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Anemone

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This article is about the plant. For the animal, seeSea anemone.For other uses, seeAnemone (disambiguation).

Anemone
Anemone coronaria
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Subfamily: Ranunculoideae
Tribe: Anemoneae
Genus: Anemone
L.
Type species
Anemone coronaria
L.
Synonyms[1]
  • AbelemisRaf. ex Britton
  • AnemanthusFourr.
  • FlammaraHill
  • HartianaRaf.
  • Pulsatilloides(DC.) Starod.

Anemone(/əˈnɛməniː/) is agenusofflowering plantsin the buttercupfamilyRanunculaceae.Plants of the genus are commonly calledwindflowers.[2]They arenativeto thetemperateandsubtropicalregions of all regions exceptAustralia,New Zealand,Antarcticaand theMiddle East.[1]The genus is closely related to several other genera includingAnemonoides,Anemonastrum,Hepatica,andPulsatilla.Some botanists include these genera withinAnemone.[3][4]

Description

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An illustration of an anemone

Anemoneare perennials that have basal leaves with longleaf-stemsthat can be upright or prostrate. Leaves are simple or compound with lobed, parted, or undivided leaf blades. The leaf margins are toothed or entire.

Flowerswith 4–27 sepals are produced singly, incymesof 2–9 flowers, or inumbels,above a cluster of leaf- or sepal-likebracts.Sepals may be any color. The pistils have one ovule. The flowers havenectaries,butpetalsare missing in the majority of species.

The fruits are ovoid to obovoid shapedachenesthat are collected together in a tight cluster, ending variously lengthened stalks; though many species have sessile clusters terminating the stems. The achenes are beaked and some species have feathery hairs attached to them.[5]

Taxonomy

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Anemonewas named byCarl Linnaeusin 1753 and is situated in the tribeAnemoneae,subfamilyRanunculoideae,and the family Ranunculaceae.[6][7]As considered in the broader sense (sensu lato) the genus is sometimes considered to include a number of other genera, such asAnemonoides,Anemonastrum,Hepatica,Pulsatilla,Knowltonia,Barneoudia,andOreithales.[8]Several of these were included as separate genera within Anemoneae by Wanget al.,a tribe with six genera in total.[7]

Early molecular analyses divided the genus into twosubgenera(AnemonidiumandAnemone), with seven sections, and 12 informal subsections.[9]Ziman and colleagues (2008) treated thegenusAnemoneas 5 subgenera, 23 sections, 4 subsections, 23 series and about 118 species.[10]A further reclassification by Hoot and colleagues (2012) estimated 200 species.[8]

Hoot et al. found many of the previously defined subdivisions, based onmorphologicalcharacteristics werepolyphyleticorparaphyletic.In contrast two clearly definedmonophyleticcladesemerged corresponding to the above two subgenera.Anemonidiumdemonstrated foursubclades,corresponding to sections. The larger subgenusAnemoneshowed a similar pattern.

Hoot et al. proposed the following two subgenera and several sections be retained, with a number of subsections and series:

  • Anemonesubg.Anemonidium(Spach) Juz.
    • A.subg.Anemonidiumsect.HepaticaSpreng.
    • A.subg.Anemonidiumsect.KeiskeaTamura
    • A.subg.Anemonidiumsect.AnemonidiumSpach
    • A.subg.Anemonidiumsect.OmalocarpusDC.
  • Anemonesubg.AnemoneL.
    • A.subg.Anemonesect.PulsatilloidesDC.
    • A.subg.Anemonesect.Pulsatilla(Mill.) DC.
    • A.subg.Anemonesect.RivularidiumJancz.
    • A.subg.Anemonesect.AnemoneL.

Species

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Anemone drummondii
Anemone hortensis
Anemone virginiana

As of April 2020Kew'sPlants of the World Onlinelists 63 species in the genusAnemone:[1]

Etymology

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According to theOxford English Dictionary,Greekἀνεμώνη(anemōnē) means 'daughter of the wind', fromἄνεμος(ánemos,'wind') + femininepatronymicsuffix-ώνη(-ṓnē,so 'daughter of').[11]

TheMetamorphosesofOvidsays that the plant was created by the goddessAphroditewhen she sprinkled nectar on the blood of her dead loverAdonis,suggesting the frailty of the petals that can be easily blown away by the wind. "Anemone" may also refer to Nea'man, the Phoenician name for Adonis, from an earlier Syrian myth of the god of vegetation, who was killed by the tusks of awild boar.[12]The common namewindfloweris used for the entire genus.[13][14]

Ecology

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Diseases and pests

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Main article:List of anemone diseases

Anemonespecies are sometimes targeted by cutworms, thelarvaeofnoctuidmothssuch asangle shadesandheart and dart.[citation needed]

Cultivation

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pink anemone
Pink anemone

Some of the species are grown in gardens. Their popularity varies by species and region. In addition to certain straight species being available, hybrids and cultivars are available for certain species. Certain species, such asAnemone coronaria,are typically only available in hybrid form while others, such asAnemonoides blandaare nearly always sold in straight species form.

