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Angels Flight

Coordinates:34°3′4.82″N118°15′0.76″W/ 34.0513389°N 118.2502111°W/34.0513389; -118.2502111
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the funicular on Santa Catalina Island, seeIsland Mountain Railway.For the Michael Connelly novel, seeAngels Flight (novel).

Angels Flight Railway
Angels Flight in 2017
Angels Flight is located in the Los Angeles metropolitan area
Angels Flight
Angels Flight is located in California
Angels Flight
Angels Flight is located in the United States
Angels Flight
LocationHill Street,Los Angeles, California
Coordinates34°3′4.82″N118°15′0.76″W/ 34.0513389°N 118.2502111°W/34.0513389; -118.2502111
Built1901
ArchitectMerceau Bridge & Construction Co.; Train & Williams
Architectural styleBeaux-Arts
Websiteangelsflight.org
NRHP referenceNo.00001168
LAHCMNo.4
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 13, 2000[2]
Designated LAHCMAugust 6, 1962[1]

Angels Flightis a landmark and historic2 ft 6 in(762 mm)narrow gaugefunicularrailway in theBunker Hilldistrict ofDowntown Los Angeles, California.It has two funicular cars, namedOlivetandSinai,that run in opposite directions on a shared cable. The tracks cover a distance of 298 feet (91 m) over a vertical gain of 96 feet (29 m).[3]

The funicular has operated on two different sites, using the same cars and station elements. The original location, with trackage along the side ofThird StreetTunnel and connectingHill Streetand Olive Street, operated from 1901 until 1969, when its site was cleared for redevelopment.

The current location opened half a block south of the original location in 1996, mid-block between 3rd and 4th Streets, with tracks connecting Hill Street andCalifornia Plaza.[3]It was shut down in 2001, following afatal accident,and reopened in 2010.[4]It was closed again during June and July of 2011, and then again after aminor derailment incidentin September of 2013. The investigation of this latter incident led to the discovery of potentially serious safety problems in both the design and the operation of the funicular.[5][6]

Before the 2013 service suspension, the cost of a one-way ride was 50 cents (25 cents forMetropass holders). Although it was marketed primarily as a tourist novelty, it was frequently used by local workers to travel between the Downtown Historic Core and Bunker Hill. In 2015, the executive director of the nearbyREDCATarts center described the railroad as an important "economic link," and there was pressure for the city to fund and re-open the railroad.[3]After safety enhancements were completed, Angels Flight reopened for public service in August of 2017, charging $1 for a one-way ride (50 cents forTAPcard users).[7][8]

History

[edit]

Original location

[edit]

Angels Flightfunicularwas built as the "Los Angeles Incline Railway" in 1901, with financing fromJ. W. Eddy.It began at the west corner of Hill Street at Third, and ran for two blocks uphill (northwestward) to its Olive Street terminus. The service consisted of two vermillion "boarding stations" and two cars, namedSinaiandOlivet,alternately pulled up the steep incline by metal cables powered by engines at the upper Olive Street station. The downhill car descended by gravity alone.[9][10][11][12]An archway labeled "Angels Flight" greeted passengers on the Hill Street entrance, which became the official name of the railway in 1912 when the Funding Company of California purchased it from its founders.[13]

The original Angels Flight was a conventional funicular, with both cars connected to the same haulage cable and notrack brakesin case of cable failure; a separate safety cable would be activated in a break. It operated for 68 years with a good safety record,[14]with three notable incidents: a 1913 a derailment (with a single female passenger); a sleeping salesman was dragged several yards by a car in 1937; and a sailor walking up the tracks was killed in 1943.[15][13]

