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April 1965

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April 30, 1965: U.S. invades Dominican Republic
April 3, 1965: U.S. puts a nuclear reactor in orbit
April 9, 1965: First domed stadium opens to the public

The following events occurred inApril 1965:

April 1,1965 (Thursday)

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April 2,1965 (Friday)

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April 3,1965 (Saturday)

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  • The first jet-to-jet combat of the Vietnam War took place[14]when fourU.S. NavyF-8E Crusadersfrom theUSSHancockcarried out a mission against theThanh Hóa Bridge,and were engaged by eightMiG-17fighters from the 921st Sao Do Regiment of theNorth Vietnamese Air Force.One of the F-8Es, piloted by Lieutenant Commander Spence Thomas, was set on fire by cannons fired from a MiG-17 piloted by NVAF Captain Pham Ngoc Lan, but Thomas was able to land safely at Da Nang.[15]Ngoc Lan ran out of fuel and survived a crash landing.[16]In future years, April 3 would be a Vietnamese public holiday commemorated as "Air Force Day".[17]
  • SNAP-10A,the first nuclear reactor launched into space, and the only one ever sent by the United States,[18]was sent aloft fromVandenberg AFB,California, and placed into an orbit 815 miles (1,312 km) above the Earth. "SNAP" was an acronym forSystems forNuclearAuxiliaryPower. Thecesium-fueled ion engine would be shut down after 43 days[19]"to permit the radioactive material in the reactor to decay to safe levels... before the spacecraft reenters the atmosphere", according to a spokesman, which was not expected to happen for 3,000 years.[20]
  • The longest session ofparliamentinCanada's history ended at 3:00 in the morning inOttawa,after holding its 249th and final sitting day since opening on February 18, 1964. Only 50 of the 265 members of theHouse of Commons,and just 30Senators,remained at the close, with plans to open a new session on Monday.[21]
  • Born:Nazia Hassan,Pakistani singer-songwriter known as the "Queen of South Asian Pop"; inKarachi(died of lung cancer, 2000)
  • Died:Ray Enright,69, American director of 73 films between 1927 and 1953

April 4,1965 (Sunday)

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  • The coronation ofPalden Thondup Namgyalas the King ofSikkimtook place at a Buddhist chapel inGangtok,the capital of the protectorate of India, as Sikkim's 170,000 citizens were permitted to watch on a special television circuit. Palden, who had succeeded upon the death of his father,Tashi Namgyal,on December 2, 1963, was crownedChogyaland his wife, the former MissHope Cookeof San Francisco, wore the crown of thegyalmo(Queen consort).[22]The monarchy would be abolished almost ten years to the day afterward, on April 10, 1975, and Sikkim would become the 23rd state of India.
  • During aU.S. Air Forcestrike on theThanh Hóa Bridge,Vietnam People's Air ForceMiG-17fighters attacked a formation of U.S. Air ForceF-105 Thunderchiefstrike aircraft, shooting down two F-105s.[23]Captain James Magnusson and Major Frank Bennett were both killed when their jets, the first aircraft lost in air-to-air combat by either side during the Vietnam War, were downed.[24][25]
  • Born:

April 5,1965 (Monday)

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April 6,1965 (Tuesday)

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  • Early Bird,acommunications satellite,was launched as the first offering of the private Intelsat (InternationalTelecommunicationsSatellite Consortium, initially a group of 11 member nations).[32][33]"This launch marks the beginning of the global village linked instantaneously by commercial communications satellites", an author would note later.[34]Early Bird would be moved to a stationary geosynchronous orbit, 22,300 miles (35,900 km) above the Atlantic Ocean, on May 2. With 240 available circuits, the satellite could "relay signals in either direction between Europe and the United States virtually on a twenty-four-hour basis";[35]a satellite TV broadcast would reduce the available capacity for long-distance telephone and telegraph links by 75 percent.
  • The United Kingdom enacted its firstcapital gains tax,a tax upon the profit realized from the sale of assets based on the sale price, minus the BDV (the "Budget Day Value" being the value of the property on April 6, 1965); the law initially applied to real estate and buildings.[36][37]
  • The British government publicly announced cancellation of theBAC TSR-2nuclear bomberaircraft project.[38][39]
  • Born:

April 7,1965 (Wednesday)

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  • U.S. President Lyndon Johnson delivered the "Peace Without Conquest" speech atJohns Hopkins University,explaining the reasons for the escalation of the American involvement in the Vietnam War. An author would note later that, "While the speech at Johns Hopkins provided short-term gains, it proved counterproductive in the long run, for it began the erosion of Johnson's credibility, which eventually derailed his presidency."[40]Johnson offered "unconditional discussions" with North Vietnam for peace, emphasizing that there was the condition of keeping South Vietnam independent and non-Communist. He also pledged a one billion dollar investment, the Lower Mekong Basin Project, comparing the endeavor to theTennessee Valley Authoritydevelopment.[41][42]
  • Australia'sPrime MinisterRobert Menziesdecided to commit 800Armytroops from the1st Battalionto the Vietnam War, despite not consulting with the full cabinet. Menzies would not announce the decision inParliamentuntil April 29, a day after the media broke the story.[43]
  • Canada's Prime MinisterLester Pearsonand his Liberal Party government won a vote of no confidence brought by the New Democratic Party. The measure failed, 84–129, when 24 members of other parties joined the 105 Liberals voting against the motion.[44]
  • In the1965 parliamentary electionfor 144 seats in theDáil Éireann,the first to be covered on television, the rulingFianna Fáilparty obtained an additional two legislators, giving it a majority of exactly one-half, with 72 seats.[45]
  • Born:Bill Bellamy,American comedian; inNewark, New Jersey

