Ankylosis
| Ankylosis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Anchylosis |
 | |
| Osseous ankylosis has fused two vertebrae of thisNorth Atlantic right whalespecimen | |
| Specialty | Rheumatology |
Ankylosis(fromGreekἀγκύλος(ankulos)'bent, crooked') is a stiffness of ajointdue to abnormal adhesion and rigidity of thebonesof the joint, which may be the result ofinjuryordisease.The rigidity may be complete or partial and may be due toinflammationof thetendinousormuscularstructures outside the joint or of the tissues of the joint itself.[1]
When the structures outside the joint are affected, the term "false ankylosis" has been used in contradistinction to "true ankylosis", in which the disease is within the joint. When inflammation has caused the joint-ends of the bones to be fused together, the ankylosis is termedosseousor complete and is an instance ofsynostosis.Excision of a completely ankylotic shoulder or elbow may restore free mobility and usefulness to the limb. "Ankylosis" is also used as an anatomical term, bones being said to ankylose (or anchylose) when, from being originally distinct, they coalesce, or become so joined that no motion can take place between them.[1]
Causes
[edit]
- Ankylosing spondylitisis a type ofarthritisin which there is long-terminflammationof thejointsof thespine.[2]
- Other forms of arthritis may sometimes also lead to ankylosis, includingrheumatoid arthritisandreactive arthritis
- Osteoarthritisusually confersosteophyteformation, which may eventually fuse across joints. Osteoarthritis is believed to be caused by mechanical stress on the joint and low-grade inflammatory processes.[3]
- Arthrodesisis the intentional creation of ankylosis in a joint.
- Noma—agangrenousdisease still widespread amongmalnourishedchildren living on the borders of theSahara desert—can cause ankylosis of themaxillaandmandible,impairing the ability to speak and eat.[4]
- Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressivais a rare bone disease in which muscle, tendons and ligaments turn to bone. This leads to progressive ankylosis of almost all joints.[5]
Society and culture
[edit]Fossil record
[edit]Evidence for ankylosis found in the fossil record is studied bypaleopathologists,specialists in ancient disease and injury. Ankylosis has been reported in dinosaur fossils from several species, includingAllosaurus fragilis,Becklespinax altispinax,Poekilopleuron bucklandii,andTyrannosaurus rex(including theStanspecimen).[6]
References
[edit]- ^abOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm H,ed. (1911). "Ankylosis".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 58.
- ^"Questions and Answers about Ankylosing Spondylitis".NIAMS.June 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 28 September 2016.Retrieved28 September2016.
- ^Berenbaum F (January 2013)."Osteoarthritis as an inflammatory disease (osteoarthritis is not osteoarthrosis!)".Osteoarthritis and Cartilage.21(1): 16–21.doi:10.1016/j.joca.2012.11.012.PMID23194896.
- ^Deeb GR, Yih WY, Merrill RG, Lundeen RC (November 1999). "Noma: report of a case resulting in bony ankylosis of the maxilla and mandible".Dento Maxillo Facial Radiology.28(6): 378–382.doi:10.1038/sj.dmfr.4600475.PMID10578195..
- ^Pignolo RJ, Shore EM, Kaplan FS (December 2011)."Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: clinical and genetic aspects".Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases.6(1): 80.doi:10.1186/1750-1172-6-80.PMC3253727.PMID22133093.
- ^Molnar RD (2001). "Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey". In Tanke DH, Carpenter K (eds.).Mesozoic Vertebrate Life.Indiana University Press. pp. 337–363.ISBN978-0-253-33907-2.
