dedicated to him.[62]Van den Vondel also decided the poemOp den edelen en gestrengen Heer Andries de Graeff, Ouden Raet en Rekenmeester der Graeflijckheit van Hollant, en West-Vrieslant, nu Out-Burgermeester, en Zeeraedt t'Amsterdamto De Graeff.[63]

Andries de Graeff belonged to the richest persons of theDutch Golden Ageand in 1674 he owned 700,000guilders[53]which put him at rank 34 of the 250 richest persons.[10]

Houses and Estates

[edit]
Huis van der Graeff
Description of the Leeuwenberg on Graeffenveld with the coat of arms by Andries de Graeff (drawing, probably 19th century)

Andries de Graeff lived in the cityhouseHuis van der Graeffin Amsterdam'sHerengracht- in its most magnificent part, the so-calledGouden Bocht(now No. 446) - which is decorated on its top with his coat of arms. It also housed his collection of paintings with paintings by great Dutch masters from the Golden Age. He also owned the three large ceiling frescoesTriomf der Vrede(Triumph of Peace) byGerard de Lairesse.These paintings were present in the garden room of this house until 1900[3]and today they are in thePeace Palacein The Hague.[64][3]In 2008, the two fashion designers Viktor Horsting and Rolf Snoeren fromViktor & Rolftook over the old palace.[65]

De Graeff hadcountry estateswith the Vredenhof nearVoorschotenand Graeffenveld near Oud-Naarden (Naarden), where he had a hill built, the Venusberg, on the top of which a lion statue was erected, and which was then called Leeuwenberg.[24]Another country estate was added in 1675 when he and his nephewsPieter de GraeffandGerard Bicker (I) van Swietenbought Valkenburg (the former Valckeveen of his grandfatherDirck Jansz Graeff) nearHeemstedefor 7,480 guilders from his sister Christina de Graeff (1609 –1679).[66]

Art collection

[edit]
Jacob Blessing the Sons of JosephbyRembrandt(Portrait of the family of Willem Schrijver and Wendela de Graeff as biblical characters; 1656)

Andries de Graeff had an art collection that included masterpieces by Rembrandt, Gerard ter Borch, Govaert Flinck and other Dutch masters of the 16th and 17th centuries. The historianPeter Burke,in his bookVenice and Amsterdam: Study of Seventeenth-century Elites,mentions a large collection without giving any references.[9]Probably the most famous painting in De Graeff's collection was Rembrandt van Rijn'sJacob Blessing the Sons of Joseph,which hung above De Graeff's fireplace in his Amsterdam cityhouse on the Herengracht. The painting shows De Graeff's sisterWendela de Graeff,her husbandWillem Schrijverand her two sons in as biblical characters.[67]Also in De Graeff's collection were Rembrandt's painting Minerva[68][9]and Ter Borch's Portrait of Cornelis de Graeff[69]- depicting Andries' son Cornelis. In the mid-18th century,Gerrit de Graeff,a descendant of De Graeff's brother Cornelis, sold various masterpieces, including Jacob Blessing the Sons of Joseph and Rembrandt's full length portrait of De Graeff to a Hamburg art dealer.[70]LandgraveWilliam VIII of Hesse-Kasselbought the paintings from him and furnished his picture gallery, today's Old Masters Picture Gallery, with them.[71]

[edit]

InPeter Greenaway's filmNightwatchingfrom 2007, Andries de Graeff is portrayed as a drunken man who has just come out of the brothel. Greenaway shows that De Graeff's portrayal ofRembrandt van Rijnreflects him as a war drunkard. De Graeff had only accepted the portrait on the condition that Rembrandt would add an extra detail to the painting afterwards: agauntletplaced at De Graeff's feet; with this gesture one challenged the opponent to a duel.[72]

Historiography

[edit]