April 8,1965 (Thursday)

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  • A plot to overthrow the leaders of Bulgariawas foiled by the arrest of the commander of the Bulgarian Army garrison inSofia,Major General Tsvyatko Anev.Ivan Todorov-Gorunia,a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party Central Committee and the leader of the nine-man conspiracy, committed suicide before he could be caught. The plan, co-ordinated by a group of party officials and military leaders, was to force the overthrow of Secretary GeneralTodor Zhivkovand his allies at the April 14 Central Committee meeting. Ultimately, more than 250 military officers were dismissed and 192 members of the Party were imprisoned.[46][47]
  • At the United Nations General Assembly in New York, North Vietnam's Prime MinisterPham Van Dongdelivered his nation's "Four Points" plan for ending the Vietnam War, as drafted by a team of foreign relations officials under his leadership and that of PresidentHo Chi Minh,Communist Party First SecretaryLe Duan,and Foreign MinisterNguyen Duy Trinh.[48]The North Vietnamese demands were unacceptable to the United States and South Vietnam, primarily because they were based on the Viet Cong provisions for "the peaceful reunification of Vietnam without foreign intervention".[49]
  • A mutiny by 20 young officers ousted AdmiralChung Tấn Cangas commander of theSouth Vietnamese Navyin an action "that evidently had the government's blessing". The military junta governing South Vietnam did not order a response, and one U.S. official commented that Cang, an associate of recently ousted President Nguyen Khanh, "has been a thorn in our side", because of his lack of cooperation in moving military supplies.[50]
  • TheMerger Treaty(or "Brussels Treaty" ),[51]aEuropean treatywhich combined theexecutivebodies of theEuropean Coal and Steel Community(ECSC), theEuropean Atomic Energy Community(Euratom) and theEuropean Economic Community(EEC) into a singleinstitutional structure,was signed inBrussels.[52]It would enter into force on July 1, 1967, after being ratified by the six member nations.[53]
  • TheU.S. House of Representativesvoted 313–115 to approve theMedicareprogram, and sent the bill on to theU.S. Senate.[54]The vote came after only one day of debate.[55]With 513 amendments, the bill would pass the U.S. Senate, 70–24, on July 28, and be signed into law on July 30.[56]
  • IndiaandPakistanclashed at the border between their two nations around the disputedRann of Kutch,with Pakistani troops attacking police posts in the western Indian state ofGujarat,and Indian troops striking at guard posts in the southeastern Pakistani province ofSindh.[57]
  • China's PresidentLiu Shaoqihosted North Vietnam'sLe DuaninBeijing,and made a commitment for military and economic aid to Hanoi, including the supply of Chinese pilots to provide defense against U.S. bombing.[58]
  • Two U.S. NavyF-4B Phantom fightersflew into Chinese airspace and were tracked by radar flying over theYulin Naval BaseonHainan Island,but departed before the Chinese military could respond to an alert.[59][60]
  • The Soviet Union and Poland renewed the "Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance" that they had signed on April 21, 1945.[61]
  • Died:

April 9,1965 (Friday)

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  • InHouston,theHarris CountyDomed Stadium (later known as theAstrodome) opened with an exhibition baseball game between theHouston Astrosand theNew York Yankees.The game, the first Major League Baseball contest to be played indoors, took place before a crowd of 47,876 people that included the President and Lady Bird Johnson, and the home team won, 2–1.[63]Fans who watched batting practice during the daylight hours saw the flaw in the indoor stadium design: the transparent panels and the pattern of interconnecting girders on the dome created glare when the sun was out, and the outfielders lost track offly balls."The players shagging fly balls in left and center field particularly stumbled, hesitated, covered their heads in self defense or threw up both hands in despair," a UPI report noted the next day, often missing the path of the ball "by yards and yards".[64]Daytime exhibition games on Saturday and Sunday were not affected by the glare because of cloudy skies, but the Astros' owner was prepared to cancel a game "if... it develops into akeystone comedy actwith players on both sides unable to follow the flight of a ball ".[65]Before the next afternoon home game, the team solved the problem by painting over the clear panels,[66]which would cause a different problem because the natural grass could not grow without sunlight.
  • The 100th anniversary of the end of theAmerican Civil Warwas observed in ceremonies nearAppomattox, Virginia.Virginia GovernorAlbertis S. Harrison, Jr.,known for resisting school integration while serving as the state attorney general, told thousands of listeners that "the belief and the principles for which the Confederate forces fought are still with us... All that was really surrendered here a century ago was the idea that these beliefs and the principles could best be served by dividing this nation in two, and that differences between Americans could really be settled by armed conflict." Speakers at the dedication of the reconstructed Appomattox Courthouse included retired Major GeneralUlysses S. Grant III,and Robert E. Lee IV of San Francisco.[67]
  • The day after two F-4B Phantoms had flown over the Yulin Naval Base, two groups of American planes, each with four U.S. Navy F-4Bs, flew over China's Hainan Island. This time, a squadron of fourJian-5jet fighters from thePeople's Liberation Army Air Forceintercepted them, with instructions not to fire unless fired upon. The American pilots stated that they had believed that they were outside China's airspace, and in an area 36 miles southwest of Hainan, while China accused the U.S. of trying to provoke a war.[59]
  • The Beatles' song "Ticket to Ride"was released as a single in the United Kingdom, and reached number one on the British chart of best-selling singles that was published five days later. It would be released in the United States on April 19, and reach number one on Billboard on May 22.[68]
  • West Germany's Bundesrat,the upper house of parliament, voted by ashow of handsto approve the bill to extend thestatute of limitationson prosecution of Nazi war crimes, up to January 1, 1970. TheBundestaghad voted its approval on March 25.[69]
  • U.S. NavyF-4 Phantom IIsof Fighter Squadron 96 (VF-96) clashed withChineseMiG-17fighters over theSouth China Seasouth ofHainan.Each side lost one fighter.[70]
  • An explosion in a coal mine on Iwo Jima killed 19 coal miners and left another 11 missing.[71]
  • Born:Paulina Porizkova,Czech-born American model; inProstějov

