Antennal lobe
Theantennal lobeis the primary (first order) olfactory brain area ininsects.The antennal lobe is a sphere-shapeddeutocerebralneuropil in the brain that receives input from theolfactory sensory neuronsin the antennae and mouthparts. Functionally, it shares some similarities with theolfactory bulbinvertebrates.[1]The anatomy and physiology function of the insect brain can be studied by dissecting open the insect brain and imaging or carrying outin vivoelectrophysiological recordingsfrom it.
Structure[edit]
In insects, theolfactorypathway starts at the antennae (though in some insects likeDrosophilathere are olfactory sensory neurons in other parts of the body) from where the sensory neurons carry the information about theodorantmolecules impinging on the antenna to the antennal lobe.[2]The antennal lobe is composed of densely packed neuropils, termedglomeruli,where thesensory neuronssynapsewith the two other kinds of neurons, the postsynaptic principle neurons (termed projection neurons) and local interneurons.[2]Each olfactory sensory neuron expresses a single odorant receptor type and targets the same glomeruli as other olfactory sensory neurons expressing that receptor type, such that each glomeruli houses all or the majority of sensory neurons of a given receptor type.[1][3][4]The number and identities of glomeruli are species specific; most species contain 40 to 160 individually identifiable glomeruli within the antennal lobe.[2]For instance, there are 32 glomeruli inmosquito,[2]43 glomeruli in thefruit flyantennal lobe, and 203 glomeruli incockroach.[5]The local neurons, which are primarily inhibitory, have theirneuritesrestricted to the antennal lobe. Projection neurons, which generally receive information from a single glomerulus, project to higher brain centers such as themushroom bodyand thelateral horn.[6][7][8]The interaction between theolfactory receptor neurons,local neurons and projection neurons reformats the information input from the sensory neurons into a spatio-temporal code before it is sent to higher brain centers.[9][10]
References[edit]
- ^abScott, Kristin; Brady, Roscoe; Cravchik, Anibal; Morozov, Pavel; Rzhetsky, Andrey; Zuker, Charles; Axel, Richard (March 2001)."A Chemosensory Gene Family Encoding Candidate Gustatory and Olfactory Receptors in Drosophila".Cell.104(5): 661–673.doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00263-X.PMID11257221.S2CID13677779.
- ^abcdB. S. Hansson & S. Anton (2000)."Function and morphology of the antennal lobe: new developments".Annual Review of Entomology.45:203–231.doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.203.PMID10761576.S2CID11846340.
- ^Leslie B. Vosshall, Allan M. Wong & Richard Axel (2000)."An olfactory sensory map in the fly brain".Cell.102(2): 147–159.doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00021-0.PMID10943836.S2CID17573876.
- ^Gregory S. X. E. Jefferis, Elizabeth C. Marin, Reinhard F. Stocker & Liqun Luo (2001)."Target neuron prespecification in the olfactory map ofDrosophila"(PDF).Nature.414(6860): 204–208.Bibcode:2001Natur.414..204J.doi:10.1038/35102574.PMID11719930.S2CID4431800.
{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^Watanabe, Hidehiro; Nishino, Hiroshi; Mizunami, Makoto; Yokohari, Fumio (5 May 2017)."Two Parallel Olfactory Pathways for Processing General Odors in a Cockroach".Frontiers in Neural Circuits.11:32.doi:10.3389/fncir.2017.00032.PMC5418552.PMID28529476.
- ^Mark Stopfer, Vivek Jayaraman & Gilles Laurent (2003)."Intensity versus identity coding in an olfactory system".Neuron.39(6): 991–1004.doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2003.08.011.PMID12971898.S2CID12813651.
- ^Gronenberg, W.; López-Riquelme, G.O. (February 2014). "Multisensory convergence in the mushroom bodies of ants and bees".Acta Biologica Hungarica.55(1–4): 31–37.doi:10.1556/ABiol.55.2004.1-4.5.PMID15270216.
- ^López-Riquelme, G.O. (June 2014)."Odotopic afferent representation of the glomerular antennal lobe organization in the mushroom bodies of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Comparisons between two species".TIP Revista Especializada en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas.17(1): 15–31.doi:10.1016/S1405-888X(14)70317-1.
- ^Gilles Laurent (2002). "Olfactory network dynamics and the coding of multidimensional signals".Nature Reviews Neuroscience.3(11): 884–895.doi:10.1038/nrn964.PMID12415296.S2CID17379080.
- ^Mark Stopfer & Gilles Laurent (1999). "Short-term memory in olfactory network dynamics".Nature.402(6762): 664–668.Bibcode:1999Natur.402..664S.doi:10.1038/45244.PMID10604472.S2CID4366918.
Further reading[edit]
- Linda Buck & Richard Axel (1991)."A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: a molecular basis for odor recognition".Cell.65(1): 175–183.doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90418-X.PMID1840504.S2CID6548928.
- Andreas Keller & Leslie B. Vosshall (2004). "A psychophysical test of the vibration theory of olfaction".Nature Neuroscience.7(4): 337–338.doi:10.1038/nn1215.PMID15034588.S2CID1073550.
- Luca Turin (1996)."A spectroscopic mechanism for primary olfactory reception".Chemical Senses.21(6): 773–791.doi:10.1093/chemse/21.6.773.PMID8985605.
- López-Riquelme, Germán Octavio (2008).Hormigas como sistemas modelo para el comportamiento complejo. Bases neurobiológicas de la comunicación química y la división del trabajo en las hormigas(Ph.D.). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3145.1689.
- Luca Turin (2002). "A method for the calculation of odor character from molecular structure".Journal of Theoretical Biology.216(3): 367–385.Bibcode:2002JThBi.216..367T.doi:10.1006/jtbi.2001.2504.PMID12183125.
- Chandler Burr (2003).The Emperor of Scent: A Story of Perfume, Obsession, and the Last Mystery of the Senses.Random House.ISBN0-375-50797-3.
Reviews of antennal lobe anatomy[edit]
- U. Homberg, T. A. Christensen & J. G. Hildebrand (1989). "Structure and function of the deutocerebrum in insects".Annual Review of Entomology.34:477–501.doi:10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.002401.PMID2648971.
- C. Giovanni Galizia & Wolfgang Rössler (2010)."Parallel olfactory systems in insects: anatomy and function".Annual Review of Entomology.55:399–420.doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085442.PMID19737085.