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Masbate

Coordinates:12°16′N123°35′E/ 12.27°N 123.58°E/12.27; 123.58
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(Redirected fromAntonio Kho)
This article is about the province. For its capital city, seeMasbate City.For the major eponymous island of the province, seeMasbate Island.
Masbate
Province
Province of Masbate
(from top: left to right)Masbate Port,Balangingi Island inPio V. Corpus,Bituon Beach inMobo,and Gawas Beach inEsperanza
Flag of Masbate
Flag
Official seal of Masbate
Seal
Location within the Philippines
Location within the Philippines
OpenStreetMap
Map
Coordinates:12°16′N123°35′E/ 12.27°N 123.58°E/12.27; 123.58
CountryPhilippines
RegionBicol Region
FoundedMarch 18, 1901
Capital
and largest city		Masbate City
Government
•GovernorAntonio T. Kho (PDP-Laban)
•Vice GovernorElisa T. Kho(PDP-Laban)
Area
[1]
• Total4,151.78 km2(1,603.01 sq mi)
• Rank30th out of 81
Highest elevation
(Conical Peak)
699 m (2,293 ft)
Population
(2020)[2]
• Total908,920
• Rank32nd out of 81
• Density220/km2(570/sq mi)
• Rank43rd out of 81
Divisions
[3]
•Independent cities0
•Component cities
1
•Municipalities
20
•Barangays550
•DistrictsLegislative districts of Masbate
Time zoneUTC+8(PST)
ZIP Code
5400–5421
IDD : area code +63 (0)56
ISO 3166 codePH-MAS
Spoken languages
Websitemasbate.gov.ph

Masbate,officially theProvince of Masbate(Masbateño:Probinsya san Masbate;Tagalog:Lalawigan ng Masbate), is an islandprovincein thePhilippineslocated near the midsection of the nation's archipelago. Its provincial capital isMasbate City.The province consists of three major islands:Masbate,TicaoandBurias.

Masbate is at the crossroads of two island groups:VisayasandLuzon.It is politically part ofBicol Regionin the latter. However, from a bio-geographic and socio-ethno-linguistic perspective, Masbate is grouped in the former.[4]

History

[edit]

Early history

[edit]

Masbate is one of the oldest settlements in the Philippines.[5]Archaeological records show that Batungan (in Mandaon) and Bagumbayan (in Palanas) were major settlement sites during the Bronze Age (4000-1000 BC). The development of bronze metallurgy in South-East Asia coincided with an increasingly hierarchical society, firmly based on agricultural village settlements. It was these crucial changes, the introduction of new technologies, new social forms, and a new economic base, which culminated in the foundation of the proto-urban settlements of the 1st millennium AD. A fine stone chisel from Mount Batungan is dated to the twelfth century BC. Of the age of Philippine neoliths, it is only possible to say that polished stone adzes from Masbate have been dated from 2710 BC to AD 179.2 Kalanay (in Aroroy) was an island site from 1000 BC to AD 850 (early metal). Masbateño burial jars and a small pottery skull box found in caves dated to the beginning of the Christian era. Exquisite goldwork represents an old Philippine wealth in both an economic and an artistic sense: all sorts of wrought or molded ornaments and jewelry demonstrate both the availability of the raw material and the skill of the artisan – finger rings, earrings, head-bands, pendants, and pectoral ornaments, heavy chains with interlocking serrated edges, light filigree work, delicate necklaces of fine twisted wires, 12-millimeter beads composed of 184 separate granules soldered together, thin hammered sheets for decorating grosser objects like earplugs or the visages of corpses, and a charming little snail of unknown use. Productive mines in Benguet, Butuan, Masbate, and Paracale were in operation and gold being panned in riverbeds all over the archipelago when the Spaniards arrived.

Spanish colonial era

[edit]

During the Spanish regime, San Jacinto in Ticao Island was an anchorage point for theManila-Acapulco-Manila galleons.The course as described by the standard pilot's guide ofCabrera Buenowas substantially followed by nearly all thegalleons.The largest variations were in the height at which the eastward crossing was made and in the course laid off the coast ofthe Californias.