A total of seven companies operated the railroad at its original location. In 1912 Colonel Eddy sold it to the Funding Company of Los Angeles, which sold it to Continental Securities Company in 1914. Robert W. Moore, an engineer for Continental Securities, and the railway’s general manager since 1914, purchased the line in 1946. In 1952, Moore retired, and sold Angels Flight to Lester B. Moreland, an electrical engineer with the Los AngelesDepartment of Water and Power,and Byron Linville, a prominent banker at Security First National Bank. Moore had gotten to know Moreland and Linville over his many years and believed the pair were earnest about preserving the history of the railway and capably maintaining its operation. The following year Moreland's family bought out Linville's interest and became sole stockholder.[16]In 1962 condemnation proceedings instigated by Los Angeles forced Moreland to sell to the city, whose redevelopment agency hired Oliver & Williams Elevator Company to run the line until it was shut down on May 18, 1969. Dismantling began the following day, and the cars were hauled off to a warehouse. The railroad's arch, station house, drinking fountain, and other artifacts were taken to an outdoor storage yard inGardena, California.[17]

In November 1952, the Beverly Hills Parlor of theNative Daughters of the Golden Westerected a plaque to commemorate fifty years of service by the railway. The plaque reads:[18]

Built in 1901 by Colonel J. W. Eddy, lawyer, engineer, and friend of PresidentAbraham Lincoln,Angels Flight is said to be the world's shortest incorporated railway. The counterbalanced cars, controlled by cables, travel a 33 percent grade for 315 feet. It is estimated that Angels Flight has carried more passengers per mile than any other railway in the world, over a hundred million in its first fifty years. This incline railway is a public utility operating under a franchise granted by the City of Los Angeles.

In 1962, the city's new Cultural Heritage Board (today its Cultural Heritage Commission) designated five sites it regarded as "threatened" asLos Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments,with Angel's Flight listed asNo. 4.[1]

  • Low end view of the original Angels Flight with the 3rd Street Tunnel and an observation tower, c. 1905.
    Low end view of the original Angels Flight withthe 3rd Street Tunneland an observation tower,c. 1905.
  • Low end view of the original Angels Flight with the 3rd Street Tunnel, 1960.
    Low end view of the original Angels Flight with the 3rd Street Tunnel, 1960.
  • Joseph M. Cooper operating an Angels Flight car, 1960.
    Joseph M. Cooper operating an Angels Flight car, 1960.
  • Sid Kastner standing on Sinai in front of "The Bandstand," where the two funicular cars were stored, 1969.
    Sid Kastner standing onSinaiin front of "The Bandstand," where the two funicular cars were stored, 1969.

Dismantling

[edit]
A sign posted before the railway was closed, 1969.

The railway was closed on May 17, 1969[19](or May 18[20][21]), when the Bunker Hill area underwent acontroversial total redevelopment,which destroyed and displaced a community of almost 22,000 working-class families who were renting rooms in architecturally significant but run-down buildings; the demolished residences were replaced with a contemporary mixed-use district of high-rise commercial buildings and modern apartment and condominium complexes. Both of the Angels Flight cars,SinaiandOlivet,were then placed in storage at 1200 S. Olive Street, Los Angeles. This was the location of Sid and Linda Kastner's United Business Interiors. At this location, the Kastners maintained "The Bandstand," a private museum. The Bandstand featured antique, coin-operated musical instruments where one of the cars (Sinai) was on display in the museum.Olivetwas stored in the garage of the building. They were stored at this location for 27 years at no charge in anticipation of the railway's restoration and reopening, which according to the city's Redevelopment Agency, was originally slated to take place within two years.

Reconstruction

[edit]

After being stored for 27 years, the funicular was rebuilt and reopened by the newly formed Angels Flight Railway Foundation on February 24, 1996, half a block south of the original site.[22]Although the original cars,SinaiandOlivet,were used, a new track and haulage system was designed and built—a redesign which had unfortunate consequences five years later. As rebuilt, the funicular retained its general 300 feet (91 meters) length and approximately 33%grade.

As with the original line, car movement was controlled by an operator inside the upper station house, who was responsible for visually determining that the track and vehicles were clear for movement, closing the platform gates, starting the cars moving, monitoring the operation of the funicular cars, observing car stops at both stations, and collecting fares from passengers. The cars themselves did not carry any staff members.[14]Angels Flight was added to theNational Register of Historic Placeson October 13, 2000.

