Ang Duong
| Ang Duong | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Bust of King Ang Duong | |||||
| King of Cambodia | |||||
| Reign | 1848–1860[1] | ||||
| Coronation | 7 March 1848 | ||||
| Predecessor | Ang Mey(until 1846) Interregnum(1846–1848) | ||||
| Successor | Norodom | ||||
| Born | 12 June 1796 Oudong,Cambodia | ||||
| Died | 18 October 1860(aged 64) Oudong, Cambodia | ||||
| Spouse | 38 consorts and concubines[citation needed] | ||||
| Issue | King Norodom King Sisowath Prince Sivutha among others | ||||
| |||||
| Father | Ang Eng | ||||
| Mother | Queen Vara | ||||
| Religion | Buddhism | ||||
Ang Duong[a](Khmer:អង្គឌួង[ʔɑŋɗuəŋ];12 June 1796 – 18 October 1860) was theKing of Cambodiafrom 1848 to his death in 1860. Formally invested in 1848,[b]his rule benefited a kingdom that had suffered from several centuries of royal dissent and decline.
His politics focused on sustained national unity and identity and the minimization of foreign interference. He issued the first substantial revision of the legal codex in centuries, and he encouraged and supervised religious and cultural reforms. Confronted with increasingSiameseandVietnameseencroachment, he attempted to establish an alliance withcolonial Franceon a sovereign basis. Although this alliance ultimately culminated in the 90-year period of theFrench protectorate of Cambodia,King Ang Duong's actions were the foundation for the modern united state of Cambodia.[2]Ang Duong ascended the throne with the titlePreah Karuna Preah Bat Samdech Preah Harireak Reamea Issathipadei Ang Duong(Khmer:ព្រះករុណា ព្រះបាទសម្ដេចព្រះហរិរក្សរាមាឥស្សាធិបតី អង្គឌួង).
He was the progenitor of the two main royal houses of Cambodia, the Houses ofNorodomandSisowath.
Family[edit]
Ang Duong was the son of KingAng Eng,who ruled Cambodia from 1779 to 1797 and resided at the then capitalOudong.His mother was Ros, a royal consort since 1793 and laterQueen Vara.who was ofThaiorigin (died around 1869). Ang Duong was the father of his successor KingNorodom(1834–1904), KingSisowath(1840–1927) and was the great-great-grandfather[c]of King NorodomSihanouk(1922–2012).[3]Dedicated to extend the royal family line, Ang Duong had numerous wives and produced 18 legitimate children – 11 sons and 7 daughters.[2]
History[edit]
King Ang Duong is acclaimed as a promoter of national unity after centuries of regress and venerated among modern Cambodians for his efforts to revitalize the nation and protect the kingdom from foreign invasion. However, limited power, poverty and internal dissension prevented lasting success. He spent 27 years inBangkokfrom the age of 16 until aged 43. During his residence in Thailand Ang Duong composed poetry, authored and published classicalCambodian literaturesuch asNeang Kakeyand historical works and later promoted the enactment of a comprehensive reformed legal codex and participated in the artistic development ofKhmer classical dance.[4][5][6]He translated the Cambodian folktaleVorvong & Sorvonginto the Thai language as a birthday present for ThaiCrown princeMongkut.He was appointed governor of the then ThaiMongkol Borey Districtin 1834.[5]Later Ang Duong was crownedKing of Cambodiain Bangkok and returned toOudong.
Political background[edit]
Siam (modern dayThailand) which since the late eighteenth century royalinvestitureofGeneral Chakriwas governed by a well established dynasty and Vietnam united since 1802 under EmperorGia Longincreasingly fought over control of the fertileMekong basin,the Cambodian heartland.[7][8]Siam had after the 1594 conquest of Cambodia's capitalLongvekand the permanent annexation of Cambodia'sBattambangandSiem Reapprovinces introduced a tradition of taking Cambodian royalty hostage and relocate them at the court ofAyutthaya.Thus, Siam effectively controlled Cambodian national policies and royal succession.[9][10][11][12]After initially conquering all of Cambodia during theSiamese–Vietnamese Warof 1831 to 1834, Siam, attempting to conquer Southern Vietnam was defeated by Vietnamese troops and pushed back. Vietnam subsequently gained military control of Cambodia and restored KingAng Chan,who had been dethroned by Siam. Only a decade later Khmer discontent with increasing Vietnamese dominance among demands to adopt Vietnamese customs encouraged Siam to intervene and invade again during theSiamese–Vietnamese Warof 1841 to 1845. Again Vietnam proved to be superior on the battlefield, however Siam was able to negotiate an agreeable peace treaty, by which Cambodia was placed under joint Siamese-Vietnamese suzerainty, a final act of complete disregard for Khmer national and royal authority.