April 10,1965 (Saturday)

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  • All 54 people on board aRoyal Jordanian Airlinesflight fromBeirut,LebanontoAmman,Jordan,were killed when the plane caught fire and crashed into a mountain nearDamascus,Syriaat an altitude of 4,200 feet (1,300 m).[72]Nearly all of the passengers were fromBelgiumand were on a vacation tour of the Middle East. Another 12 members from the tour group had been turned away at the airport because theHerald turboproponly had room for 50 passengers.[73]
  • World lightweight boxing championCarlos Ortizlost his title in a 15-round bout inPanama Cityto Panamanian boxerIsmael Laguna.Going into the match, Ortiz had a record of 45 wins and only four losses, but had underestimated Laguna's abilities and had elected not to train as rigorously as usual.[74]Ortiz, a native of Puerto Rico, would regain the title seven months later in a rematch inSan Juan.[75]
  • TheShah of Iran,Mohammad Reza Pahlavi,narrowly escaped an assassination attempt made by one of his bodyguards, Reza Shamsabadi, who fired a machine gun at him as he arrived at theMarble Palace in Tehran.The Shah was able to get inside his office and take cover behind his desk, and Shamsabadi was mortally wounded by two other guards, who died from his machine gun fire.[76][77]
  • The Soviet spacecraftLuna E-6 No.8,intended to be the first spacecraft to perform asoft landingon theMoon,was lost in a launch failure when a nitrogen pipeline in the oxidizer tank depressurized, causing a loss of oxidizer flow to the engine and resulting in the engine cutting off. The spacecraft failed to achieve orbit, and disintegrated on re-entry.[78][79]
  • The Egyptian-appointed Governor of theGaza Stripissued the "Liberation Tax Law", assessing a tax on all commercial revenues within the Palestinian territory. Money collected from the tax was used to fund thePalestine Liberation Organization.[80]
  • Died:Linda Darnell,43, American film actress; from burns in an apartment fire. Darnell had stayed up late with her secretary at her Chicago home after noting that one of her films,Star Dust,was being shown at 12:40 a.m. onThe Late Late Showon Channel 2,[81]and fell asleep afterward while smoking a cigarette.[82]

April 11,1965 (Sunday)

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April 11, 1965: Miss Kate and her former student
  • President Johnson signed the new $1.3 billionElementary and Secondary Education Actinto law in a ceremony nearStonewall, Texas,conducted in front of the school that he attended as a child. Present as an honored guest was his first schoolteacher, "Miss Kate" (by then, the 72-year-old Kate Deadrich Loney).[83]For the first time, the federal government had power over the operation of American schools, "with the carrot of substantial federal aid now available" to schools that complied with mandates from Washington, and the reality that "the removal of federal aid could now serve as a stick to force compliance."[84]
April 11, 1965: An F4 double tornado striking Midway, Indiana, one of the 55 confirmed tornados during the tornado outbreak
This image has beennominated for deletion as a potential copyright violation.

April 12,1965 (Monday)

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April 13,1965 (Tuesday)

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  • Dick Wantz,a relief pitcher, played his first (and only) major league baseball game, coming in during the 8th inning for theLos Angeles Angelsduring their 7–1 loss on Opening Day to the visitingCleveland Indians.During his time on the mound, Wantz struck out two players and allowed 3 hits and 2 runs.[98]Wantz was suffering from regular headaches; after being placed on the disabled list on May 8 in Los Angeles, he was diagnosed with abrain tumorand died on May 13, the night after surgery and exactly a month after his major league appearance.[99]
  • The U.S. House of Representatives voted 367 to 29 to approve the proposed25th Amendment to the Constitution,dealing with procedures for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, and for allowing an acting president if the President was under a disability. The U.S. Senate had approved a similar motion, 72–0. Opposing the amendment were 21 Democrats and eight Republicans.[100]Nevada would, on February 10, 1967, become the 38th state to ratify the amendment, which would be certified on February 23.[101]
  • Lawrence Bradford, Jr., a 16-year-old high school student from New York, broke an unwritten rule that had prevailed for 176 years, becoming the first African-American to serve as a page boy in the United States Congress. Bradford was appointed by Republican U.S. SenatorJacob K. Javitsof New York, with the backing of Senate Republican LeaderEverett Dirksen.[102]
  • The last resident of the remote village ofColette di Usseux,located in thePiedmonteseAlps ofItaly,was found dead. Battista Jannin, 50, had watched all of the residents move away from the location because of its bitter winter cold, impoverished farmlands and the threat of avalanches, and had committed suicide with a gunshot.[103]
  • The West German cruise shipMV Bremerhavencapsized and sank at the harbor for which it was named,Bremerhaven,where it was being overhauled. At the time, the only persons on the ship were three night watchmen, who were all able to escape uninjured.[104]
  • The government of Prime Minister Wilson survived the latest vote of no confidence in the British House of Commons, by a vote of 290 for and 316 against, a slimmer majority than the previous attempt.[105]
  • Needing to come up with a song to reflect the new title of their upcoming film, formerly called "Eight Arms To Hold You",The Beatlesrecorded the song "Help!".[106]
  • Born:Patricio Pouchulu,Argentine architect; inBuenos Aires

