Anti-Hindu sentiment

This article is about hatred of, or prejudice towards Hindus. For religious persecution of Hindus, seePersecution of Hindus.

Anti-Hindu sentiment,sometimes also referred to asHinduphobia,is a negative perception, sentiment oractions againstthe practitioners or religion ofHinduism.It exists in many contexts in many countries, often due to historical conflict. There is also scholarly debate on what constitutes Hinduphobia in theWestern World.

Definitions

ScholarJeffery D. Longdefines the term "Hinduphobia" as an irrational aversion ofHindusorHinduism.Vamsee Juluri,a Professor of Media Studies at theUniversity of San Franciscoagrees.

Examples of anti-Hindu sentiments

According to the religious dialogue activistP. N. Benjamin,someChristian evangelistsdenigrateHindu godsand consider Hindu rituals barbaric, and such attitudes have caused tensions between religious communities.

Akbaruddin Owaisi,a leader of theAll India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeenparty inHyderabad,has been charged several times for hate speeches denigrating Hindu gods and inciting violence against Hindus.

AMuslimpreacher apologised for insulting Hinduism in 2014, after an uproar. Hindus have historically been, and continue to be, consideredKafirsby some MuslimsandHeathen,SatanicorDemonicby someChristians.

Asia

Afghanistan

See also:Hinduism in Afghanistan

TheTalibangovernment inAfghanistan,which enforced strictsharia(Islamic law), announced plans to require all Hindus (andSikhs) to wear identifying badges in public in May 2001 as part of the Taliban's campaign tosegregateand repress "un-Islamic and idolatrous segments" ofAfghan society.At the time, about 500 Hindus and 2,000 Sikhs remained in Afghanistan.

The anti-Hindu decree was seen by many as being reminiscent of theNazilaw which required allJewsto wear identifyingyellow badges.The order prompted international outrage, and it was denounced by theIndianandU.S. governments,as well as byAbraham Foxmanof theADL.Following international pressure, theTaliban regimedropped the badge plans in June 2001.

Religious persecution, discrimination andforced conversionof Hindus has causedAfghanistan's Hindu populationto dwindle.

Sikhs and Hindus are continuing to flee from Afghanistan as of July 2020.

Bangladesh

See also:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh

InBangladeshpolitical leaders frequently face controversy for spreading anti-Hindu sentiment in an attempt to appeal to religious extremists and incite community outrage.One of the most well known instances of this occurred in 1996 whenKhaleda Ziaa previousPrime Minister,and then leader of the opposition, declared that the country was at risk of hearing "uludhhwani"(aBengali Hinducustom involving women'sululation) frommosques,replacing theazaan(Muslim call to prayer).

More secular parties, such as theBangladesh Awami Leaguehave also faced criticism for expressing anti-Hindu sentiment. The current prime ministerSheikh Hasina,allegedly accusedBangladeshi Hinduleaders inNew Yorkof having divided loyalties with "one foot inIndiaand one in Bangladesh ".

The fundamentalists and right-wing parties such as theBangladesh Nationalist PartyandJatiya Partyoften portray Hindus as being sympathetic to India, making accusations ofdual loyaltyand allegations of transferring economic resources to India, contributing to a widespread perception that Bangladeshi Hindus are disloyal to the state. Also, the right wing parties claim the Hindus to be backing the Awami League.

On 28 February 2013, theInternational Crimes TribunalsentencedDelwar Hossain Sayeedi,the Vice President of theJamaat-e-Islamito death for the war crimes committed during the1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.Following the sentence, Jamaat-e-Islami activists attacked Hindu communities across the country. Hindu properties were looted and burned down, and temples were desecrated and set on fire.While the government has held the Jamaat-e-Islami responsible for the attacks on the minorities, the Jamaat-e-Islami leadership has denied any involvement. The minority leaders have protested the attacks and appealed for justice. TheSupreme Court of Bangladeshhas directed the law enforcement to startsuo motuinvestigation into the attacks.US Ambassador to Bangladeshexpress concern about attack of Jamaat on Bengali Hindu community.The violence included the looting of Hindu properties and businesses, the burning of Hindu homes, rape of Hindu women anddesecrationand destruction ofHindu temples.According to community leaders, more than 50Hindu templesand 1,500 Hindu homes were destroyed in 20 districts.On 5 May 2014, A mob of almost 3,000 attacked Hindu households and a temple in eastern Bangladesh after two youths from the community allegedly insulted the Islamic prophet,MuhammadonFacebook.