The Dutch art historian and archivistBas Dudok van Heelabout the impact of the Bicker [in particularly the brothers Andries and Cornelis Bicker] and the linkedDe Graefffamily [in particularly the brothers Cornelis and Andries de Graeff] and their missed (high) noble rank:InFlorencefamilies like Bicker and De Graeff would have been uncrowned princes. Here, in 1815, they should at least have been raised to the rank of count, but the southern Dutch nobility would not have put up with that. What you got here remained nothing half and nothing whole.[73]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abcdeThe Leiden Collection. Portrait of Andries de Graeff (1611–1678), Burgomaster of Amsterdam, by Marjorie E. Wieseman (2017)
  2. ^Biography Andries Bicker at DBNL
  3. ^abcdefghijklJephta Dullaart: Triumph of Peace
  4. ^abcdefgDie vielen Leben des Jan Six: Geschichte einer Amsterdamer Dynastie, by Geert Mak (2016)
  5. ^abcAmsterdam: a brief life of the city. By Geert Mak, Harvill Press (1999), p 123
  6. ^abOliver Krause: Die Variabilität frühneuzeitlicher Staatlichkeit. Die niederländische „Staats “-Formierung der Statthaltosen Epoche (1650–1672) als interkontinentales Regiment (Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2018)
  7. ^abBuitenplaatsen in de Gouden Eeuw: De rijkdom van het buitenleven in de Republik, by Y. Kuiper, Ben Olde Meierink, Elyze Storms-Smeets, p 71 (2015)
  8. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrsBiography of Andries de Graeff at Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 2 (1912) - P.J. Blok, P.C. Molhuysen
  9. ^abcdefghijklmnopPieter C. Vis: Andries de Graeff (1611–1678) ’t Gezagh is heerelyk: doch vol bekommeringen
  10. ^abcdefghijkAndries de Graeff, voorbeeld van culturele elite? Tweede opdrach, by Pieter Vis
  11. ^abD Nederlandsche leeuw: Maandblad van het Genealogisch-Heraldiek Genootschap, volume 1895-1900, p 132-134
  12. ^Geschiedenis van Holland,volume 2, book 2, by Eelco Beukers
  13. ^Rembrandt's Universe: His Art, His Life, His World, p 193, by Gary Schwarz (Thames & Hudson, 2006)
  14. ^DBNL, Amsterdamse burgemeesters zonder stamboom. De dichter Vondel en de schilder Colijns vervalsen geschiedenis, by S.A.C. Dudok van Heel, p 147 (1990)
  15. ^G. Schwarz (1987):Rembrandt,p 278
  16. ^Österreichisches Staatsarchiv: AT-OeStA/AVA Adel RAA 151.23 Graeff, Andreas de, Bürgermeister zu Amsterdam, Verleihung des Reichsritterstandes, „Edler Herr von Graef(f), Ritter “, Wappenbesserung, 1677.07.19 (Akt (Sammelakt, Grundzl., Konvolut, Dossier, File))
  17. ^Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Ritter- u. Adels-Geschlechter, Band 3, p 229 (1870)
  18. ^abFamily De Graeff (Pieter Graeff) wt the Dutch "DBNL"
  19. ^Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache in Beziehung auf Abstammung und Begriffsbildung, p 254, by Conrad Schwenck (1834)
  20. ^Pieter C. Vies: Andries de Graeff (1611–1678) `t Gezagh is heerelyk: doch vol bekommeringen. p 5
  21. ^Der deutsche Herold: Zeitschrift für Wappen-, Siegel- u. Familienkunde, Band 3, Nachrichten über die Familie de Graeff
  22. ^Herold, Verein (April 20, 1872)."Der deutsche Herold: Zeitschrift für Wappen-, Siegel- u. Familienkunde".Heymanns [in Komm.] – via Google Books.
  23. ^Burgemeesters van Amsterdam in de 17e en 18e eeuw,by J. F. L. de Balbian Verster and Jan François Leopold Balbian Verster, p 60.
  24. ^ab't Graeveveldt. Valkeveenselaan 56, Naarden