2001 accident

[edit]
Low end view of Angels Flight during closure period while cars were placed in storage after an accident, 2004.

On February 1, 2001, Angels Flight had a serious accident when carSinai,approaching the upper station, instead rolled downhill uncontrollably, and collided intoOlivetnear the lower station. The accident killed an 83-year-old man, injured his wife and seven others, and caused serious damage to the funicular.

TheNational Transportation Safety Board(NTSB) conducted an investigation into the accident, and determined that the probable cause was the improper design and construction of thefuniculardrive, and the failure of the various regulatory bodies to ensure that the railway system conformed to initial safety design specifications and known funicular safety standards. The NTSB further remarked that the company that designed and built the drive, control, braking, and haul systems,Lift Engineering/Yantrak, was no longer in business, and that the whereabouts of the company's principal was unknown.[14]

Unlike the original design, which had a safety cable, track brakes, and the cars connected to one-another to counter-balance their loads, the new arrangement used a separate haulage system for each car, with its drive motor connected to itsservice brakeby agear train.WhenSinai'sgear train failed it had no service brake or balancing load, either of which would have prevented the accident. Compounding this,emergency brakesthat acted on the rim of each haulage drum were inoperative on both cars due to inadequate maintenance. The NTSB was unable to identify another funicular worldwide that operated without either a safety cable or track brakes.[14]

Records indicate that the emergency brake had been inoperative for 17 to 26 months following the mis-installation of a normally closedhydraulicsolenoid valvein place of a normally open one, which had burned out.

During the period that the emergency braking system was not operating, the braking system was tested daily – using a faulty methodology which engaged the service brake and emergency brake simultaneously, leaving no way to tell if the emergency brake was functioning without looking at thebrake padsor hydraulicpressure gaugesduring the test. It was always performed with theSinaicar traveling uphill, which meant that when the power was cut and the brakes applied (as part of the test),Sinai's momentum caused the car to continue moving uphill a short distance (slackening the cable) and then to roll back from gravity, jerking the cable tight.

If the emergency brakes had been functional, they would have caught the car when the cable snapped tight, but without them the force of the daily jerk caused by the test was directed through the gear train'sspline(that ultimately failed) and then to the service brake. In addition, it was found that the original design called for the spline to be made ofAISI1018 steel on one drawing and of AISI 8822 steel on a different one, but it is unlikely that this ambiguity in the design contributed to the accident.[23]However, regular analysis of gear box oil-samples was discontinued in May 1998, despite the company contracted to perform the tests advising that the rising particulate level in the samples warranted more frequent testing.[14]

Besides the design failures in the haulage system, the Angels Flight setup was also criticized by the NTSB for the lack of gates on the cars and the absence of a parallel walkway for emergency evacuation.

Evaluation

[edit]

The death and injuries could have been avoided if any one of the following had taken place:[23][dead link]

  • The 1996 renovation had included installing track brakes or safety cables.
  • The biennial oil analysis tests had not been discontinued in May 1998 (which would have shown rising levels of particulate material in the oil, and may have caused a full inspection of the system to take place).
  • A single haulage system, similar to the first Angels Flight, had been used, rather than the system that had separate cables for each car.
  • The emergency brake hydraulic solenoid valve had been installed according to the design (as normally open). But if the brake fluid had been changed as instructed in the maintenance manual, this would not have happened.
  • The technician installing the solenoid had obtained a properly fitting part once he discovered the solenoid did not properly fit the valve, instead of forcing it in with a tool (the installed valve was a newer design, for which the older solenoid was dimensionally incompatible, and tool marks on the solenoid show that it was forced in).
  • The daily brake test had included testing the service brake and emergency brake separately, instead of testing them simultaneously (which made it impossible to confirm that they were both working).
  • The daily brake test procedure had included looking at the brake pads and the hydraulic pressure in the emergency brake system to confirm it was operating.
  • The pressure gauges for the hydraulic brake systems had been placed on the operator's control panel instead of in the equipment cabinet.
  • The daily brake test had involved applying the brakes more gradually, so that the up-hill-bound car would not have the momentum to produce slack in the cable and roll backwards, jerking the cable tight.
  • The splines (the part that failed) had been designed to be extraordinarily strong to withstand the excessive force that occurred when the brake test was performed while the emergency brake was inoperative (which resulted in the force of the cable being pulled tight to be directed to the service brake through the splines, rather than to the emergency brake, which was before the splines).