India

See also:Persecution of Hindus § Post-Independence India

In 2023, while speaking at a conference organized by the Tamil Nadu Progressive Writers Artists, film producer and politicianUdhayanidhi Stalinsaid thatsanatanahad to be "eradicated" because it was regressive and against equality.

In March-April 2024, aChristian churchinAndhra Pradeshcame to attention when a video showing that the church's footwalk tiles consisted of sacred Hindu symbols ofOmandSwastikawent viral on social media and sparked outrage. Following the backlash, the tiles containing those symbols were removed by the church.

Malaysia

See also:Hinduism in Malaysia,2001 Kampung Medan riots,2009 cow head protests,HINDRAF,and2007 HINDRAF rally

In April 2006, local authorities demolished severalHindu templesto make way for developmental projects. Their reason was that these temples were unlicensed and squatting on government land. In April and May 2006, several Hindu temples were demolished by city hall authorities in the country, accompanied by violence against Hindus.On 21 April 2006, the Malaimel Sri Selva Kaliamman Temple inKuala Lumpurwas reduced to rubble after the city hall sent in bulldozers.

The president of the Consumers Association ofSubangandShah AlaminSelangorhad been helping to organise efforts to stop the local authorities in theMuslimdominated city of Shah Alam from demolishing a 107-year-old Hindu temple. The growingIslamizationin Malaysia is a cause for concern to manyMalaysianswho follow minority religions such as Hinduism.

On 11 May 2006, armed city hall officers fromKuala Lumpurforcefully demolished part of a 60-year-old suburban temple that serves more than 1,000 Hindus. The "Hindu Rights Action Force",a coalition of several NGO's, have protested these demolitions by lodging complaints with theMalaysian Prime Minister.Many Hindu advocacy groups have protested what they allege is a systematic plan of temple cleansing inMalaysia.The official reason given by theMalaysian governmenthas been that the temples were built "illegally". However, several of the temples are centuries old. According to a lawyer for the Hindu Rights Action Task Force, a Hindu temple is demolished in Malaysia once every three weeks.

Malaysian Muslimshave also grown more anti-Hindu over the years. In response to the proposed construction of a temple inSelangor,Muslims chopped off the head of a cow to protest, with leaders saying there would be blood if a temple was constructed in Shah Alam.

Laws in the country, especially those concerning religious identity, are generally slanted towards compulsion into converting toIslam.

Pakistan

See also:Persecution of Hindus § Pakistan 2,Decline of Hinduism in Pakistan,Sectarianism in Pakistan § Hindus,Pakistan studies,andReligious discrimination in Pakistan § Hindus

InPakistan,anti-Hindu sentiments and beliefs are widely held among many sections of the population. There is a general stereotype against Hindus in Pakistan. Hindus are regarded as "miserly".Also, Hindus are often regarded askafirs(unbelievers) and blamed for "causing all the problems in Pakistan".Islamic fundamentalist groups operating within Pakistan and neighboringAfghanistanhave broadcast or disseminated anti-Hindu propaganda among the masses,referring to Hindus as "Hanood" ('Hindu' issingularandHanoodis plural form inUrdu) blaming them for "collaborating with the foreigners" against the people of the region. At the time ofPakistan's creationthe 'hostage theory' had been espoused. According to this theory theHindu minority in Pakistanwas to be given a fair deal in Pakistan in order to ensure the protection of theMuslim minority in India.However,Khawaja Nazimuddin,the2ndPrime Minister of Pakistan,stated: "I do not agree that religion is a private affair of the individual nor do I agree that in anIslamic stateevery citizen has identical rights, no matter what his caste, creed or faith be ".

Separate electorates for Hindus andChristianswere established in 1985—a policy which was originally proposed by Islamist leaderAbul A'la Maududi.Christian and Hindu leaders complained that they felt excluded from the county's political process, but the policy had strong support fromIslamists.

TheMuttahida Majlis-i-Amal(MMA), a coalition of Islamist political parties in Pakistan, calls for the increasedIslamizationof the government and society, specifically taking an anti-Hindu stance. The MMA leads the opposition in thenational assembly,held a majority in theNWFPProvincial Assembly, and was part of the ruling coalition inBalochistan.However, some members of the MMA made efforts to eliminate their rhetoric against Hindus.