  25. ^Amsterdam, in zyne opkomst, aanwas, geschiedenissen, voorregten..., Band 1, p 299, by Jan Wagenaar
  26. ^Geschiedenis van het eiland Urk,Cornelis de Vries, Dr. fa. P. Zalsman, p 190 (1962)
  27. ^Johan Engelbert Elias, De Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1578-1795, Deel 1, p 632
  28. ^abcDe 500 Rijksten van de Republiek: Rijkdom, geloof, macht en cultuur, von Kees Zandvliet (see #16, Johan de Graeff)
  29. ^Burke, P. (1974) Venetië en Amsterdam. Een onderzoek naar de elites in de zentiende eeuw.
  30. ^Burgemeesters van Amsterdam in de 17e en 18e eeuw. By J. F. L. de Balbian Verster and Jan François Leopold Balbian Verster, p 60
  31. ^Israel, J. I. (1995)The Dutch Republic,p 750
  32. ^Whittaker and Clayton: pp. 31–2 for the art, Gleissner for the furniture and yacht. The yacht was the gift of theDutch East India Company,according toLiverpool Museums (with model)Archived2010-07-29 at theWayback Machine,or the City of Amsterdam according to other sources.
  33. ^De rol van de Amsterdamse burgerbeweging in de wetsverzetting van 1672, p 204, by A. F. Salomons
  34. ^Amsterdam: the life of a city, p 185, by Geoffrey Cotterell
  35. ^Ludolf Backhuysen, Emden 1630 – Amsterdam 1708, p 17
  36. ^opgang van Mens en Wetenschap, by Hubert Luns, p 90 (2018)
  37. ^Google The ambassador prepares for war: the Dutch embassy of Arnauld de Pomponne, 1669–1671, p 53, by Herbert Rowen
  38. ^De rol van de Amsterdamse burgerbeweging in de wetsverzetting van 1672, p 208, by A. F. Salomons
  39. ^Neêrlands beroemde personen, naar hunne geboorteplaatsen in aardrijkskundige orde geranschikt on beknoept toegelicht, p 217, by Jacobus Wilhelmus Regt (1869)
  40. ^Biography Andries de Graeff atdigitale bibliothek voor de nederlandse letteren.Part 7
  41. ^De rol van de Amsterdamse burgerbeweging in de wetsverzetting van 1672, p 207, by A. F. Salomons
  42. ^J. F. L. de Balbian Verster (1930):De bocht van de Heerengracht.In:Jaarboek Amstelodamum,p 235
  43. ^Das Verwirrte Europa: Politische und Historische Beschreibung, Band 1, by Pieter Valkenier (1677). Niederländischer Originaltitel: Verwerd Europa ofte Polityke en Historische Beschrijving der waare Fundamenten en Oorzaken van de Oorlogen en Revolutiën in Europa, voornamentlijk in en omtrent de Nederlanden, sedert den jare 1664, gecauseert door de gepretenteerde universele Monarchie der Franschen. Verdeelt in dry stukken, met bygevoegde Authentyke stukken
  44. ^De rol van de Amsterdamse burgerbeweging in de wetsverzetting van 1672, p 211 / 212, by A. F. Salomons
  45. ^De rol van de Amsterdamse burgerbeweging in de wetsverzetting van 1672, p 214, by A. F. Salomons
  46. ^De rol van de Amsterdamse burgerbeweging in de wetsverzetting van 1672, p 216 / 217, by A. F. Salomons
  47. ^Biography Lambert Reynst
  48. ^The Paintings of Karel Du Jardin, 1626-1678: Catalogue Raisonné, p 13, by Jennifer Kilian, John Benjamins Publication (2005)
  49. ^De rol van de Amsterdamse burgerbeweging in de wetsverzetting van 1672, p 216, by A. F. Salomons
  50. ^De rol van de Amsterdamse burgerbeweging in de wetsverzetting van 1672, p 217 / 218, by A. F. Salomons
  51. ^Amsterdam tijdens de Verenigde Provinciën en de Bataafse Republiek(Familie De Graeff im Jahre 1672)
  52. ^De rol van de Amsterdamse burgerbeweging in de wetsverzetting van 1672, p 218/219, by A. F. Salomons
  53. ^abZandvliet, K. (2006)De 250 rijksten van de Gouden Eeuw: kapitaal, macht, familie en levensstijl,p 77–79 (Nieuw Amsterdam), Amsterdam, ISBN 90-8689-006-7.
