Aperanat

'Aper-'Anati
'Aper-'Anati
Aperanat, Aper-Anat
	Scarab seal of 'Aper-'Anati made of glazedsteatite.London,Petrie Museum.
Pharaoh
	Heka-chasut
Reign	unknown duration
Predecessor	Semqen(Ryholt) orAnat-her(von Beckerath)
Successor	Sakir-Har(Ryholt) orSemqen(von Beckerath)
Nomen
Nomen
Dynasty	uncertain dynasty, possibly15th Dynasty,otherwise16th Dynasty

'Aper-'Anati(also writtenAper-AnatandAperanat) was a ruler ofLower Egyptduring theSecond Intermediate Periodin the mid-17th century BC. According toJürgen von Beckerathhe was the second king of the16th Dynastyand a vassal of the Hyksos kings of the15th Dynasty.^[5]This opinion was recently rejected byKim Ryholt.In his 1997 study of the Second Intermediate Period, Ryholt argues that the kings of the 16th Dynasty ruled an independentThebanrealm c. 1650–1580 BC.^[4]Consequently, Ryholt sees 'Aper-'Anati as an early Hyksos king of the 15th Dynasty, perhaps its second ruler. This analysis has convinced some Egyptologists, such as Darrell Baker and Janine Bourriau,^[6]^[7]but not others including Stephen Quirke.^[8]

'Aper-'Anati is only known from a singlescarab-seal,now in thePetrie Museum.^[1]^[9]On the scarab he is given the title ofHeka-chasut,which translates as "Ruler of the Foreign Lands" and from which the wordHyksosis derived. Significantly, this title was borne by the early Hyksos kings of the 15th Dynasty. Based on this evidence, Ryholt tentatively proposes that 'Aper-'Anati was the second ruler of the 15th Dynasty,^[4]but points out that this identification is not certain.

References

^^a ^bFlinders Petrie:Scarabs and cylinders with names(1917),available copyright-free here,pl. XXI, n. 15.1
^Scarab of 'Aper-'Anati,catalog of the Petrie Museum
^Scarab seal of Aperanaton Digital Egypt
^^a ^b ^cKim Ryholt:The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC,Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997,excerpts available online here.
^Jürgen von Beckerath:Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen,Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1999,ISBN 3-8053-2591-6
^Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International,ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9,2008, p. 60–61
^Janine Bourriau, Ian Shaw (editor):The Oxford history of ancient Egypt,chapterThe Second Intermediate Period,Oxford University Press,Oxford 2003,ISBN 0-19-280458-8,[1]
^Stephen Quirke, Marcel Maree (editor):The Second Intermediate Period Thirteenth - Seventeenth Dynasties, Current Research, Future Prospects,Leuven 2011, Paris — Walpole, MA.ISBN 978-9042922280,p. 56, n. 6
^Geoffrey Thorndike Martin:Egyptian administrative and private-name seals, principally of the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period,Griffith Institute 1971,ISBN 978-0900416019,see p. 30, seal No. 318

[petrie-1] Flinders Petrie:Scarabs and cylinders with names(1917),available copyright-free here,pl. XXI, n. 15.1

[2] Scarab of 'Aper-'Anati,catalog of the Petrie Museum

[3] Scarab seal of Aperanaton Digital Egypt

[ryholt-4] Kim Ryholt:The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC,Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997,excerpts available online here.

[beck-5] Jürgen von Beckerath:Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen,Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1999,ISBN 3-8053-2591-6

[encyclo-6] Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International,ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9,2008, p. 60–61

[7] Janine Bourriau, Ian Shaw (editor):The Oxford history of ancient Egypt,chapterThe Second Intermediate Period,Oxford University Press,Oxford 2003,ISBN 0-19-280458-8,[1]

[8] Stephen Quirke, Marcel Maree (editor):The Second Intermediate Period Thirteenth - Seventeenth Dynasties, Current Research, Future Prospects,Leuven 2011, Paris — Walpole, MA.ISBN 978-9042922280,p. 56, n. 6

[9] Geoffrey Thorndike Martin:Egyptian administrative and private-name seals, principally of the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period,Griffith Institute 1971,ISBN 978-0900416019,see p. 30, seal No. 318

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