The public school curriculum in Pakistan was Islamized during the 1980s.Thegovernment of Pakistanclaims to undertake a major revision to eliminate such teachings and to remove Islamic teaching from secular subjects.The bias in Pakistani textbooks was also documented by Y. Rosser (2003). She wrote that

"in the past few decades, social studies textbooks in Pakistan have been used as locations to articulate the hatred that Pakistani policy makers have attempted to inculcate towards theirHinduneighbours ", and that as a result" in the minds of generations of Pakistanis, indoctrinated by the 'Ideology of Pakistan' are lodged fragments of hatred and suspicion. "

The bias in Pakistani textbooks was studied byRubina Saigol,K. K. Aziz,I. A. Rahman,Mubarak Ali,A. H. Nayyar,Ahmed Saleem,Y. Rosser and others.

A study by Nayyar & Salim (2003) that was conducted with 30 experts of Pakistan's education system, found that the textbooks contain statements that seek to create hate against Hindus. There was also an emphasis onJihad,Shahadat, wars and military heroes. The study reported that the textbooks also had a lot of gender-biased stereotypes. Some of theproblems in Pakistani textbookscited in the report were:

"Insensitivity to the existing religious diversity of the nation"; "Incitement to militancy and violence, including encouragement of Jihad and Shahadat"; a "glorification of war and the use of force"; "Inaccuracies of fact and omissions that serve to substantially distort the nature and significance of actual events in our history"; "Perspectives that encourageprejudice,bigotryanddiscriminationtowards fellow citizens, especially women and religious minorities, and other towards nations "and" Omission of concepts... that could encourage critical self awareness among students ". (Nayyar & Salim 2003). The Pakistani Curriculum document for classes K-V stated in 1995 that" at the completion of Class-V, the child should be able to "Understand Hindu-Muslim differences and the resultant need for Pakistan. [p. 154]

A more recent textbook which was published in Pakistan and titledA Short History of Pakistan,edited byIshtiaq Hussain Qureshi,has been heavily criticized by academic peer-reviewers for anti-Hindu biases and prejudices that are consistent withPakistani nationalism,where Hindus are portrayed as "villains" and Muslims as "victims" living under the "disastrous Hindu rule" and "betraying the Muslims to the British", characterizations that academic reviewers found "disquieting" and having a "warped subjectivity".

Ameer Hamza, a leader of the terrorist groupLashkar-e-Taiba,wrote a highly derogatory book about Hinduism in 1999 called "Hindu Ki Haqeeqat" ( "Reality of (a) Hindu" ); he was not prosecuted by the Government.

According to the Sustainable Development Policy Institute report 'Associated with the insistence on theIdeology of Pakistanhas been an essential component of hate againstIndiaand the Hindus. For the upholders of the Ideology of Pakistan, the existence of Pakistan is defined only in relation to Hindus, and hence the Hindus have to be painted as negatively as possible'A 2005 report by theNational Commission for Justice and Peacea non profit organization in Pakistan, found that Pakistan Studies textbooks in Pakistan have been used to articulate the hatred that Pakistani policy-makers have attempted to inculcate towards the Hindus. "Vituperative animosities legitimise military and autocratic rule, nurturing a siege mentality. Pakistan Studies textbooks are an active site to represent India as a hostile neighbour", the report stated. "The story of Pakistan's past is intentionally written to be distinct from, and often in direct contrast with, interpretations of history found in India. From the government-issued textbooks, students are taught that Hindus are backward and superstitious." Further the report stated "Textbooks reflect intentional obfuscation. Today's students, citizens of Pakistan and its future leaders are the victims of these partial truths".

An editorial in Pakistan's oldest newspaperDawncommenting on a report inThe Guardianon Pakistani Textbooks noted that "by propagating concepts such as jihad, the inferiority of non-Muslims, India's ingrained enmity with Pakistan, etc., the textbook board publications used by all government schools promote a mindset that is bigoted and obscurantist. Since there are more children studying in these schools than inmadrassahsthe damage done is greater. "According to a study by a US government commission, textbooks in Pakistani schools foster prejudice and intolerance of Hindus and other religious minorities, and most teachers view non-Muslims as enemies of Islam.According to the historian ProfessorMubarak Ali,textbook reform in Pakistan began with the introduction ofPakistan studiesandIslamic studiesbyZulfiqar Ali Bhuttoin 1971 into the national curriculum as compulsory subject. Former military dictator GenZia-ul-Haqunder a general drive towards Islamization, started the process ofhistorical revisionismin earnest and exploited this initiative. "The Pakistani establishment taught their children right from the beginning that this state was built on the basis ofreligion– that's why they don't have tolerance for other religions and want to wipe-out all of them. "