Repair

[edit]
An Angels Flight car, 2008

On November 1, 2008, both of the repaired and restored Angels Flight cars,SinaiandOlivet,were put back on their tracks, and on January 16, 2009, testing began on the railway.[24][25]On November 20, 2009, another step in the approval process was achieved.[26][failed verification]Finally, on March 10, 2010, theCalifornia Public Utilities Commission(CPUC) approved the safety certificate for the railroad to begin operating again.[27][28]

The new drive and safety system completely replaced the faulty system that was the cause of the fatal 2001 accident. Like the original Angels Flight design and most traditional funicular systems, the new drive system incorporates a single main haulage cable, with one car attached to each end. Also like the original design, a second safety cable is utilized. To further enhance safety, unlike the original design, each car now has a rail brake system, as a backup to the main backup emergency brakes on each bull-wheel. Another added safety feature is an independent evacuation motor to move the cars should the main motor fail for any reason.[29]

Reopening and temporary closing

[edit]
The interior of a renovated Angels Flight car, 2010

Angels Flight reopened to the public for riding on March 15, 2010, and local media covered the event with interest.[30]Only a month after re-opening, Angels Flight had had over 59,000 riders.[31]It connected theHistoric Core and Broadway commercial districtwith the hilltopBunker Hill California Plazaurban park and theMuseum of Contemporary Art – MOCA.The cost of a one-way ride at that time was 50 cents (25 cents with TAP card).

On June 10, 2011, the California Public Utilities Commission ordered Angels Flight to immediately cease operations due to wear on its cars' fifteen-year-old wheels. Inspectors determined they needed replacing.[32]The railway reopened on July 5, 2011, after eight new custom-made wheels were installed.[33]

2013 accident

[edit]

On September 5, 2013, one car derailed near the middle of the guideway. One passenger was on board the derailed car, and five passengers were on board the other car. Although there were no injuries, passengers had to be rescued from the cars by firefighters. The brake safety system had been "intentionally" bypassed using a small tree branch.[3][6][34]A 2014 brief by the NTSB said that the “probable cause of the September 5, 2013, accident was the intentional bypass of the funicular safety system with Angels Flight management knowledge; and Angels Flight management continuation of revenue operations despite prolonged, and repeated, unidentified system safety shutdowns.” The NTSB also noted a problem with the basic design: “The car body and the wheel-axle assembly are not articulated.” The passing section of the track involves a short turning section, which allows the cars to pass each other. The axles did not turn to follow the track, resulting in the wheel flanges grinding against the rail, causing excessive wheel wear. This problem, combined with safety system problems which caused unwanted track brake deployment, resulted in a derailment.[6]

2017 reopening

[edit]

Plans to bring the railway back into service began in January 2017.[35]Safety upgrades were made to the doors of the cars, and an evacuation walkway was added adjacent to the track. These enhancements were made by ACS Infrastructure Development and SENER through an agreement with Angels Flight Railway Foundation, in exchange for a share of the funicular's revenue over the next three decades. Angels Flight reopened for public service on August 31, 2017.[7]

[edit]

Film, television, and video

[edit]