The successive stages were as follows: fromCaviteonManila Bayout through one of thebocas,generally betweenMarivelesandCorregidor;thence SSW, keeping well clear of Fortun to the left and highAmbilto the right; past Cape Santiago on the Luzon Coast, and E betweenMindoroandMaricaban;by the Punta de Escarceo, or “Tide Rip Point,” where currents run strong, and under Isla Verde, outside Subaang Bay, within which there was a fair anchorage in case of need; SE past the islets ofBaco,with a good channel off Calapan; SE by E down the Mindoro coast by Punta Gorda de Pola; E by SE between the Tres Reyes and the Dos Hermanas; thence by the wide bocanabetween Marinduque and Banton, out onto the tablazo, or open water, above Sibuyan; SE by E between Burias and Masbate; turning ENE around the Punta de San Miguel and the Punta del Diablo; coasting around the east side of Ticao to the anchorage at San Jacinto; clearing from thence and working out seaward with themonsoon;E right leagues, with the dangerous Naranjos to starboard and the shoal of Calantas to port; NE by N and then ENE seven leagues around Capul; NE with the Sorsogon coast to port and San Bernardino to starboard and NE by E seven leagues to the Embocadero, with San Bernardino now to port and the island of Biri to starboard. At this point, according to Cabrera, “the rapid currents require skillful pilot work.” The galleon was now in the open sea.

From thechroniclesof the early years of Spanish colonization, arelacion(report) about Masbate first appeared in Fray Martin de Rada's letter dated July 1569 to the Viceroy ofNew Spain(Mexico), Marquis de Falces. He mentioned that in a place called Masbat there were plenty of gold mines. Other later documents such as Artieda's Relacion (1573) and Andres de Mirandaola's letter (1574) refer to a place called Masbat or Masbad. It wasn't until 1582 thatMiguel de Loarcawrote about a place called Masbate.

In the same year that the Augustinian Fray de Rada wrote about Masbat's gold mines, his fellow Augustinian Fray Alonzo Jimenez landed in Burias and baptized its chieftain Buaya. This baptism is said to be the very first baptism in Luzon. Fray Jimenez also built a church in Burias before he sailed on to Ibalon in 1570. By 1575, Masbate had become a priority in the Augustinian Missionary Memoranda. Fray Francisco de Ortega reported on the pillaging activities of a pirate named Caxabic in the islands of Masbate and Burias. By 1600, the Spaniards had developed Mobo as a galleon shipyard and San Jacinto as a strategic port. In 1605, Masbate was officially an Augustinian Mission and it is first prior was Fray Francisco Guerrero. Masbate had about 250 tributes and 1000 Christian natives. In 1609, Fray Pedro de Arce, bishop-elect of Nueva Caceres, ceded the spiritual administration of Masbate to the Mitra (secular clergy). On May 28, 1682, bishop-elect Dominican Fray Andres Gonzales petitioned the King of Spain to revert some curacies of Nueva Caceres to the charge of religious communities. The petition was approved in 1685 and by 1687, the first Augustinian Recollect missionaries had sailed for the port of San Jacinto to begin the Recollect Mission in Masbate. In 1700, Fray Ildefonso de la Concepcion established the settlement of Uson as a visita (barrio) of Mobo. The town of Masbate was established in 1791 by Fray Manuel dela Virgen del Tremedal.

The jurisdiction of Nueva Caceres embraced the entire provinces of Camarines and Albay, as far as and including the islands of Ticao, Masbate, Burias, and Catanduanes; the province of Tayabas, as far as and including Lucban; and in the opposite coast of Maobàn, to Binangonan, Polo, Baler, and Casiguran. At one time, it was governed by his very illustrious Lordship Doctor Don Ysidoro de Arevalo, who was the bishop-elect. Records show that he enjoyed a yearly stipend of 4,000 pesos of common gold, in conformance with a royal decree. Likewise, a payment was made from the royal treasury, in virtue of a decree by the supreme government and the council of the royal treasury dated October 2, 1723, 200 pesos, for priests of the choir, at 100 pesos each, as assistants of the aforesaid illustrious lord. Another payment was made of 400 pesos, assigned to this church by the royal decree, dated at San Yldefonso on August 19, 1736; for the pay of singers, sacristans, and doorkeepers, and other expenses for worship and for the [care of the] building of the church. It likewise had a contribution of 232 pesos, 4 tomins, which was paid in 6 quintals of wax, 100 gantas of coconut-oil, and 4 arrobas of Castilian wine, in conformity with another royal decree dated February 21, 1705.