Outside Asia

Australia

In April 2024, a Hindu woman namedSwastika ChandrafromSydneywas banned from using theUberapp because it considered her first name (Swastika) to be offensive and related toNazism.Swastikais a hindu symbol of divinity and spirituality, however it's perception in other parts of the world is different due to the adoption of the symbol by theNazi Partyin the early 20th century. After a period of six months, Uber exempted the ban and apologized for the misunderstanding.

Fiji

By the timeFijigained independence fromcolonial rule,Hindus and otherIndo-Fijiansconstituted nearly fifty percent of the totalFijian population.Nevertheless, the colonial-era laws and the first constitution for Fiji, granted special rights tonative Fijians.These laws relegated Hindus as second class citizens of Fiji without full rights. For example, it denied them property rights, such as the ability to buy or own land. Hindus and otherIndo-Fijianshave since then not enjoyed equal human rights as other Fijians. They can only work as tenant farmers for Fijian landlords.The difference in human rights has been a continuing source of conflict between "native" Fijians and Indo-Fijians, with native Fijians believing Fiji to be their ancestral land that only they can own, and Indo-Fijians demanding equal rights for all human beings.

Beyond land ownership, Hindus have been persecuted in the Fijian communal structure. Spike Boydell states, "the [colonial authorities] introduced the divisive and unworkable system of communal representation and communal electoral rolls. Thus, different communities were represented by their own kind. This still extends to schooling in a prevailing quasiapartheideducational system. "

During the late 1990s, Fiji witnessed a series of riots by radical native Fijians against Hindus (and other Indo-Fijians). In the spring of 2000, the democratically electedFijian governmentled byPrime MinisterMahendra Chaudhry,who was a Hindu, was held hostage by a group headed byGeorge Speight.They demanded asegregatedstate exclusively for the native Fijians, thereby legally abolishing anyhuman rightsthe Hindu inhabitants held up until then. Hindu owned shops, Hindu schools andtempleswere destroyed, vandalized and looted.

TheMethodist Church of Fiji and Rotuma,and particularlySitiveni Rabukawho led the1987 coup in Fiji,called for the creation of aChristian Stateand endorsed forceful conversion of Hindus after a coup d'état in 1987.In 2012, Fiji Methodist Church's president, Tuikilakila Waqairatu, called for Fiji to officially declareChristianityas thestate religion;the Hindu community leaders demanded that Fiji be asecularstate where religion and state are separate.

United Kingdom

After theLeicester riotsin October 2022, Hindu groups were set to boycott a review by a man they claimed was an Islamophile.

A national report in the UK found that 51% of Hindu parents reported their children facing Anti-Hindu hate in schools, and found that schools had failed to monitor and address the issues. It also reported several cases of physical assault as well as beef being thrown at a student.

Conservative Party

In October 2018, it was reported thatConservative Partycandidate for theMayor of LondonShaun Baileyhad written a pamphlet, entitledNo Man's Land,for theCentre for Policy Studies.In it, Bailey argued that accommodating Hindus "[robs]Britainof its community "and it is also turning the country into a" crime riddled cess pool ". He also claimed thatSouth Asians"bring their culture, their country and any problems they might have, with them" and that this was not a problem within theblack community"because we've shared a religion and in many cases a language".In the pamphlet, Bailey confused the Hindu religion with theHindi language:"You don't know what to do. You bring your children to school and they learn far more aboutDiwalithanChristmas.I speak to the people who are fromBrentand they've been having Hindi(sic)days off. "

The Conservative Party Deputy Chairman,James Cleverly,defended Bailey and insisted that he was being misunderstood, and he implied that black boys were drifting into crime as a result of learning more about other faiths rather than learning about "their ownChristian culture".However, the anti-racismHope Not Hatecampaign group called Bailey's comments "grotesque".

United States

See also:Persecution of Hindus § United States

The rise of theIndian American communityin theUnited Stateshas triggered some isolated attacks on them, as has been the case with many minority groups in the United States. Attacks which specifically targetHindus in the United Statesstem from what is often referred to as the "racialization of religion" among Americans, a process that begins when certain phenotypical features which are associated with a group and attached to race in popular discourse become associated with a particular religion or religions. The racialization of Hinduism in American perception has led Americans to perceive Hindus as belonging to a separate group and this contributes to prejudices against them.