Angels Flight has appeared in more than 100 films.[36]Angels Flight's earliest appearance on film is believed to beTheir Ups and Downs(1914), starringEddie Lyons,Victoria Forde,andLee Moran.Other early appearances include:Good Night, Nurse!(1916),All Jazzed Up(1920),The Impatient Maiden(1932),The Unfaithful(1940),Hollow Triumph(1948),M(1951),The Turning Point(1952),Cry of the Hunted(1953),Bunker Hill: A Tale of Urban Renewal(1956),The Exiles(1961),The Money Trap(1965),[37]Angel's Flight(1965),[38]andThey Came to Rob Las Vegas(1968).[citation needed]It appeared as a landmark rather than an active filming location in theNight Has a Thousand Eyes(1948),Criss Cross(1949),[37]The Glenn Miller Story(1954),Kiss Me Deadly(1955),Indestructible Man(1956), andThe Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies(1963).[37]Angels Flight Railway(1969)[39]andThe Last Day of Angels Flight(1969) both center on the railway's closure in 1969.[37]After the railway reopened in 2010,Jason Segelperformed "Man or Muppet"inThe Muppets(2011). It closed again in 2013, but reopened for a single day to serve as a filming location forLa La Land(2016), after which safety officials barred it from use as a filming location.[40][41]It was reopened for public use in 2017, and can be seen inThe Saint.[42][43]

The railway is present in a 1953 episode ofBoston Blackie,[citation needed]and in the only color episode[44]of the originalPerry Mason,"The Case of the Twice-Told Twist"in 1966.[45][37]It also appears in theAmazon StudiosshowBosch(2018), which is based onMichael Connelly'sbookAngels Flight.[46][36]

Other television show appearances include: in the 1969 episode "Narcotics DR-21"[citation needed]ofDragnet,[36]The Biggest Loser(2010),[36][47]The Bold and the Beautiful(2010), and in theRunawaysepisode "Old School" (2018).[citation needed]The original Angels Flight is featured in thePerry Masonremake (2020).[48][45]

Angels Flight appears as an interactive component of the video gamesTony Hawk's American Wasteland(2005)[citation needed]andL.A. Noire(2011).[49]

Literature, visual arts, and music

[edit]

The first[citation needed]book to be namedAngel's Flightin reference to the railway wasDon Ryan's1927 novel. It is used by characters inRaymond Chandler's[50]The King in Yellow(1938) andThe High Window(1942); inMichael Connelly's 1999Angels Flight;and inNick Carter's 1967The Red Guard.The railway is illustrated and at the center of events inPiccolo's PrankbyLeo Politi.Millard Sheets' 1931 oil paintingAngel's Flight,which shows two young women on the looking down from the upper platform, is in theLos Angeles County Museum of Art's permanent collection.