  54. ^Vondel, Joost van den (April 20, 1657)."De werken van J. van den Vondel"(in Dutch). A.W. Sijthoff – via Google Books.
  55. ^Various reports and poems by Joost van den Vondel on Andries de Graeff
  56. ^Rembrandt's bankruptcy: the artist, his patrons, and the art market in Seventeenth-century Netherlands, p 111–120
  57. ^De kunst en het zakendoen, von Koos De Wilt (2013)
  58. ^www.buitenbeeldinbeeld.nl
  59. ^"Quellinus, bust of De Graeff, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam (Als een Romeins patriciër)".Archived fromthe originalon 2012-10-09.Retrieved2009-01-01.
  60. ^rkd.nl Cornelis de Graeff and his wife and sons arrive at their country house Soestdijk, ca. 1660
  61. ^www.meinbezirk.at: Matthias Laurenz Gräff, 15 Jahre Diplom-Jubiläum zum Akademischen Maler
  62. ^Joost van den VondelsAfbeeldingen der stamheeren en zommige telgen van de Graven, Boelensen, Bickeren en Witsens, toegewyt den edelen en gestrengen Heere Andries de Graeff,enz. met hunne portretten
  63. ^"Joost van den Vondel, De werken van Vondel Deel 8. 1656-1660 · dbnl".DBNL.
  64. ^"Deckenfresko im Friedenspalast in Den Haag, gemalt von Gerard de Lairesse, vormals im Besitz Andries de Graeffs".Retrieved2021-02-02.[permanent dead link]
  65. ^Viktor & Rolf: „Wir wollen nicht nur spielen “, Newspaper article May 28, 2009 at Frankfurter Allgemeine (FAZ.net)
  66. ^Johan Engelbert Elias, De Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1578-1795, Deel 1, p 520
  67. ^Rembrandt-Bilder: die historische Sammlung der Kasseler Gemäldegalerie, p 218. Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Kassel. Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister. Hirmer Verlag 2006.
  68. ^"Rembrandts Minerva in her study of 1635"(PDF).p. 15. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2007-08-13.Retrieved2009-01-31.
  69. ^Gerard ter BorchsPortret van Cornelis de Graeff
  70. ^Dudok van Heel, S.A.C.:Het Maecenaat De Graeff en Rembrandt,p 154. In: Maandblad Genootschap Amstelodamum (1969)
  71. ^Rembrandt-Bilder:die historische Sammlung der Kasseler Gemäldegalerie
  72. ^"Peter Greenaways FilmNightwatching".Archived fromthe originalon 2009-03-18.Retrieved2023-04-15.
  73. ^Geert Mak,Die vielen Leben des Jan Six: Geschichte einer Amsterdamer Dynastie:Geert Mak,Die vielen Leben des Jan Six: Geschichte einer Amsterdamer Dynastie
[edit]
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Literature

[edit]
  • Israel, Jonathan I. (1995)The Dutch Republic - Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall - 1477-1806,Clarendon Press, Oxford,ISBN978-0-19-820734-4
  • Zandvliet, Kees (2006)De 250 rijksten van de Gouden Eeuw: kapitaal, macht, familie en levensstijlblz. 93 t/m 94, uitg. Nieuw Amsterdam, Amsterdam,ISBN90-8689-006-7
  • Dudok van Heel, S.A.C.(1995)Op zoek naar Romulus & Remus. Een zeventiende-eeuws onderzoek naar de oudste magistraten van Amsterdam.Jaarboek Amstelodamum, p. 43-70.
  • Burke, P. (1994)Venice and Amsterdam. A study of seventeenth-century élites.
  • Graeff, P. de (P. de Graeff Gerritsz enDirk de Graeff van Polsbroek)Genealogie van de familie De Graeff van Polsbroek,Amsterdam 1882.
  • Bruijn, J. H. deGenealogie van het geslacht De Graeff van Polsbroek 1529/1827,met bijlagen. De Bilt 1962–63.
Andries de Graeff
Born:19 OFebruary 1611Died:30 November 1678
Preceded by Lord of the manorofUrkandEmmeloord
1660–1672 		Succeeded by
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