Cultivated anemones are nearly always one of the following colors: bluish violet, white, pink, red, and hues in a range between violet and pink. There are no truly blue anemones, despite the frequent use of the label "blue" in marketing to describe blue-violet flowers (flowers that are more violet than blue). Color labelling inaccuracy in marketing is found in treatments of numerous other genera, especially as it concerns the color blue — although some popular garden flowers from the same family are actually blue, such as some selections fromDelphinium.One species of anemone,Anemone ranunculoides,is unusual for its yellow flowers. In horticultural terms there are three main groups:

  1. spring-flowering species found in woodland and alpine meadows, oftentuberousorrhizomatous;e.g.Anemonoides nemorosa,Anemonoides blanda
  2. spring- and summer-flowering species from hot dry areas, with tuberous roots, e.g.Anemone coronaria
  3. summer- and autumn-flowering species with fibrous roots, which thrive in moist dappled shade; e.g.Eriocapitella hupehensis[15]

The spring-flowering autumn-planted ephemeral speciesAnemonoides blandais grown in large-scale commercial cultivation and can be purchased in bulk quantities. It is most commonly-available with a bluish violet flower (usually erroneously called "Blue Shades" despite its flower being more purple than blue) that varies from intense to pale, depending upon the individual plant and possibly soil conditions. A white-flowered form is the second-most common type. The least common of the commonly-cultivated forms is a pale pink. The violet, and especially pink, forms sometimes possess petals that fade to white near the flower center. The genus contains quite a number of other spring-flowering species.A. hortensisand the hybridA. fulgenshave less-divided leaves than some others and have rose-purple or scarlet flowers.[16]

Among the most well-known anemones isA. coronaria,often called the poppy anemone. It is a tuberous-rooted plant with parsley-like divided leaves and large poppy-like blossoms on stalks of from 15–20 cm high. It can be planted in the fall in zones 7 or 8 without extra protection or in spring in cooler zones. If planted in fall it will flower in the spring and if planted in the spring it will flower in late summer. The flowers are typically scarlet, crimson, bluish purple, reddish purple, or white. There are also double-flowered varieties, in which the stamens in the centre are replaced by a tuft of narrow petals. It has been used as a garden plant, in hybrid form in particular, for a long time in some parts of the world. Double forms are named varieties.[16]Hybrids of the de Caen and St. Brigid groups are the most prevalent on the market. InIsrael,large numbers of red-flowering non-hybridA. coronariacan be seen growing in certain natural areas.

Eriocapitella hupehensis,and its whitecultivar'Honorine Joubert', the latter especially, are well-known autumn-flowering selections. They grow well in well-drained but moisture-retentive soil and reach 60–100 cm in height, blooming continually for several weeks.E. hupehensis,E. vitifolia,and their hybrids and are particularly attractive to honeybees.[citation needed]A number of low-growing species, such as the native BritishAnemonoides nemorosaandAnemonoides apennina,have woodlands and other shady places as their habitat.[16]Hepaticaspecies typically also grow in shade.

Garden-cultivated anemones generally grow best in a loamy well-drained evenly-moist fertile soil, although the ephemeralA. blandadoes not require as much moisture during the summer when it is dormant (unlike the relatedEranthisspecies that can suffer if they become too dry even while dormant). Some prairie species that are rarely cultivated, such asAnemone cylindrica,grow well in drier warmer conditions and poor soil.[17]A. coronariahas been described by some professional sources as preferring acidic soil and by others as preferring alkaline soil. Hardy species may be planted in October in many zones. Unlike a hardier species such asA. blanda,A. coronariais described as hardy only as low as climate zone 7 by some sources and by others hardy only as low as zone 8. Various strategies, such as the use of protection, can be tried to plant them outdoors in fall in zone 6 but results may vary. As with other plants, some species can be readily raised from seed while some hybrids may be sterile.A. blandatypically blooms in mid spring.[16]The larger anemone species typically grow well in partial shade, or in full sun provided they are shielded from the hottest sun in southern areas. A well-drained soil, enriched with compost, is typically utilized.[citation needed]

If cut flowers are desired, it is best to harvest the flowers early in the morning while it is still cold outside while the bloom is still closed. To open your flowers place in room temperature water out of direct sun.A. coronariablooms can be purchased from some florists, between November and June depending upon availability.

Anemones in culture

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"Anemone" has several different meanings depending on the culture and context in which the flower is being used.

SeveralWesternmeanings of anemone flowers pertain to the Greek mythology of the origin of the anemone flower featuringAdonisandAphrodite.The goddess Aphrodite kept the mortal man Adonis as a lover; when Adonis was gored by a wild boar, Aphrodite's tears at his death mixed with his blood and gave rise to theanemone.[18]In other versions, the boar was sent by other jealous Greek gods to murder Adonis.[19]These origin stories reflect theclassicaldual meanings of the arrival of spring breezes and the death of a loved one.