The administration of Masbate was given back to the Mitra after the Recollects left Masbate in 1794. All in all, over 60 Recollect missionaries were assigned in Masbate for a period of more than 100 years. Masbate became a separate politico-military command province in 1846. In 1864, it was declared a separate province from Albay. After a devastating typhoon in 1908, Masbate was annexed to the province of Sorsogon. It finally gained status as a separate province on December 15, 1920, by virtue of Commonwealth Act No. 2934. In Rafael Bernal's book:Mexico En Filipinas,Masbate was listed among other places which include Cavite and Pampanga, as areas where there were large concentrations of Mexican immigrants to the Philippines.[6]

20th century

[edit]

DuringWorld War II,theJapanese invaded the Philippinesand turned Masbate into a hub for sexual slavery which they called "the military club". A "comfort station" was built by the Japanese in the province, where young girls and teenagers were forced to become "comfort women",and routinely gang-raped, brutalized, humiliated, and murdered by Japanese soldiers for entertainment.[7][8][9]The Japanese occupation was resisted by local Masbateñoguerrillasunder Captain Manuel Donato up until April 1945 during the Allied liberation by which the guerrillas controlled much of the province.[10]

Animasola Beach in Masbate

Geography

[edit]

The province lies roughly at the center of the Philippine archipelago, between latitudes 11°43′ north and 123°09′ east and 124°5′ east. It is bounded on the north byBuriasandTicao Pass,east bySan Bernardino Strait,south by theVisayan Sea,and west by theSibuyan Sea.Relative to mainlandBicol,the province faces the southwestern coasts ofCamarines Sur,Albay,andSorsogonareas. Masbate covers a total area of 4,151.78 square kilometres (1,603.01 sq mi).[11]

The general surface configuration of the province ranges from slightly undulating to rolling and from hilly to mountainous. In each island, the rugged topography is concentrated in the northeastern portion and gradually recedes to blunt hills and rolling areas in the south, southeast, and southwest.

Administrative divisions

[edit]

Masbate comprises 20municipalitiesand onecity,all encompassed by 3congressional districts.

  • †Provincial capital and component city
  • Municipality

Demographics

[edit]
Population census of Masbate
YearPop.±% p.a.
190343,675—
191867,513+2.95%
1939182,483+4.85%
1948211,113+1.63%
1960335,971+3.95%
1970492,908+3.90%
1975533,387+1.60%
1980584,520+1.85%
1990599,355+0.25%
1995653,852+1.64%
2000707,668+1.71%
2007768,939+1.15%
2010834,650+3.03%
2015892,393+1.28%
2020908,920+0.36%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[12][13][13][14]

The population of Masbate in the 2020 census was 908,920 people,[2]with a density of 220 inhabitants per square kilometre or 570 inhabitants per square mile.

Language

[edit]
Languages Spoken (2000)[15]
Language Speakers in '000
Masbateño
 
 500
Hiligaynon
 
 328
Cebuano
 
 68
Waray
 
 26

There are fourVisayan languagesand one from Luzon, spoken in the province.

MasbateñoorMinasbatéis a Visayan language unique to the province. It has 75-83% mutual intelligibility withHiligaynon,another Visayan language spoken in the southwestern tip of Masbate island.Cebuanois another Visayan language spoken in the southeastern municipalities in the island.Warayis spoken in the islands ofTicao Islanddue to their proximity to mainlandNorthern Samar,especially to the southern portion parts of the Province ofSorsogonwhereWaray Sorsogonis spoken.

Minasbaté is spoken inMasbate Cityand its neighboring municipalities. 33% of the population speaksHiligaynonand it is spoken mainly in the towns ofBalud,Mandaonand the southwestern part ofMilagros,while the remaining 9% speakCebuano,mainly in the southern towns ofEsperanza,Pio V. CorpusandPlacer.In northeasternBurias Islandthey speakBicolano,while inTicao Islandthey speakWaraysimilarly as the people ofGubat,due to the island's proximity to theNorthern Samarmainland.

The people generally speakEnglishandTagalog,though these languages are rarely used in everyday discourse. The people only use them when conversing with tourists and visitors from other Philippine regions and foreign nationals.

