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Anne Zernike

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Anne Zernike
Zernike byher husband
Born(1887-04-30)30 April 1887
Amsterdam,The Netherlands
Died6 March 1972(1972-03-06)(aged 84)
Amersfoort,The Netherlands
NationalityDutch
Other namesAnne Mankes-Zernike
Occupationminister/theologian
Years active1911-1948
Known forfirst ordained woman minister of the Netherlands
SpouseJan Mankes

Anne Zernike(1887–1972) was a Dutch, liberal theologian, who was the first ordained woman minister of the Netherlands. Though she began her career with theMennonites,which was the only congregation that allowed female ministers at the time, the majority of her career was spent in theDutch Protestant Association (NPB).

Biography

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Anne Zernike was born on 30 April 1887 inAmsterdam,The Netherlands,to the teachers and mathematicians Antje (née Dieperink) and Carl Friedrich August Zernike. She was raised in a family of intellectuals, including a sisterElisabeth Zernike[nl]who became a novelist and a brotherFritswho would later win theNobel Prize for Physics.She completed her primary schooling and attended the High School for Girls on theKeizersgracht.[1]Zernike knew from childhood that she wanted to become a minister and her parents encouraged her to study, though her father did not believe that she would be accepted as a preacher.[2]She began her studies at theUniversity of Amsterdamand because the only denomination which would ordain women was theMennonite Church,she joined that congregation.[1]Upon completion of her university studies[3]and her baptism at the age of 22, she became eligible to enter theAnabaptistSeminary,and completed her final examinations in 1911.[1]

Career

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Anne Zernike at her ordination, 5 November 1911

On 5 November 1911 in theFrisiantown of Bovenknijpe (nearHeerenveen),[4]Zernike was ordained and preached her sermon on Jeremiah 31.[2]She found it difficult to adjust to life in Bovenknijpe and was homesick for culture until she met the painter,Jan Mankes.After a brief courtship, they became engaged and married on 30 September 1915. Shortly thereafter, the couple moved toThe Haguewhere their lives focused on participation in the artistic environment, including literature, painting and poetry; theology, including explorations ofChristian Socialism,Taoismandtheosophy;and the principals ofpacifismandvegetarianism.[1]During this period, Zernike, as was expected at the time, gave up her career for her husband's employment opportunities.[2]As Jan's tuberculosis worsened and a doctor counseled that they relocate away from the damp of the sea and to a forested area, the couple moved in 1917 toEerbeek.[1]Shortly after they arrived, Zernike discovered she was pregnant and began working on her thesis which she titled,On historical materialism and social democratic ethics.Beint, their son was born on 1 March 1918 and that same autumn, she received her[5]doctorate in divinity from the University of Amsterdam under the direction of Professor H. IJ Groenewegen.[6]Jan succumbed to his illness on 23 April 1920 and Zernike left Eerbeek forRotterdamthe following year.[1]

Zernike returned to the ministry but not with the Anabaptists, as she felt a greater affinity with a more liberal and newly formed church belonging to theDutch Protestant Association (NPB).[1]There was no building, the 40 church members met in the school gymnasium, and she was given free rein to design the services as she felt led. Thus, she formed a choir and a theater,[7]the congregation visited museums regularly and were apt to discuss Bible verses based on an analysis of paintings byRembrandtor other artists. By 1929, the congregation had grown and they needed a new space. Joining forces with theDutch Reformed Church,Lutherans,Mennonites, andRemonstrants,Zernike's congregation formed the Liberal Christian Youth Centre (Dutch:Vrijzinnig Christelijke Jeugd Centrale) (VCJC) and built a church, which they all shared on the riverbank of the Jagerslaan. They called the church the New Covenant and instead of a pulpit, it had a stage in the center of the sanctuary. Under her leadership, the congregation grew to nearly 500 members.[1]She retired from preaching in 1948[2]but continued writing on theological issues. She published her memoirs in 1956 and remained active throughout the 1960s.[1]

Zernike died on 6 March 1972 inAmersfoort,[2]The Netherlands and was buried with her husband in Eerbeek.[1]

Selected works

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  • Mankes-Zernike, A (1918).Over historisch materialistische en sociaal democratische ethiek(PhD) (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Kruijt.OCLC64569265.
  • Mankes-Zernike, A. (1920).De mensch en zijn godsdienst(in Dutch). Naarden: In den Toren.
  • Mankes-Zernike, A; Roland Holst, R N (1923).Jan Mankes(in Dutch). Utrecht: J.A.A.M. van Es.OCLC905279512.
  • Mankes-Zernike, Anne (1925).Rainer Maria Rilke: een benadering(in Dutch). Rotterdam: De Tijdstroom.OCLC150308640.
  • Mankes-Zernike, Anne (1928).Opvoedingsproblemen.Algemeene bibliotheek (in Dutch). Vol. 35 (2 ed.). Elsevier.
  • Mankes-Zernike, Anne (1938).Historische godsdiensten en universeele religie.Geschriften van de Linker Werkgroep van moderne Theologen (in Dutch). Vol. 5. Assen: Van Gorcum & Company.OCLC905432887.
  • Mankes-Zernike, Anne (1956).Een vrouw in het wondere ambt: herinneringen van een predikante(in Dutch). Amsterdam: P.N. Van Kampen & Zoon N.V.OCLC31342120.

References

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Citations

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  1. ^abcdefghijPitstra 2014.
  2. ^abcdeStolk 2014.
  3. ^Anne Zernike Fund 2011,p. Haar Jeugd.
  4. ^Anne Zernike Fund 2011,p. startpage.
  5. ^Anne Zernike Fund 2011,p. Eerbeek.
  6. ^Pitstra 2010,p. 457.
  7. ^Anne Zernike Fund 2011,p. Rotterdam.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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