April 14,1965 (Wednesday)

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April 15,1965 (Thursday)

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  • West Germany paidIsrael$75 million in cash and goods, the 13th and final installment of three billion deutschemarks ($882,000,000) inreparationsfor the costs associated with the relocation of 500,000Holocaustsurvivors from Germany to Israel and their subsequent support by the Israeli government.[113][114]Payments had commenced in 1952, and most were in the form of the fair market value of West German products and services as requested by a purchasing office inKöln.The last head of the Israeli purchasing mission, Dr. Felix Shinnar, told the press that the reparations "paid for construction of 49 Israeli merchant ships and equipment and machinery for 500 Israeli industrial enterprises".[115][116]
  • The first prototype of theAérospatiale SA 330 Pumahelicopter made its maiden flight.
  • Born:Linda Perry,American songwriter and singer; inSpringfield, Massachusetts

April 16,1965 (Friday)

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  • InHuntsville, Alabama,scientists made the first test of the most powerful rocket engine system ever developed, the powerful first stage of the three-stageSaturn rocket,composed of five engines that could combine for 7.5 million pounds of thrust. "The thunderous sound of the first static test of this stage," an author would later note, "brought home to many observers that the Kennedy goal" (of sending a man to the Moon before the end of the decade) "was within technological grasp."[117]
  • Dr.Alan Frank Guttmacher,the President ofPlanned Parenthood,told a gathering of theAmerican Academy of General PracticeinSan Franciscothat if the birth rate was not decreased, the world's population would be 150 billion people by the year2050.[118]By 2015, the United Nations' prediction for the world's population for 2050 was 9.6 billion people.[119]
  • Born:
  • Died:Sydney Chaplin,80, English actor and half-brother and business manager forCharlie Chaplin

April 17,1965 (Saturday)

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April 18,1965 (Sunday)

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April 19,1965 (Monday)

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  • What would become known as "Moore's Law",that computing power would double every two years, was first suggested byGordon Moorein an article inElectronicsmagazine, titled "Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits". "The complexity for minimum component costs has increased at a rate of roughly a factor of two per year," he wrote. "Certainly over the short term this rate can be expected to continue, if not to increase. That means by 1975, the number of components per integrated circuit for minimum cost will be 65,000. I believe that such a large circuit can be built on a singlewafer."Within three years, Moore would become co-founder of the transistor and microprocessor manufacturerIntel,and as transistors became smaller, the size of a transistor would decrease over 40 years from 0.5 inches (13 mm) by 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) to a size where they were "so small that millions of them could fit on the head of a pin."[128][129]
  • Six American pilots, none of themastronauts,completed a 34-day experiment byNASAto study the effects of a month-long confinement during a space mission. The volunteers, officers drawn from the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marines, "ate, worked, and slept in pressure suits" while inside a cylindrical chamber that was pressurized with an atmosphere of pure oxygen rather than normal air, and ate dehydrated food. One important discovery made from the test, which took place within thePhiladelphia Navy Yard,was that the floor was covered with dust from dead skin cells because the men had been unable to bathe, which would be dangerous in a weightless environment. By the time of the launch of the firstspace stationmissions, provisions would be made to allow bathing.[130]
  • New York City AM radio stationWINSplayed its final pop music record, "Out in the Streets"byThe Shangri-Las,then switched formats at 8:00 p.m., becoming anall-news radiostation, setting a trend toward "talk radio"that would be picked up by other AM stations.[131][132][133]
  • The1965 Australian One and a Half Litre Championshipmotor race was held atMount Panorama Circuitand won byBib Stillwell.
  • The1st Sunday Mirror Trophymotor race (formerly the Glover Trophy) was held atGoodwood Circuit,UK, and won byJim Clark.
  • Adolph P. Hugo's home-builtHu-Go Craftmade its first flight.[134]
  • Born:Suge Knight(Marion Hugh Knight, Jr.), American rap record producer and co-founder and former CEO ofDeath Row Records;inCompton, California

April 20,1965 (Tuesday)

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April 21,1965 (Wednesday)

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April 22,1965 (Thursday)