David Woodardcomposed "An Elegy for Two Angels" (2001) in honor of Leon Praport, the sole person killed in the 2001 accident. Praport's wife, who survived the derailing, received an autographedscore.[51][52]The furnicular is referenced in "L.A. (My Town)" byFour Tops(1970),[53]"Strange Season" byMichael Penn(1992), and "Aquatic Mouth Dance" by theRed Hot Chili Peppers(2022). The music video for "Icy"(2019) byITZYcontains dance scenes inside the Angels Flight. Michael Penn's albumFree-for-All(2019) shows Angels Flight on the cover.[citation needed]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ab"History of the Cultural Heritage Commission".Archived fromthe originalon September 16, 2010.RetrievedJune 8,2010.
  2. ^"National Register Information System".National Register of Historic Places.National Park Service.April 15, 2008.
  3. ^abcdNelson, Laura J. & Branson-Potts, Hailey (July 23, 2015)."L.A. Business and Cultural Leaders Want to See an Angels Flight Plan".Los Angeles Times.
  4. ^DiMassa, Cara Mia (March 15, 2010)."Angels Flight Rides Again".Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on March 22, 2010.RetrievedMarch 18,2010.
  5. ^Schaefer, Samantha (September 5, 2013)."Angels Flight Car Comes off Track, Stranding Australian Tourist".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedSeptember 6,2013.
  6. ^abcNational Transportation Safety Board(June 23, 2014)."Railroad Accident Brief: Angels Flight Railway Derailment"(PDF).National Transportation Safety Board. Accident No. DCA13FR011.
  7. ^abNelson, Laura J. (August 25, 2017)."Angels Flight, closed since 2013, will reopen Thursday".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedAugust 31,2017.
  8. ^"Angels Flight Railway".Angels Flight Railway Company.RetrievedMay 30,2018.
  9. ^Harrison, Scott (January 7, 2011)."Angels Flight's First Opening".Los Angeles Times.
  10. ^"Mayor Snyder's Ascent of the 'Angels' Flight'".Los Angeles Times.January 1, 1902. p. 12.ProQuest164050049.
  11. ^"Up Again, Down Again: It Will Take Two Minutes, Perhaps Three, for the Round Trip on the Angels' Flight".Los Angeles Times.November 21, 1901. p. 11.ProQuest164065668.
  12. ^"Angels' Flight Publicly Opened: Novel Enterprise Is Visited by City Officials Mayor Snyder Makes a Speech Congratulating Colonel Eddy Upon His Scheme to Afford Transportation for Residents of the Hill Section".Los Angeles Herald.Vol. 29, no. 92. January 1, 1902. p. 9 – viaCalifornia Digital Newspaper Collection.
  13. ^abWheelock, Walt (1961).Angels Flight: A California Heritage.Glendale, CA: La Siesta Press. p. 16.
  14. ^abcdeNational Transportation Safety Board (February 1, 2001)."Uncontrolled Movement, Collision, and Passenger Fatality on the Angels Flight Railway in Los Angeles, California"(PDF).National Transportation Safety Board. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on October 22, 2011.RetrievedJanuary 22,2007.
  15. ^"Angels Flight/".March 29, 2008.
  16. ^"History of Angels Flight®".Angels Flight® Railway.Archivedfrom the original on March 28, 2024.RetrievedMarch 28,2024.
  17. ^"History of Angels Flight®".
  18. ^Wheelock, Walt (1961).Angels Flight: A California Heritage.Glendale, CA: La Siesta Press. p. 20.
  19. ^Ramsey, Gordon S. (July 1969)."Angel's Flight"(PDF).Pacific News.No. 93. p. 14.ISSN0030-879X.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on July 24, 2022.
  20. ^Hebert, Ray (May 12, 1969)."Angels Flight Now Running Out Its Last Few Journeys: Angels Flight Making Last Runs This Week".Los Angeles Times.p. OC_A1.ProQuest156260696.
  21. ^"Angels Flight: End of an Era".Los Angeles Times.May 13, 1969. p. A8.ProQuest156212447.
  22. ^Gordon, Larry (February 25, 1996)."Maiden Voyage: Historic Angels Flight Railway Reopens to Public With Plenty of Revelry and a Wisp of Nostalgia".Los Angeles Times.
  23. ^ab"Angels Flight Accident".Consultants' Bureau.Kashar Technical Services. May 3, 2007.RetrievedDecember 26,2008.
  24. ^Alossi, Rich (January 16, 2009)."History in Motion: Angels Flight Takes Off!".angelinic. Archived fromthe originalon January 22, 2009.RetrievedJanuary 17,2009.