In 2019, Swaminarayan Temple inKentuckywas vandalised. They sprayed black paint on the deity and sprayed "Jesusis the only God "on the walls. TheChristian crosswas also spray painted on various walls.In April 2015, aHindu templein northTexaswas vandalised when nasty images were spray-painted on its walls. In February 2015, Hindu temples inKentand theSeattle Metropolitan areawere also vandalised.

In July 2019, a Hindu Priest who was dressed in his religious attire was physically beaten inQueens,New York,two blocks from Shiv Shakti Peeth Temple inGlen Oaksby Sergio Gouveia. A Senator andNew York State Attorney Generalhave called it ahate crimebecause "If someone is targeted because of religious robe and couple of blocks from temple where he resides it is difficult to believe this was random." Yet, theNew York policehave not registered it as a hate crime.

Pat Robertson

In addition, anti-Hindu views have been expressed which are specifically based on misperceptions of the religion of Hinduism as well as mistaken racial perceptions. In the United StatesPat Robertsonhas denounced Hinduism as "demonic",believing that when Hindus" feel any sort of inspiration, whether it's by a river or under a tree, on top of a hill, they figure that some God or spirit is responsible for that. And so they'll worship that tree, they'll worship that hill or they'll worship anything. "His remarks were widely condemned and disputed byIndian Americansand members of many non-partisan advocacy groups.EvangelicalleaderAlbert Mohlerdefended Robertson's remarks, saying "any belief system, anyworld view,whether it'sZenBuddhismor Hinduism ordialectical materialismfor that matter,Marxism,that keeps persons captive and keeps them from coming to faith in theLord Jesus Christ,yes, is a demonstration of satanic power. "

United States Congress

Main article:Rajan Zed prayer protest

In July, 2007, TheUnited States Senateconducted its morning prayer services with a Hindu prayer,a historical first. During the service, three disruptors, named Ante Nedlko Pavkovic, Katherine Lynn Pavkovic and Christen Renee Sugar, from the Fundamentalist Christian activist groupOperation Save Americaprotested by arguing that the Hindu prayer was "anabomination",and they also claimed that they were" Christians and Patriots ". They were swiftly arrested and charged with disrupting Congress.

The event generated a storm of protest byChristian rightgroups in the country, with theAmerican Family Association(AFA) opposing the prayer and carrying out a campaign to lobby senators to protest against it.Their representative attacked the proceedings as "gross idolatry".The AFA sent an "Action Alert" to its members in which it asked them to e-mail, write letters, or call their Senators and ask them to oppose the Hindu prayer, stating that it is "seeking the invocation of a non-monotheistic god."The "alert" stated that "since Hindus worship multiple gods, the prayer will be completely outside the American paradigm, flying in the face of the American mottoOne Nation Under God."The convocation by Zed was in fact disrupted by three protesters in the gallery reportedly shouting "this is an abomination" and other complaints.

Barry W. Lynn,executive director ofAmericans United for Separation of Church and State,said the protest "shows the intolerance of manyreligious rightactivists. They say they want more religion in the public square, but it's clear they mean only their religion. "

California Textbook Controversy

Main article:California textbook controversy over Hindu history

A controversy in theUS stateofCaliforniaconcerning the portrayal ofHinduismin history textbooks began in 2005. A protest was led by Vedic Foundation (VF) and the American Hindu Education Foundation (HEF) by complaining to the California's Curriculum Commission, saying the coverage in sixth grade historytextbooksofIndian historyand Hinduism was biased against Hinduism; and points of contention includes a textbook's portrayal of thecaste system,theIndo-Aryan migration theory,and thestatus of women in Indian societyas the main features of Hinduism.

TheCalifornia Department of Education(CDE) initially sought to resolve the controversy by appointing Shiva Bajpai, Professor Emeritus atCalifornia State University Northridge,as a one-man committee to review revisions proposed by the groups.Michael Witzeland others revisited the proposed changed on behalf of theState Board of Educationand suggested reverting some of the approved changes.In early 2006, theHindu American Foundationsued the State Board over matters of process;the case was settled in 2009.