Religion

[edit]
Main article:Religion in the Philippines

Prior to colonization, the region had a complex religious system which involved various deities. Among these deities include: Gugurang, the supreme god who dwells inside ofMount Mayonwhere he guards and protects the sacred fire in which Aswang, his brother was trying to steal. Whenever people disobey his orders, wishes and commit numerous sins, he would cause Mount Mayon to burst lava as a sign of warning for people to mend their crooked ways. Ancient Bikolanos had a rite performed for him called Atang.;[16][17]Asuang, the evil god who always tries to steal the sacred fire of Mount Mayon from his brother, Gugurang. Addressed sometimes as Aswang, he dwells mainly inside Mount Malinao. As an evil god, he would cause the people to suffer misfortunes and commit sins.[16][17]Enemy of Gugurang and a friend of Bulan the god of the Moon; Haliya, the masked goddess of the moonlight and the arch-enemy of Bakunawa and protector of Bulan. Her cult is composed primarily of women. There is also a ritual dance named after her as it is performed to be a counter-measure against Bakunawa.;[18]Bulan,the god of the pale moon, he is depicted as a pubescent boy with uncommon comeliness that made savage beast and the vicious mermaids (Magindara) tame. He has deep affection towards Magindang, but plays with him by running away so that Magindang would never catch him. The reason for this is because he is shy to the man that he loves. If Magindang manages to catch Bulan, Haliya always comes to free him from Magindang's grip;Magindang,the god of the sea and all its creatures. He has deep affection to the lunar god Bulan and pursues him despite never catching him. Due to this, the Bicolanos reasoned that it is to why the waves rise to reach the Moon when seen from the distant horizon. Whenever he does catch up to Bulan, Haliya comes to rescue Bulan and free him immediately;Okot,god of forest and hunting; andBakunawa,a gigantic sea serpent deity who is often considered as the cause of eclipses, the devourer of the Sun and the Moon, and an adversary of Haliya as Bakunawa's main aim is to swallow Bulan, who Haliya swore to protect for all of eternity.[19]

Catholicism

[edit]

About 91% of the population are members of theCatholic Church(Statistics by Diocese Hierarchy, 2014). Devotional practices such as the rosary, novenas to saints, and other religious manifestations as processions, theMisa de GalloandHoly Weektraditional activities are still very much part of the way of life of most parishioners. TheDiocese of Masbatewas created on March 23, 1968, separating it from theDiocese of Sorsogon.It comprises then,, and now, the civil province of Masbate with its 121 islands incl,uding the two larger onesBuriasandTicao.It is now asuffraganof theArchdiocese of Caceres.Its titular patron isSt. Anthony of Padua.

There are a total 22 parishes in the Diocese of Masbate, ministered to by 43 priests and 11 religious sisters. It has 1 minor seminary, 4 pastoral centers, 3 elementary schools, 6 high schools, 1 college and 7 kindergarten schools. And among its faith communities are 20 BEC's 46 neo-catechumenal communities, 11 mandated organizations and 3 charismatic groups.

Others

[edit]

Other denominations include theAglipayan Church,theMembers Church of God International,popularly calledAng Dating Daan,Jesus Miracle Crusade,Iglesia ni Cristo(Church of Christ) which also functions many religious and social events in the province, as well asBaptist,Methodist,The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(Mormons),Jehovah's Witnesses,Seventh-day Adventistand otherChristians.Non Christians are also present which is commonly represented byMoslems.

Economy

[edit]

Poverty incidence of Masbate

10
20
30
40
50
60
2006
53.57
2009
56.33
2012
51.32
2015
45.44
2018
32.95
2021
20.20

Source:Philippine Statistics Authority[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]

Masbate is endowed with rich natural resources. In line with its agriculture are other industries such as large farming, livestock, and poultry raising. Along with its coastal areas, the fishing industry predominates. Agricultural lands are planted with rice, corn, root crops, and coconut.

Masbate ranks second toBukidnonin raising cattle.[citation needed]About 70% of these are sold toMetro Manilaand other provinces inLuzonandVisayas.Farming is the main source of livelihood.Coprais the leading product, followed bycorn,riceand root crops. Fishing is a major industry along the coast.

Manufacturing firms are in the copra industry, handicrafts, furniture making, and fish processing.

Rich minerals are found in the province. Masbate is described by geologists as a province sitting on a "pot of gold". Other minerals found in the area aremanganese,copper,silver,iron,chromite,limestone,guano,andcarbon.

Cottage industries such as furniture and cabinet making, ceramics, garments, handicrafts, and metalcrafts, are likewise the source of livelihood.

Infrastructure

[edit]

In an agricultural province, Masbate remains a net importer of consumer and industrial products. The supply of goods came from Metro Manila, Cebu, Panay, and Bicol Provinces. Construction materials, particularly cement, are sometimes sourced from as far asIligan CityinMindanao.

Education

[edit]

Major institutions of higher learning in the province include the state-supportedDr. Emilio B. Espinosa Sr. Memorial State College of Agriculture and TechnologyinMandaonand in Masbate City, Osmeña Colleges, Masbate Colleges, Liceo de Masbate (a Catholic school with primary, secondary and tertiary educations under the directorship of theDiocese of Masbate), Southern Bicol College, Cataingan Municipal College. Masbate also has national schools in Aroroy, Cataingan, Placer, San Jacinto, Mandaon, Mobo, and Masbate City.