Author Justin Corfield wrote in "French Indochina": "[1807] the Vietnamese expanded their lands by establishing a protectorate over Cambodia. However king […] Ang Duong was keen on Cambodia becoming independent of [...] Thailand [...] and Vietnam [...] and sought help from theBritishinSingapore.When that failed, he enlisted the help of the French. "British agent John Crawfurd states:"...the King of that ancient Kingdom is ready to throw himself under the protection of any European nation... "[13][failed verification] King Ang Duong's policies paved the way for France to establish aProtectoratein 1863 which lasted for 90 years. In order to preserve the kingdom's national identity and integrity, King Ang Duong initiated secret negotiations in a letter toNapoleon IIIproposing some form of cooperation with France. King Ang Duong died in 1860, three years before negotiations had concluded. King Norodom Prohmbarirak signed and officially recognized the French protectorate on 11 August 1863, that was effectively incorporated into theIndochinese Unionin 1867.[14]
There has been considerable debate over the wisdom of Duong's policies. Nonetheless, the idea that he actively sought to subject his kingdom to colonial serfdom has been contested. Contrary to the assertions of some 19th century French authors, Duong did not seek the imposition of a French protectorate over his country, he rather pondered the feasibility of some ill-defined, unequal relationship with France. He certainly was aware, that the French main objective for a protectorate was the containment of theBritishand the creation of a secure flank forCochinchina.The historic reality of 19th century Asia reminded any local ruler to seek alignment of some form or the other with at least one of the then technological more advanced Western powers. Ang Duong's death in October 1860 and accumulating foreign pressure convinced his son KingNorodom Prohmbarirakto agree to the initially rather moderate French terms.[3][15]
Cambodia was able to preserve its identity, culture and traditions during the French colonial period, which might otherwise have diffused into the modern Vietnamese and Siamese nations, that could have absorbed all Cambodian territory as their modern border most likely would be theMekong river.[16][17]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- Footnotes
- ^In Vietnamese record, he was called Nặc Ông Đôn ( nặc ông 𧑒).
- ^mutually accepted by Thailand and Vietnam
- ^Three grandchildren of Ang Duong (a son and daughter of Norodom who were the parents ofNorodom Suramaritand Sisowath's sonSisowath Monivongwho was the father ofKossamak) were grandparents of Norodom Sihanouk.
References[edit]
- ^Jacobsen, Trudy (2008).Lost Goddesses: The Denial of Female Power in Cambodian History.NIAS Press. p. 113.ISBN978-87-7694-001-0.
Ang Duong (r. 1848-1860)
- ^ab"Hostages, Heroines and Hostilities"(PDF).Niaspress.dk. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on February 2, 2017.RetrievedJanuary 24,2017.
- ^ab"Duong king of Cambodia".Britannica.RetrievedJanuary 24,2017.
By mutual agreement, Duong was crowned king at the new capital, Oudong (Ŏdŏngk), in 1848
- ^"Ang Duong".Oxford Reference.RetrievedJanuary 24,2017.
- ^abCorfield, Justin (2009-10-13).The History of Cambodia.Abc-Clio.ISBN978-0-31335723-7.RetrievedJanuary 24,2017– via Google Books.
- ^Jacobsen, Trudy (2008).Lost Goddesses: The Denial of Female Power in Cambodian History.NIAS Press.ISBN978-877694001-0.RetrievedJanuary 24,2017– via Google Books.
- ^"The Buddha of Chinese deception Oudong Mountain by Bou Saroeun".Phnom Penh Post.22 June 2001.RetrievedJanuary 24,2017.
- ^"THistory of the Phnom Bakheng Monument"(PDF).Khmer Studies. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on June 26, 2015.RetrievedJanuary 24,2017.
- ^"Cambodia Lovek, the principal city of Cambodia after the sacking of Angkor by the Siamese king Boromoraja II in 1431".Encyclopedia Britannica.RetrievedJanuary 24,2017.
- ^"1551 - WAR WITH LOVEK - During the Burmese siege of Ayutthaya in 1549 the King of Cambodia, Ang Chan…".History of Ayutthaya.RetrievedJanuary 24,2017.
- ^Tarling, Nicholas (1999).The Cambridge History of Southeast edited by Nicholas Tarling.Cambridge University Press.ISBN9780521663700.Retrieved26 June2015.
- ^"Mak Phœun: Histoire du Cambodge de la fin du XVIe au début du XVIIIe siècle - At the time of the invasion one group of the royal family, the reigning king and two or more princes, escaped and eventually found refuge in Laos, while another group, the king's brother and his sons, were taken as hostages to Ayutthaya"(PDF).Michael Vickery’s Publications.RetrievedJanuary 24,2017.
- ^"Volume IV - Age of Revolution and Empire 1750 to 1900 - French Indochina by Justin Corfield"(PDF).Grodno State Medical University.RetrievedJanuary 24,2017.
- ^"London Company's Envoys Plot Siam"(PDF).Siamese Heritage.RetrievedJanuary 24,2017.
- ^"Tai and Vietnamese hegemony".Cambodia.Britannica.RetrievedJanuary 24,2017.
- ^Martin, Marie Alexandrine (1994).Cambodia: A Shattered Society.University of California Press. p. 30.ISBN978-0-520-07052-3.
- ^Sovannarith Keo (December 14, 2014)."The Raison d'être of French Protectorate of Cambodia"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2020-07-02.RetrievedJuly 2,2020– via Cloudfront.
External links[edit]
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