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Ankang (asylum)

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Ankang
Geography
LocationChina
Organisation
TypePsychiatric hospitalor asylum

Ankang(Chinese:An khang) is a name shared by a number ofpsychiatric hospitalsor asylums inChina.The term literally means "peace and health [for the mentally ill]".Many of these institutions are prison-hospitals for holding prisoners judged to be mentally ill, and operate directly under the localPublic Security Bureau.[1]As a result, "ankang"is sometimes used in the Western press to denote the system of prison-hospitals in China. However, not allankanghospitals are prison-hospitals, and some offer conventional psychiatric and medical treatment services.

Some patients sent to these institutions arepolitical prisonersorFalun Gongpractitioners. By some estimates 3,000political prisonersare held in about 25ankanginstitutions across China.[2]

List ofankanghospitals

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According to theUnited States Department of State,there were 20ankanghospitals in China in early 2009, which are overseen by theMinistry of Public Security.[3]

  • Beijing Ankang Hospital ( bắc kinh thị an khang y viện ),Fangshan District(1800 beds), Psychiatric facilities: yes[4]
  • Chengdu Ankang Hospital ( thành đô thị an khang y viện )Sichuan(500 beds), Psychiatric facilities: yes[5]
  • Hangzhou Ankang Hospital ( hàng châu an khang y viện ),Zhejiang(520 beds)[6]
  • Jinan Ankang Hospital/Shandong province Ankang Hospital ( tế nam an khang y viện / sơn đông tỉnh an khang y viện ),Shandong(1040 beds), Psychiatric facilities: yes[7]
  • Nanjing Ankang Hospital ( nam kinh thị an khang y viện ),Jiangsu(112 beds)[8]
  • Ningbo PSB Ankang Hospital ( ninh ba thị công an cục an khang y viện ),Zhejiang[9]
  • Shanghai PSB Ankang Hospital ( thượng hải thị công an cục an khang y viện )[10]
  • Tangshan Municipal Ankang Hospital ( đường sơn thị an khang y viện ),Hebei(150 beds)[11]
  • Tianjin Municipal Ankang Hospital ( thiên tân thị an khang y viện ), Psychiatric facilities: yes[12]
  • Wuan Ankang Hospital ( võ an thị an khang y viện ),Hubei(Est 1988, 120 beds), Psychiatric facilities: yes[13]
  • Xi'an Ankang Hospital ( tây an thị an khang y viện ),Shaanxi(250 beds), Psychiatric facilities: yes[14]

According to an August 2022 report bySafeguard Defenders,there are 25 ankang hospitals in China.[15]In addition to these ankang facilities, the police also make use of general psychiatric facilities run byChina's Ministry of HealthandMinistry of Civil Affairsand of the 144 cases in the report, only four took place in an Ankang facility.[15]

Controversies

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Wang Wanxing,a prominent democracy activist with a history of anti-government protest, was again arrested on June 4, 1992, when he unfurled a banner in Tiananmen Square on the third anniversary of the1989 Tiananmen Square protests.He was swiftly arrested and locked up in a psychiatric hospital near Beijing, for alleged "political monomania".[16]Following his release in 2006, Wang was examined for two days by Dr. Raes and Dr. van der Meer[clarification needed],who said in a statement: "He was not suffering from any mental disorder that could justify his admission." Human Rights Watch says it has documented 3,000 cases of psychiatric punishment of political dissidents since the early 1980s.[17]

In 2000, Robin J. Munro drew attention when he made allegations of abuses of forensic psychiatry in China.[18]In 2002,Human Rights Watchand the Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry issued a report which alleged that Chinese dissidents, independent labour organisers, whistle-blowers and individuals who complain about official misconduct have been labelled "political maniacs" and locked up in mental hospitals simply for opposing the government. Symptoms of "political mania" as defined by the police include "shout[ing] reactionary slogans, writ[ing] reactionary banners and reactionary letters, mak[ing] anti-government speeches in public, and express[ing] opinions on important domestic and international affairs". Such individuals may be detained indefinitely inankangcentres.[19][20]

In August 2022,Safeguard Defendersissued an 85-page report on forced hospitalization in psychiatric hospitals between 2015 and 2021 based on 144 cases involving 99 victims.[21]Almost a third of the 99 victims had been sent to psychiatric facilities two or more times. Once inside, victims may stay there for months, even years. Nine victims have been inside for ten or more years. According to the report, victims are mostlypetitionersandactivists.[21]