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  • U.S. Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara told reporters that he would not rule out the use of nuclear weapons in the Vietnam War, as part of a press conference given under the condition that the reporters not attribute his remarks to him, nor quote him verbatim.Tom WickerofThe New York Timestook notes and paraphrased the statement, in which McNamara said, "We are not following a strategy that recognizes any sanctuary or any weapons restriction. But we would use nuclear weapons only after fully applying non-nuclear arsenal. In other words, if 100 planes couldn't take out a target... we would try 200 planes, and so on. But 'inhibitions' on using nuclear weapons are not overwhelming."[149]Wicker's report in the SundayTimesnoted that "High officials" in the Johnson administration "emphasize that it is 'inconceivable' that nuclear weapons would be used in the present circumstances of the war. They do not rule out the possibility that circumstances might arise in which nuclear weapons have to be used."[150][151]Nikolai T. Fedorenko,theSoviet Ambassador to the United Nations,sharply criticized McNamara and the U.S. in a speech the day after the report, commenting, "See the statement made today by Mr. McNamara... The United States is not averse to utilizing — this time perhaps as tactical weapons— nuclear warheads against the people of an Asian country as they have done once before, covering themselves with indelible shame for centuries to come. Mr. McNamara clearly reserved the right to unleash nuclear war in Viet Nam."[152]
  • The Abort Panel met to review abort criteria forGemini 4and decided thatGemini 3rules would suffice.[31]
  • TheTransavia PL-12 Airtruk,a new Australian aircraft, made its maiden flight.[153]

April 23,1965 (Friday)

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Molniya 1
  • The Soviet Union launched its firstcommunications satellite,Molniya 1,which relayed the signal to show "a documentary film of the life of Pacific fishermen", for about three hours. The Moscow reporter forThe New York Timesnoted the next day that the telecast began at 9:00 in the morningMoscowtime (4:00 in the afternoon inVladivostok) and that, since television programming was normally not shown until the afternoon, "virtually no home television viewer" in Moscow had a set turned on to see the first broadcast.[154]The satellite was put into an ellipticalpolar orbit,reaching itsapogeeof 24,000 miles (39,000 km) above Earth twice a day, over Soviet territory and over North America; 16 more of the Molniya series would be launched into polar orbit over the next six years, until the implementation of the Molniya II series in 1971.[155]
  • Lockheeddelivered its firstC-141A Starliftercargo aircraft after nearly two years of testing and certification. The first of the massive cargo planes was deployed atTravis Air Force Basein California for the 44th Air Transport Squadron of the U.S. Air ForceMilitary Airlift Command.[156]
  • Born:Leni Robredo,Vice President of the Philippinessince 2016; inNaga, Camarines Sur
  • Died:George Adamski,74, bestselling American author ofFlying Saucers Have LandedandFlying Saucers Farewell

April 24,1965 (Saturday)

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  • TheDominican Civil Warbegan when ColonelFrancisco CaamañoDeñó and Manuel Ramon Montes Arache led more than 1,000 supporters of deposedDominican RepublicPresidentJuan Bosch,in a mutiny against the right-wing junta led byDonald Reid Cabral.General Marco Rivera Cuesta, the Army Chief of Staff and Caamano's commander, was seized by the rebels, along with key military installations. Jose Franco Pena Gomez, the civilian leader of the Dominican Revolutionary Party (the PRD) called for a popular uprising, and thousands of people surged into the streets ofSanto Domingo.[157][158]GeneralElias Wessin y Wessinwould say later that he had warned President Reid for three weeks of a conspiracy within the Dominican Army "but he did not pay any attention to me".[159]Although he was aware that a coup was imminent, the U.S. Ambassador, William Tapley Bennett, Jr., had left the country the day before, and "other members of the embassy were either off on assignment or vacation".[160]
  • A group of 100,000Armeniansgathered in theArmenian SSRcapital ofErevan,after the Soviet government had given a permit for official commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the 1915Armenian genocide.[161]What started as a peaceful gathering in the Armenian capital's Lenin Square quickly turned intoa protest for recovery of Armenian lands from neighboring Turkey,and independence from the Soviet Union, giving the team ofLeonid BrezhnevandAlexei Kosygintheir first test of managing the various nationalities. When the protests threatened to become a riot, the city's firemen were ordered to break out fire hoses and drive the demonstrators away, and militia volunteers then moved in to clear the streets, but the Soviet Army was ordered by Moscow not to intervene.[162]
  • Two children were killed, and three others seriously injured, at a shopping center inTaylor, Michiganwhen acarnival ridecollapsed and threw them to the ground. Sharon Hawks and her brother Grant Hawks had been among the kids who climbed aboard the "Flying Comet", aspinning ride using centrifugal force to rotate ride vehicles at a height of 10 feet (3.0 m) above the ground.[163]
  • ThePennine Way,a 267-mile (430 km) long walking trail along thePennine hills,was officially opened, as the first National Trail in the United Kingdom.Tom Stephenson,a reporter for theDaily Herald,had suggested the walkway in 1935 after being inspired by theAppalachian Trailin the United States, and was present for the dedication.[164]
  • The bodies of Portuguese opposition politicianHumberto Delgadoand his secretary Arajaryr Moreira de Campos were found in a forest near Villanueva del Fresno, Spain. Both had been kidnapped and killed onFebruary 12.[165]
  • PresidentSukarnoannounced the nationalization of all foreign companies inIndonesia.[166]
  • Died:Owney Madden,73, British-born American mobster, boxing promoter, and operator of theCotton Clubnightclub in Harlem

April 25,1965 (Sunday)

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April 26,1965 (Monday)