Dotbusters

Main article:Dotbusters

TheDotbusterswas ahate groupinJersey City, New Jersey,that attacked and threatenedIndian-Americansin the fall of 1987. The name originates from thebinditraditionally worn by Hindu women and girls on their forehead. In July 1987, they had a letter published in theJersey Journalstating that they would take any means necessary to drive the Indians out of Jersey City:

I'm writing about your article during july [sic] about the abuse ofIndian People.Well I'm here to state the other side. I hate them, if you had to live near them you would also. We are an organization called dot busters. We have been around for 2 years. We will go to any extreme to get Indians to move out of Jersey City. If I'm walking down the street and I see a Hindu and the setting is right, I will hit him or her. We plan some of our most extreme attacks such as breaking windows, breaking car windows, and crashing family parties. We use the phone books and look up the name Patel. Have you seen how many of them there are? Do you even live in Jersey City? Do you walk down Central avenue and experience what its [sic] like to be near them: we have and we just don't want it anymore. You said that they will have to start protecting themselves because the police cannot always be there. They will never do anything. They are a weak [sic] race physically and mentally. We are going to continue our way. We will never be stopped.

Canada

From 2015 to 2024, inGTA municipalitiessuch asRichmond Hill,Vaughan,ScarboroughandBramptonmovie theatres such asCineplexreported windows being shot out, screens slashed and noxious substances sprayed such aspepper sprayandbear sprayof screenings of South-Asian films such asMalayalamfilms,Malaikottai Vaaliban,KurupandTelugufilmSye Raa Narasimha Reddy.

New Zealand

In July 2023, a viral video was uploaded toTikTokfeaturing severalburkhaclad women placing urine soaked and used menstrual sanitary pads on theShiv Lingaof their Hindu neighbor.They were also seen smearingfeceson the door of the Hindu family. After being confronted, the family made afalse reportto the police claiming that they had been threatened with a gun, resulting in the police detaining the father of the Hindu family.

Resolutions and proclamations recognizing Hinduphobia

In April 2023, Georgia became the first state in the United States to pass a resolution condemning Hinduphobia.That same month, the city of Fremont, California issued a proclamation acknowledging that "Hindu Americans have been the targets of bullying, discrimination, hate speech, harassment, and bias-motivated crimes."

Criticism

Some academics question the usage of the term "Hinduphobia" in the West. Brian Collinsfound the tropes of Hinduphobia to be a popular weapon employed by the affluent Hindu diaspora in stifling critical academic discourses on Hinduism—parallels withKansas creationistswere drawn.Scholars affiliated to South Asia Scholar Activist Collective (SASAC)reject "Hinduphobia" as an ahistorical and inappropriateneologismemployed by the Hindu Right in order to suppress academic inquiry into topics concerned with Hinduism, Hindutva, caste, and Indian State.While racist and anti-Hindu prejudices have been indeed observed, in their view, Hindus have not faced any entrenched systematic oppression in India or United States.The claimants of Hinduphobia were also accused of engaging in discrimination against Muslims, lower-castes, Dalits, Christians, and progressive Hindus.

See also

• Anti-Indian sentiment
• Antiziganism
• Indomania
• Pat Robertson
• 2023 Haryana riots

Sources

• Long, Jeffery D. (2011),Historical Dictionary of Hinduism,Scarecrow Press

Further reading

• Balagangadhara, S.N.; Claerhout, Sarah (Spring 2008)."Are Dialogues Antidotes to Violence? Two Recent Examples From Hinduism Studies"(PDF).Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies.7(19): 118–143. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 20 August 2009.Retrieved17 January2009.
• Benkin, Richard L. (2014).A Quiet Case of Ethnic Cleansing - The Murder of Bangladesh's Hindus(2nd ed.). New Delhi: Akshaya Prakashan (published 1 January 2014).ISBN978-8188643523.
• Kamra, A. J. (2000).The prolonged partition and its pogroms: Testimonies on violence against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64.Voice of India.ISBN9788185990637.Retrieved23 January2023.
• Rosser, Yvette Claire (2003).Islamization of Pakistani Social Studies Textbooks.Monograph (Observer Research Foundation). New Delhi: Rupa & Co.ISBN9788129102218.Retrieved23 January2023..
• Chaturvedi, Vinayak (1 December 2021)."The Hindu Right and Attacks on Academic Freedom in the US".The Nation.Retrieved23 January2023.

External links

• HYPERLINK TO HINDUPHOBIA: Online hatred, extremism and bigotry against Hindus(PDF).Hindu American Foundation. 2007.Retrieved23 January2023.