  25. ^"Angels Flight".Glass Steel and Stone. Archived from the original on January 15, 2010.RetrievedNovember 14,2008.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  26. ^"Angels Flight".Curbed Los Angeles.Archived fromthe originalon July 24, 2011.
  27. ^DiMassa, Cara Mia (March 10, 2010)."Nine Years After Fatal Accident, Angels Flight Rail Line Receives Safety Certificate".Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on April 15, 2010.RetrievedMarch 14,2010.
  28. ^DiMassa, Cara Mia (March 11, 2010)."Angels Flight Railway Gets PUC Safety OK".Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on April 15, 2010.RetrievedMarch 14,2010.
  29. ^"Historic Angels Flight Railway Reopens"(PDF)(Press release). Angels Flight Railway Foundation. March 15, 2010. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on March 4, 2012.RetrievedJune 21,2012.
  30. ^Cart, Julie (March 14, 2010)."Angels Flight to Reopen Monday".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedMarch 14,2010.
  31. ^"Angels Flight Hits Nearly 60,000 Riders".Los Angeles Downtown News.April 16, 2010.RetrievedApril 27,2010.
  32. ^Knoll, Corina (June 11, 2011)."Angels Flight, Halted, Awaits New Wheels".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedJune 11,2011.
  33. ^Barboza, Tony (July 5, 2011)."Angels Flight Railway Reopens After Safety Shutdown".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedJuly 5,2011.
  34. ^Schaefer, Samantha; Mather, Kate & Gold, Scott (October 11, 2013)."Angels Flight Has Had a Long, Bumpy Track Record".Los Angeles Times.Archived fromthe originalon November 10, 2013.RetrievedJuly 31,2014.
  35. ^Nelson, Laura J. (March 1, 2017)."Angels Flight Expected to Reopen by Labor Day, Officials Say".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedMarch 1,2017.
  36. ^abcd"Angels Flight: The story of an L.A. icon".Discover Los Angeles. May 18, 2023.RetrievedMay 30,2023.
  37. ^abcdeDawson, Jim (2008)."Angels Flight goes to the movies".Electric Earl.RetrievedMay 30,2023.
  38. ^"Angel's Flight (1965)".AFI CATALOG OF FEATURE FILMS.RetrievedAugust 8,2021.
  39. ^"Angels Flight".Angels Flight Railway Foundation (copy of original video). Archived fromthe originalon January 8, 2017.RetrievedJanuary 8,2017.
  40. ^Kim, Eddie (November 22, 2016)."Angels Flight Cameo Is a No-No".Downtown Los Angeles.RetrievedMay 30,2023.
  41. ^Murphy, Mekado (November 6, 2016)."L.A. Transcendental: How 'La La Land' Chases the Sublime".The New York Times.RetrievedMay 30,2023.
  42. ^"The Saint".Archived fromthe originalon March 22, 2020.RetrievedMarch 22,2020– via Netflix.
  43. ^"The Saint".IMDb.
  44. ^Boone, Brian (September 30, 2022)."The Untold Truth Of Perry Mason".Looper.RetrievedMay 30,2023.
  45. ^abWhitlock, Cathy (June 22, 2020)."Perry Mason Reimagines the World of the Legendary Television Lawyer".Architectural Digest.RetrievedMay 30,2023.
  46. ^Andreeva, Nellie (February 13, 2018)."'Bosch' Renewed For Season 5 By Amazon; Eric Overmyer Back As Co-Showrunner; Season 4 Gets Premiere Date & Trailer ".Deadline Hollywood.RetrievedFebruary 14,2018.
  47. ^Wielgus, Jen (November 22, 2010).""The Biggest Loser" Season 10 Week 10 recap: New clothes, new hair...same story ".PhillyBurbs.com.RetrievedMay 30,2023.
  48. ^Victoria (June 24, 2020)."The landmark Angels Flight railway is a pivotal set in Perry Mason".Angels Flight® Railway.RetrievedJuly 5,2020.
  49. ^Hall, Mat (October 19, 2020)."LA Noire Landmark locations: Where to find all 30 places of interest and unlock the Star Maps Trophy".Eurogamer.RetrievedMay 30,2023.
  50. ^Kirsch, Jonathna (September 6, 2000)."'Outsiders' at Heart of L.A. Literature ".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedMay 30,2023.
  51. ^Reich, Kenneth (March 16, 2001)."Family to Sue City, Firms Over Angels Flight Death".Los Angeles Times.
  52. ^Dawson, Jim(2008).Los Angeles's Angeles Flight.Mt. Pleasant, SC:Arcadia Publishing.p. 125.ISBN978-0-7385-5812-7– viaGoogle Books.
  53. ^Williams, Aaron."Genius Lyric Annotation:" L.A. (My Town) "by the Four Tops".Genius.
[edit]
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