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  • Manchester Unitedclinched England's soccerfootball championship,breaking a standings tie withLeeds Unitedwith a bettergoal difference.[174]Leeds United had a record of 26–8–7 (60 points) going into its final game, while Manchester United was at 25–9–6 (59 points) with two games left. Leeds was held to a 3–3 tie in a must-win game with Birmingham, however, while Manchester beat Arsenal, 3–1, giving both teams 26 wins and nine ties and 61 points. However, Manchester had 51 more goals in its favor than against it (88 vs. 37) while the goal difference for Leeds was only 31 (83 vs. 52), eliminating it from the title.[175]
  • Thousands of protesters attacked the U.S. embassies in Cambodia and Japan.[176][177]
  • TheBraziliantelevision stationRede Globobegan broadcasting.
  • Born:Kevin James,American comedian best known as the star of the television comedyThe King of Queensand in film forPaul Blart: Mall Cop;as Kevin George Knipfing inMineola, New York

April 27,1965 (Tuesday)

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  • A crowd of 500 U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps generals and U.S. Navy admirals, accompanied by members of the press, saw the disastrous failure of the test flight of a prototype vertical take-off jet aircraft, theRyan XV-5 Vertifan.Test pilotLou Everettlifted the jet fromEdwards Air Force Base,and was returning for a landing when the plane failed while switching from normal horizontal flight to a straight descent. At an altitude of 800 feet (240 m), Everett was on the fifth of eight steps in the conversion process when he radioed "I've got to get out!" As the observers watched from 2 miles (3.2 km) away, the Vertifan jet plunged to the ground and exploded. Everett was able to eject while less than 300 feet (91 m) from the ground, but his parachute failed to open and he was killed on impact.[178]
  • TheIndonesia–Malaysia Confrontationbegan on the island ofBorneo,whereMalaysiaandIndonesiahad territory, as the Indonesian Army crossed the border into the Malaysian state ofSarawakand attacked the British ArmyParachute Regiment,based at the border village of Plaman Mapu.[179]Company Sergeant MajorJohn Williamsof the 2nd Battalion would win theDCMfor gallantry for his role in what was known as theBattle of Plaman Mapu.Williams, who would later be a Lieutenant-Colonel, lost an eye in the battle and gained the nickname "Patch".[180]
  • After three days, a coup attempt to restoreJuan BoschasPresident of the Dominican Republicwas thwarted by a counterattack by military forces loyal to President Donald Reid Cabral.[181]President Molina was forced from office only two days after he had been installed by the pro-Bosch rebels, and was replaced by Colonel Pedro Bartolome Benoit of the Dominican Air Force.[182]
  • By voice vote, theUnited States Senatevoted to approve an emergency appropriation of $2.2 billion to bail out government agencies that had already exhausted $17.5 billion allotted to them. What made the vote unusual was that by the time that the "brief and apathetic debate" ended, only seven of the 100 U.S. Senators remained present to vote.[183]
  • Born:Anna Chancellor,English actress; inRichmond, London
  • Died:

April 28,1965 (Wednesday)

[edit]
  • The U.S. began amilitary occupation of the Dominican Republic.Forces loyal to the deposed military-imposed government staged a countercoup, supported by U.S. troops sent by PresidentLyndon B. Johnson,ostensibly to protect U.S. citizens, but primarily to prevent "anotherCuba",the Communist takeover of a second nation in Latin America.[185]The 6th U.S. Marine Expeditionary Unit, with 400 Marines under the command of Colonel G.W.E. Daughtry, came ashore from theUSSBoxer,and began a mission to evacuate 1,300 American citizens who were caught in the area where fighting was taking place.[186]José Rafael Molina Ureña,installed by the military as the nation's Acting President, was removed from his post, and would be replaced three days later byPedro Bartolomé Benoit.Helicopters brought 150 U.S. nationals to theBoxer,while two U.S. Navy transports evacuated 640 people, most of them Americans.[187]Eventually, there would be 23,000 U.S. troops in place, the last of whom would be removed in 1966; the event marked an end to the "Good Neighbor policy"that had been in place between the United States and Latin America after more than 30 years without an American invasion of a Western Hemisphere nation.[188]
  • Lindsey Nelson,the radio broadcaster for theNew York Mets,became the first and only person to call a baseball game from directly over the field, and the only person to broadcast from the ceiling of a domed stadium. At theHouston Astrodomefor the Mets' game against the Astros, Nelson agreed to be hoisted in a gondola to a point 208 feet (63 m) above second base, and was afraid to stand up until the 7th inning, after initially getting game reports by walkie-talkie from his producer. When Nelson did stand up, he realized that it was impossible to tell the players apart and that "You couldn't tell a line drive from a pop fly." The Mets lost, 12–9, and Nelson declined to repeat the stunt.[189][190]
  • In a meeting with his military advisers in thePeople's Republic of China,ChairmanMao Zedongordered theCentral Military Commissionto prepare for a landing of U.S. (or U.S.-sponsored)paratrooperswithin theGuangxiandYunnanProvinces that bordered North Vietnam, warning that "In all interior regions, we should build caves in mountains. If no mountain is around, hills should be created to construct defense works. We should be on guard against enemy paratroops deep inside our country and prevent the enemy from marching unstopped into China."[191]
  • President Johnson met with FBI DirectorJ. Edgar Hooverand noted that, according to U.S. intelligence reports, American protests against the Vietnam War were part of a strategy of China, North Vietnam, and the American members of the "New Left"; with the goal that "intensified antiwar agitation in the United States would eventually create a traumatic domestic crisis leading to a complete breakdown in law and order" and that "U.S. troops would have to be withdrawn from Vietnam in order to restore domestic tranquility."[192]
  • Journalists in Australia broke the news that Prime Minister Menzies had decided to substantially increase its number of troops inSouth Vietnam,supposedly at the request of theSaigongovernment. It would later be revealed that Menzies had, at the behest of the U.S., asked the South Vietnamese to formally make the request.[43]
  • The U.S. House of Representatives voted unanimously (358–0) to approve its version of theClean Water Act,which was different from the U.S. Senate version that had passed 68–8.[193]
  • William RabornsucceededJohn A. McConeas director of theCentral Intelligence Agencyafter being confirmed by voice vote in the U.S. Senate.[194]

