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Anyanya

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Anyanya
FoundersJoseph Oduho
Joseph Lagu
George Akumbek
Julius Moroga
Severino Fuli
LeadersAggrey Jaden
Gordon Muortat Mayen
Joseph Lagu
Dates of operation19 August 1963–1972
HeadquartersKampala
Active regionsSouth Sudan
IdeologySouthern Sudanese separatism
Size5,000–10,000[3]
AlliesSouth Sudan Liberation Movement
OpponentsSudanSudan People's Armed Forces
Succeeded by
Anyanya II(unofficial)

TheAnyanya(also spelledAnya-Nya) were asouthern Sudaneseseparatistrebel army formed during theFirst Sudanese Civil War(1955–1972). A separate movement that rose during theSecond Sudanese Civil Warwere, in turn, called Anyanya II.Anyanyameans "snake venom" in theMa'di language.[4]

History

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The Anyanya was founded in 1963,[5][2]as thePojulu,Moru,Nuer,Lotuko,Madi,Bari,Acholi,Zande,Dinka,and other tribes from southern Sudan waged a war against the Sudanese government. The foundation took place after a meeting between southern politicians and military at the residence ofJoseph OduhoinKampalaon August 19. Those present includedJoseph Lagu,George Akumbek, Julius Moroga, and Severino Fuli.[6]

The Anyanya launched their first organized military offensive against the Sudanese army on September 19, 1963, inEastern Equatoria.[7]

The Anyanya movement, although relatively strong, was weakened by the internal political wrangling amongst the leading politicians of the liberation movement. In 1969,Aggrey Jadenleft the Anyanya movement due to his frustration with the lack of cohesiveness and bickering within the movement. Shortly afterGordon Muortat Mayenwas elected unanimously as southern Sudan's new president of the movement, the former SSPG was renamed the Nile Provisional Government (NPG). Under Muortat, the movement was able to carry on waging war against the north. However, Muortat's chief of staffJoseph Laguwas able through his assistantOliver Batali Albinoto negotiate withIsrael,to divert the arms they were supplying the movement with, to himself, instead of the president Gordon Muortat.[8]Following this, Lagu openly formed a coup against Muortat, and made every battalion pledge allegiance to him instead of Muortat if they wanted arms. The coup was able to successfully unite the army under Lagu and the transition of power was peaceful, Lagu assumed leadership of the movement both politically and militarily, and carried on the warfare against the north, the movement was renamed the South Sudan Liberation Movement. In 1972, Joseph Lagu signed a peace agreement with the north, ending the 17 year civil war. The peace agreement was initially rejected by leading members of the military such as Emmanuel Abuur andJohn Garang.However a letter circulated to all Anyanya forces which detailed the plan of the rebellion against the peace agreement was intercepted.

Legacy

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Even before the civil war's formal end, many Anyanya had crossed the border toUganda,[9]where their allyIdi Amin[10]controlled the military. Despite opposition by the Ugandan PresidentMilton Obote,Amin had these fighters recruited into the Uganda Army.[11]After Amin hadoverthrownObote and assumed the Ugandan presidency in 1971, he recruited even more ex-Anyanya into theUganda Army,as he regarded them as loyal to his government. Most of the Sudanese ex-insurgents actually acted as mercenaries.[9]Ali Towelli[12]andGodwin Sulewere notable former Anyanya in the Ugandan military.[13][a]As result of their association with Amin's unpopular regime, "Anyanya" eventually became a derogatory term in Uganda and was used as negative catch-all word for northern Ugandans as well as foreigners.[14]

In 1975, many discontented former Anyanya who had stayed in Sudan, took up arms in easternUpper NileandEquatoria.They were labeledAnyanya II.When the Addis Abeba Agreement fell apart in 1983, marking the beginning of theSecond Sudanese Civil War,theSudan People's Liberation Movement/Army(SPLM/A) was founded. Competition between Anyanya II and the SPLM/A led to the eventual defeat of Anyanya II. Some of its members were incorporated into the ranks of the SPLM/A, and others were consolidated into a militia supported by the government of Sudan.[4][15]

Notes

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  1. ^It was often claimed thatHussein Marella,head of the Ugandan Military Police under Amin, was a former Anyanya. There is no firm proof for this claim, however, and it does not fit into what is known of his life and career.[14]

References

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  1. ^Martell 2018,p. 75.
  2. ^ab"1955-1972. First Sudanese Civil War / Anyanya/Anya-Nya Movement".Sudan Tribune.Archived fromthe originalon 27 November 2018.Retrieved16 September2019.
  3. ^Sudan – First Civil War (globalsecurity.org)
  4. ^abWells, Victor C. and Samuel P. Dilla, December 1993, "Colonization, Arabization, Slavery, and War, and War Against Indigenous Peoples of Southern SudanArchivedFebruary 23, 2007, at theWayback Machine"Fourth World Bulletin, Vol.3, No.1
  5. ^Martell 2018,p. 72.
  6. ^Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955-1972, p. 64. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
  7. ^Poggo, S. First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan 1955-1972, p. 68. S.l.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
  8. ^Scopas S. Poggo, “Albino, Oliver Batali”, pp 57 – 58 in Robert Kramer et al. “Historical Dictionary of the Sudan”, 4th edition, 2013, Scarecrow Press
  9. ^abHansen 1977,p. 110.
  10. ^Martell 2018,p. 89.
  11. ^Lowman 2020,pp. 47–48.
  12. ^Felix Ocen (21 March 2021)."Failed 1974 coup against Amin leads to purge of Lugbara officers in army".Daily Monitor.Retrieved21 April2021.
  13. ^Amin, Jaffar Rembo (14 April 2013)."How Amin's commander betrayed Ugandan fighters to Tanzanians".Daily Monitor.Archivedfrom the original on 19 December 2018.Retrieved3 February2019.
  14. ^abLowman 2020,p. 48.
  15. ^"The South Sudan Defence Force (SSDF):A challenge to the Sudan Peace ProcessArchivedJuly 20, 2011, at theWayback Machine"Situation Report, 8 April 2004

Works cited

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