See also

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References

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  1. ^"The Ankang: China's Special Psychiatric Hospitals".Human Rights Watch.Archivedfrom the original on 13 March 2015.Retrieved14 December2012.
  2. ^"China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)".2003 Country Reports on Human Rights Practice.United States Department of StateBureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 25 February 2004.Retrieved17 November2008.Section 1d: "Arbitrary Arrest, Detention, or Exile."
  3. ^"2008 Human Rights Report: China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)".United States Department of State.25 February 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 26 February 2009.Retrieved8 May2009."Respect for Human Rights" Section 1c: Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
  4. ^Beijing Ankang HospitalArchived2007-08-21 at theWayback Machine,Retrieved 2007-10-29, "Y viện chiêm địa diện tích 12.17 vạn bình phương mễ, kiến trúc diện tích 4.707 vạn bình phương mễ, lục hóa diện tích 4.26 vạn bình phương mễ; khai thiết sàng vị 1800 trương ( tinh thần khoa 800 trương, giới độc trung tâm 1000 trương ). Y viện hiện hữu tại chức chức công 510 nhân, kỳ trung các loại chuyên nghiệp kỹ thuật nhân viên 372 nhân; cao cấp chuyên nghiệp kỹ thuật chức vụ 24 nhân, trung cấp kỹ thuật chức vụ 124 nhân; thạc sĩ 3 nhân, đại chuyên dĩ thượng học lịch 264 nhân."
  5. ^Chengdu Ankang Hospital[permanent dead link],Retrieved 2007-10-29, "Y viện định biên sàng vị 500 trương, thiết hữu tinh thần khoa, thần kinh nội khoa, trung tây y nội khoa, ngoại khoa, thiêu năng thương, cốt thương khoa đẳng; hoàn khai triển dược vật y lại thành ẩn trị liệu ( giới độc, giới tửu ), tâm lý trắc thí, tâm lý tư tuân, tâm lý trị liệu, tinh thần bệnh nhân lao động năng lực giám định, tinh thần bệnh y học giám định, cơ động xa giá sử viên thể kiểm, kiện khang thể kiểm, kiện khang bảo kiện, dự phòng chú xạ, xã khu vệ sinh phục vụ, tiện dân môn chẩn, xuất chẩn, hội chẩn; thiết hữu gia đình bệnh sàng, đối ngoại phối phương, bưu ký dược vật, xuất phòng tùy phóng đẳng. Y viện hiện hữu dân cảnh, chức công 250 dư nhân, kỹ thuật nhân viên 130 dư nhân, chiêm chức công tổng sổ đích 72%, kỳ trung trung cao cấp kỹ thuật chức xưng chiêm 35%. Mỗi niên đô hữu tại các cấp chuyên nghiệp khan vật thượng phát biểu luận văn, tham gia các cấp học thuật hội nghị đích giao lưu hòa quốc gia cấp khoa nghiên khóa đề đích khai triển. Dữ pháp quốc hợp tác khai triển “Trung pháp thành thị tinh thần vệ sinh xã khu phục vụ” hạng mục, tịnh tuyển phái y vụ nhân viên xuất quốc thâm tạo. "
  6. ^Hangzhou Ankang HospitalArchived2016-01-12 at theWayback Machine,Retrieved 2007-10-29
  7. ^Jinan Ankang Hospital,Retrieved 2007-10-29ArchivedMarch 23, 2009, at theWayback Machine
  8. ^Nanjing Ankang HospitalArchived2011-07-18 at theWayback Machine,Retrieved 2007-10-29, sàng vị sổ:112 nhật môn chẩn lượng:267
  9. ^Ningbo PSB Ankang Hospital,Retrieved 2007-10-29
  10. ^Shanghai PSB Ankang Hospital[permanent dead link],Retrieved 2007-10-29
  11. ^Tianjin Municipal Ankang HospitalArchived2011-07-18 at theWayback Machine,Retrieved 2007-10-29
  12. ^Tianjin Municipal Ankang HospitalArchived2007-09-19 at theWayback Machine,Retrieved 2007-10-29
  13. ^Wuan Ankang Hospital,Retrieved 2007-10-29[dead link]
  14. ^Xian Ankang Hospital[permanent dead link],Retrieved 2007-10-29
  15. ^ab"Drugged and Detained: China's Psychiatric Prisons"(PDF).safeguarddefenders.com.August 2022.RetrievedDecember 5,2023.
  16. ^In the grip of the Ankang,The Guardian,December 20, 2005
  17. ^Joseph Kahn,Sane Chinese Put in Asylum, Doctors Find,March 17, 2006
  18. ^Sunny Y. Lu & Viviana B. Galli, "Psychiatric Abuse of Falun Gong Practitioners in China",The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law,30:126–30, 2002
  19. ^John Gittings,China 'sending dissidents to mental hospitals,The Guardian,August 13, 2002
  20. ^McDonald, Hamish (November 7, 2005)."Former inmate tells of torture".The Age.Retrieved2008-02-28.
  21. ^ab"Drugged and Detained: China's Psychiatric Prisons"(PDF).safeguarddefenders.com.August 2022.RetrievedDecember 6,2023.
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