April 29,1965 (Thursday)

[edit]
  • Shortly after 8:00 p.m.,Australia's Prime Minister Robert Menzies informed the Parliament inCanberrathat he was sending the1st Battalionof theRoyal Australian Regimentto fight in the Vietnam War, at the request of the Premier ofSouth Vietnam.[43][195]The day before, after the news of the Menzies government's plans had been published to the press, Menzies cabled the Australian Embassy in Saigon to stress the urgent need for South Vietnam to actually send a request, and during Thursday, Ambassador H. D. Anderson and his staff had to speak to the Vietnamese Premier,Phan Huy Quát,to ask him to invite Australia to enter the war.[196]The cablegram from Premier Quát was not received by Menzies until 5:36 p.m.,[197]two and a half hours before Menzies was scheduled to speak to Parliament.
  • Anearthquakewith a magnitude of 6.7 killed seven people and caused about US$12.5 million in damage in the area aroundOlympia, Washington.[198][199]The quake struck at 8:29 a.m. and of the seven fatalities, four were women who died of heart attacks, and three were men who were killed by falling debris.[200]

April 30,1965 (Friday)

[edit]
  • Robert C. Ruarkpublished his last newspaper column, after having penned almost 4,000 separate installments over 20 years, distributed by the United Feature Syndicate to American newspapers. Ruark, whose column was usually referred to only by his name, was dying of cirrhosis of the liver, and would pass away on July 1,[201]two months after his farewell column. "Quite frankly," he wrote, "after 30 years in the newspaper business, I suddenly realize that I am nearly 50 and am weary of deadlines... My feet hurt. My fingers hurt. My brain is still sharp, I trust. But I am less and less willing to punish it on a daily schedule... Until the next dispatch floats back in a bottle, my deepest thanks to you all for being so kind and tolerant of a typewriter which seems determined not to write this last, sad piece."[202][203]
  • Clifford R. Benware, Jr. ofMalone, New York,a 19-year-old private first class in the United States Marines, became the first U.S. serviceman to die in combat during the invasion of the Dominican Republic, after moving out from the Ambassador Hotel in Santo Domingo into the surrounding streets.[204][205]By coincidence, the tiny New York village of less than 12,000 turned out to be the home of the sister-in-law of Francisco Caamaño, the rebel leader, and the home of one of the American families waiting to be evacuated by the U.S. Marines.[206]
  • At 2:16 in the morning local time, the 3rd Brigade of the U.S. Army's82nd Airborne Divisioninvaded theDominican Republicto intervene in the ongoingDominican Civil War.The group, first of 1,700 troops, landed at theSan Isidro Air Baseabout 15 miles (24 km) east of the capital,Santo Domingo,on orders of U.S. President Johnson on the pretext of protecting American citizens from a rebellion against the Dominican government.[207]
  • The FBI discontinued the wiretapping ofMartin Luther King Jr.'s home telephone after almosta year and a half of eavesdroppingon his conversations. Listening devices had been installed on November 8, 1963, and remained until he moved to a new home in Atlanta.[208]
  • I. W. Abelwas declared winner of the contentiousUnited Steelworkers of Americaelection that had concluded on February 9. The final count showed 308,910 votes for Abel, and 298,768 for incumbentDavid J. McDonald,whose term would expire on June 1.[209]
  • Born:Adrian Pasdar,Iranian-American TV actor and film director; inPittsfield, Massachusetts