In theVictorianlanguage of flowers,the anemone[which?]represented a forsaken love of any kind, while European peasants carried them[which?]to ward off pests and disease as well as bad luck.

In other cultures, the meanings differ. InChineseandEgyptiancultures, the flower of anemone[which?]was considered a symbol of illness due to its coloring. The anemone[which?]can be a symbol of bad luck inEasterncultures. The Japanese anemone may be associated with ill tidings.[14]

The flowers are featured inRobe violette et Anémones,a 1937 painting byHenri Matisse[20]

Bibliography

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  • Porter, Noah,ed. (1913). "Anemone".Webster's Dictionary.Springfield, Massachusetts: C. & G. Merriam Co.
  • Ehrendorfer, Friedrich; Ziman, Svetlana N.; König, Christiane; Keener, Carl. S.; Dutton, Bryan E.; Tsarenko, Olga N.; Bulakh, Elena V.; Boşcaiu, Monica; Médail, Frédéric; Kästner, Arndt (July 2009)."Taxonomic revision, phylogenetics and transcontinental distribution ofAnemonesectionAnemone(Ranunculaceae) ".Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.160(3): 312–354.doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00861.x.
  • Ziman, SN; Keener, CS; Kadota, Y; Tsarenko, OM (August 2006)."A revision ofAnemoneL. (Ranunculaceae) from the Southern Hemisphere "(PDF).Journal of Japanese Botany.81(4): 193–224. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 23 March 2021.Retrieved7 December2020.
  • Ziman, SN; Bulakh, EV; Kadota, Y; Keener, CS (June 2008)."Modern view on the taxonomy of the genus Anemone L. sensu stricto (Ranunculaceae)"(PDF).Journal of Japanese Botany.83(3): 127–155. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 23 March 2021.Retrieved7 December2020.
  • Ziman, Svetlana; Bulakh, Elena; Tsarenko, Olga (2011)."AnemoneL. (Ranunculaceae): comparative morphology and taxonomy of the species from the Balkan flora "(PDF).Botanica Serbica.35(2): 87–97.Retrieved7 December2020.

References

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  1. ^abc"AnemoneL. "Plants of the World Online.Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Retrieved26 April2020.
  2. ^Bill Neal (1992).Gardener's Latin.London:Robert Hale.p. 8.ISBN0709051069.
  3. ^Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)(2007-05-10)."Genus:AnemoneL. "Taxonomy for Plants.USDA,ARS,National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Archived fromthe originalon 2009-01-15.Retrieved2008-05-15.
  4. ^"Plants Profile,AnemoneL. "The Plants Database.United States Department of Agriculture.Retrieved2008-05-16.
  5. ^Dutton, Bryan E.; Keener, Carl S.; Ford, Bruce A. (1997)."Anemone".In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA).Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.Retrieved3 October2016– via eFloras.org,Missouri Botanical Garden,St. Louis, MO &Harvard University Herbaria,Cambridge, MA.
  6. ^International Organization for Plant Information(IOPI)."Plant Name Search Results".International Plant Names Index.Retrieved2008-04-18.
  7. ^abWang, Wei; Lu, An-Ming; Ren, Yi; Endress, Mary E.; Chen, Zhi-Duan (January 2009). "Phylogeny and classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data".Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics.11(2): 81–110.doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2009.01.001.
  8. ^abHoot, Sara B.; Meyer, Kyle M.; Manning, John C. (1 March 2012). "Phylogeny and Reclassification ofAnemone(Ranunculaceae), with an Emphasis on Austral Species ".Systematic Botany.37(1): 139–152.doi:10.1600/036364412X616729.S2CID85773478.
  9. ^Hoot, Sara B.; Reznicek, Anton A.; Palmer, Jeffrey D. (January 1994). "Phylogenetic Relationships in Anemone (Ranunculaceae) Based on Morphology and Chloroplast DNA".Systematic Botany.19(1): 169.doi:10.2307/2419720.JSTOR2419720.
  10. ^Ziman et al 2011.
  11. ^"Anemone".Oxford English Dictionary(Online ed.).Oxford University Press.(Subscription orparticipating institution membershiprequired.)
  12. ^Hitti, Philip K. (1951).History of Syria.p. 117.Retrieved2020-07-02.
  13. ^Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804.ISBN978-0199206872.
  14. ^ab"The Anemone Flower: Its Meanings & Symbolism".Flower Meaning.2016.Retrieved16 January2016.
  15. ^RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants.United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.ISBN978-1405332965.
  16. ^abcdOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Anemone".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 3.
  17. ^Hilty, John."Thimbleweed".Illinois Wildflowers.Dr. John Hilty.Retrieved14 December2019.
  18. ^Silveira, Cyrino, Monica (2010).Aphrodite.Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.ISBN9780415775229.OCLC277195883.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^Kerényi, Karl (1951).The gods of the Greeks.London: Thames, and Hudson.ISBN0500270481.OCLC387233.
  20. ^Contemporary art detail
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