Other educational institutions include public and private schools such as theMasbate National Comprehensive High Schoolin Masbate City that has two campuses: the Main Campus, which accommodates the Junior High School, and the Annex Campus which holds the Senior High School, Holy Name Academy (a Catholic institution run by theAugustinian Recollect Sistersin Palanas, Masbate) and Lucio Atabay Memorial Elementary School (formerly, Nipa Elem. School) in Nipa, Palanas, Masbate.

Tourism

[edit]

Masbate has several islands and beaches open to tourists. The province also holds a rodeo festival every summer.[28]

  • Cathedral of Saint Anthony of Padua
    Cathedral of Saint Anthony of Padua
  • Buntod, Masbate
    Buntod, Masbate
  • Tinalisayan Island Sandbar in San Pascual
    Tinalisayan Island Sandbar in San Pascual
  • Sombrero Island
    Sombrero Island
  • Animasola Island
    Animasola Island

References

[edit]
  1. ^"List of Provinces".PSGC Interactive.Makati, Philippines: National Statistical Coordination Board. Archived fromthe originalon 11 January 2013.Retrieved24 January2013.
  2. ^abcCensus of Population (2020)."Region V (Bicol Region)".Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay.Philippine Statistics Authority.Retrieved8 July2021.
  3. ^"Region: REGION V (Bicol Region)".PSGC Interactive.Makati, Philippines: National Statistical Coordination Board. Archived fromthe originalon 14 November 2012.Retrieved24 January2013.
  4. ^"Masbate".pia.gov.ph.Philippine Information Agency.Retrieved17 July2017.
  5. ^http://masbate.gov.ph/governor/history-of-masbate[dead link]
  6. ^(In Spanish) Mexico En Filipinas By Rafael BernalPage 10
  7. ^"Philippine Survivor Recounts Her Struggle As A 'Comfort Woman' For Wartime Japan".NPR.org.NPR.Retrieved15 August2021.
  8. ^The Other Empire: Literary Views of Japan from the Philippines, Singapore, and Malaysia.The University of the Philippines Press. 2008.ISBN9789715425629.Retrieved15 August2021.
  9. ^"Women made to be Comfort Women - Philippines".
  10. ^Salazar, G. P., Reyes, F. R., & Nuval, L. Q. (1994).World War II in the Philippines.University of the Philippines Printery: Veterans Federation of the Philippines. pp. 453–455.ISBN971-542-034-6.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^abc"Province: Masbate".PSGC Interactive.Quezon City, Philippines:Philippine Statistics Authority.Retrieved8 January2016.
  12. ^abCensus of Population (2015)."Region V (Bicol Region)".Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay.Philippine Statistics Authority.Retrieved20 June2016.
  13. ^abCensus of Population and Housing (2010)."Region V (Bicol Region)"(PDF).Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay.National Statistics Office.Retrieved29 June2016.
  14. ^"Census 2000; Population and Housing; Region V"(PDF).Philippine Statistics Authority (Philippine Statistics Authority - Region V).Retrieved29 June2016.
  15. ^Table 4. Household Population by Ethnicity and Sex: Masbate, 2000
  16. ^ab"Asuang Steals Fire from Gugurang by Damiana L. Eugenio".Archived fromthe originalon 2009-05-26.Retrieved2010-04-03.
  17. ^abClark, Jordan (2011)The Aswang PhenomenonAnimationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goLgDpSStmc
  18. ^"Inquirer NewsInfo: Bicol Artist protest Natl. Artist awardees".Archived fromthe originalon 2009-09-11.Retrieved2010-04-03.
  19. ^"GMANews: Eclipse; Bakunawa eats the sun behind a curtain of clouds".Retrieved2010-04-03.
  20. ^"Poverty incidence (PI):".Philippine Statistics Authority.RetrievedDecember 28,2020.
  21. ^"Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines"(PDF).Philippine Statistics Authority. 29 November 2005.
  22. ^"2009 Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines"(PDF).Philippine Statistics Authority. 8 February 2011.
  23. ^"Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015".Philippine Statistics Authority. 27 August 2016.
  24. ^"Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015".Philippine Statistics Authority. 27 August 2016.
  25. ^"Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015".Philippine Statistics Authority. 27 August 2016.
  26. ^"Updated Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population with Measures of Precision, by Region and Province: 2015 and 2018".Philippine Statistics Authority. 4 June 2020.
  27. ^"2021 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines"(PDF).Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 August 2022.Retrieved28 April2024.
  28. ^"Masbate".Retrieved2020-08-23.
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