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  162. ^Hovannisian, Richard G.(2011).The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies.Transaction Publishers.p. 107.
  163. ^"Carnival Ride Whirls 2 Children to Deaths".Chicago Tribune.April 25, 1965. p. 1.
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  166. ^"Sukarno Seizes Foreign Firms".Los Angeles Times.AP. April 25, 1965. p. 10.
  167. ^"Dominican Junta Forced Out",Chicago Tribune,April 26, 1965, p. 1
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  169. ^"Highway Sniper's Bullet Proves Fatal to Boy, 5",Los Angeles Times,April 27, 1965
  170. ^"Boston Takes 7th NBA Title",Chicago Tribune,April 26, 1965, p. 3–1
  171. ^Ahmed Noman and Kassim Almadhagi Almadhagi,Yemen and the USA: A Super-Power and a Small-state Relationship, 1962–1992(I.B. Tauris, 1996) p. 70
  172. ^"World Championships Results".ITTF Museum.Archived fromthe originalon 11 May 2012.Retrieved7 April2012.
  173. ^"ITTF Statistics".ittf.com.Archived fromthe originalon 29 October 2013.Retrieved7 April2012.
  174. ^"Manchester United Is English Soccer Champ".Bridgeport Telegram.Bridgeport, Connecticut. April 27, 1965. p. 1.
  175. ^Scott-Elliot, Robin (19 February 2010)."Old Trafford Centenary: 10 games that define 'Theatre of Dreams'".The Independent.London.Retrieved30 March2012.
  176. ^"U.S. Embassy in Cambodia Is Stoned by Mob".Chicago Tribune.April 27, 1965. p. 1.
  177. ^"20,000 Cambodians Mob U.S. Embassy: Rip Down Flag in Protest Against Vietnam Policy and Magazine Article".The New York Times.UPI. April 27, 1965. p. 1.
  178. ^ab"Test Pilot Killed as New Vertical Lift Plane Dives".Chicago Tribune.April 28, 1965. p. 1.
  179. ^Simpson, Emile (2012).War From the Ground Up: Twenty-First Century Combat as Politics.Oxford University Press.
  180. ^For Distinguished Conduct in the Field: the register of the Distinguished Conduct Medal 1920–1992,compiled by Philip McDermott (1994)
  181. ^"CRUSH DOMINICAN REVOLT— Rebel Forces Hit by Land, Sea, and Air".Chicago Tribune.April 28, 1965. p. 1.
  182. ^Lentz, Harris M., ed. (2014). "Dominican Republic".Heads of States and Governments Since 1945.Routledge. p. 232.
  183. ^"2.2 Billion Fund Bill Voted by 7 Senators".Chicago Tribune.April 28, 1965. p. 3.
  184. ^"Obituary".Variety.April 28, 1965. p. 60.
  185. ^Carr, Barry (2012). "Dominican Republic, U.S. Interventions in".Cold War: The Essential Reference Guide.ABC-CLIO. pp. 55–56.
  186. ^"MARINES ENTER DOMINGO— Leftists Hold Center of Dominican Capital".Chicago Tribune.April 29, 1965. p. 2.
  187. ^"2 Ships Bring 640 Evacuees from Dominican Republic".Chicago Tribune.April 29, 1965. p. 2.
  188. ^Young, Ronald (2015). "Dominican Republic Invasion". In Ciment, James (ed.).Postwar America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History.Routledge. pp. 398–399.
  189. ^Green, Michael (28 April 2015)."The Tenth Man on the Field…or Above It".werehistory.org.
  190. ^Leventhal, Josh (2011).Take Me Out to the Ballpark: An Illustrated Tour of Baseball Parks Past and Present.Workman Publishing.p. 111.
  191. ^Zhai, Qiang (2010). "China and the American Escalation". In Rotter, Andrew J. (ed.).Light at the End of the Tunnel: A Vietnam War Anthology.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 260.
  192. ^Davis, James Kirkpatrick (1997).Assault on the Left: The FBI and the Sixties Antiwar Movement.Greenwood Publishing. pp. 30–31.
  193. ^"House Passes Clean Water Bill, 358 to 0".Chicago Tribune.April 29, 1965. p. 2A–15.
  194. ^Snider, L. Britt(2008).The Agency and the Hill: CIA's Relationship with Congress, 1946–2004.Government Printing Office. p. 334.
  195. ^"1000 AUSTRALIANS FOR VIETNAM— Govt. Responds to Appeal for Front-Line Troops".The Age.Melbourne.April 30, 1965. p. 1.
  196. ^Guy, Bill (1999).A Life on the Left: A Biography of Clyde Cameron.Wakefield Press. pp. 202–203.
  197. ^Davies, Bruce (2015). "An Independent Command? Australia's Ground Forces in the Vietnam War and Contemporary Memories".New Perceptions of the Vietnam War: Essays on the War, the South Vietnamese Experience, the Diaspora and the Continuing Impact.McFarland. p. 246.
  198. ^"Quake Rocks 4 States in Northwest".Chicago Tribune.April 30, 1965. p. 1.
  199. ^National Geophysical Data Center."Significant earthquake".Retrieved8 January2012.
  200. ^"$12.5 Million Seattle Quake Takes 7th Life".Fresno Bee.Fresno, California.AP. May 1, 1965. p. 2–A.
  201. ^"Ruark, Robert C.", inNorth Carolina Biographical Dictionary,by Jan Onofrio (Somerset Publishers, 2000) pp. 516–517
  202. ^"Ruark Hangs Up His Gloves As a Full Time Columnist", by Robert C. Ruark,El Paso (TX) Herald-Post,April 30, 1965, p. 1
  203. ^"Ruark, Popular Author, Dies",Tucson (AZ) Daily Citizen,July 1, 1965, p. 1
  204. ^"DOMINICAN TRUCE IGNORED; Two Yanks Slain",Chicago Tribune,May 1, 1965, p. 1
  205. ^"Army Names Two Slain in Domingo Fight",Chicago Tribune,May 3, 1965, p. 2
  206. ^"Mother and 3 Children Escape Dominican Fire",Syracuse (NY) Post-Standard,May 18, 1965, p. 50
  207. ^1,700 MARINES IN DOMINGO— Move Ashore After Battle with Rebels
  208. ^Athan Theoharis,From the Secret Files of J. Edgar Hoover(Elephant Paperbacks, 1993) p. 108
  209. ^"Abel Declared USW Winner",Chicago Tribune,May 1, 1965, p. 7
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