Orange, Vaucluse
Orange
Aurenja(Occitan) | |
|---|---|
 Aerial view of central Orange | |
 Coat of arms | |
Location of Orange  | |
  Orange  Orange | |
| Coordinates:44°08′18″N4°48′35″E/ 44.1383°N 4.8097°E | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur |
| Department | Vaucluse |
| Arrondissement | Carpentras |
| Canton | Orange |
| Intercommunality | Pays Réuni d'Orange |
| Government | |
| • Mayor(2021–2026) | Yann Bompard[1](LS) |
| Area 1 | 74.2 km2(28.6 sq mi) |
| Population (2021)[2] | 28,949 |
| • Density | 390/km2(1,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00(CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00(CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 84087/84100 |
| Elevation | 24–127 m (79–417 ft) (avg. 50 m or 160 ft) |
| 1French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2(0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Includes | Roman Theatre of OrangeandTriumphal Arch of Orange |
| Criteria | Cultural: iii, vi |
| Reference | 163 |
| Inscription | 1981 (5thSession) |
Orange(French pronunciation:[ɔʁɑ̃ʒ];Provençal:Aurenja(classical norm)orAurenjo(Mistralian norm)) is acommunein theVauclusedepartmentin theProvence-Alpes-Côte d'Azurregionin SoutheasternFrance.[3]It is about 21 km (13 mi) north ofAvignon,on the departmental border withGard,which follows theRhôneand also constitutes the regional border withOccitania.Orange is the second-most populated city in Vaucluse, after Avignon.
Name
[edit]The settlement is attested asArausioandArausionin the first and second centuries AD, then ascivitasArausionein the fourth century,civitas Arausicaein 517 (via a Germanized form *Arausinga),Aurengia civitatisin 1136, and asOrengain 1205.[4][5]
The nameArausiocan be explained as theGaulishar-aus(i)o- ('temple, cheek'), itself derived from an earlierProto-Celtic*far-aws(y)o-, which literally means 'in front of the ear' (cf. Old Irishara,arae;Ancient Greekpareiaí,parauai< *par-ausiā).[5][6]It iscognatewith the name of other ancient settlements, includingArausa,Arausia,Arausona(Dalmatia) and the nearbyOraison(Alpes-de-Haute-Provence).[5]
History
[edit]Roman Orange was founded in 35 BC by veterans of thesecond legion[7]asArausio(after the localCelticwater god), orColonia Julia Firma Secundanorum Arausioin full, "theJuliancolony of Arausio established by the soldiers of the second legion. "The name was originally unrelated to that of theorangefruit, but was laterconflatedwith it.
A previous Celtic settlement with that name existed in the same place; a major battle, which is generally known as theBattle of Arausio,had been fought in 105 BC between twoRomanarmies and theCimbriandTeutonestribes.
Arausio covered an area of some 70 ha (170 acres) and was well-endowed with civic monuments; in addition to the theatre and arch, it had a monumental temple complex and aforum.
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Orange in the Table Peutinger -
Romancadasterof Orange -
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The Roman Theatre in Orange
It was the capital of a wide area of northernProvence,which was parcelled up into lots for the Roman colonists. "Orange of two thousand years ago was a miniature Rome, complete with many of the public buildings that would have been familiar to a citizen of the Roman Empire, except that the scale of the buildings had been reduced – a smaller theater to accommodate a smaller population, for example."[8]It is found in both theTabula PeutingerianaandLe cadastre d'Orangemaps.
The town prospered, but was sacked by theVisigothsin 412. It had, by then, become largely Christianised, and from the end of the third century constituted theAncient Diocese of Orange.No longer a residentialbishopric,Arausio, as it is called in Latin, is today listed by theCatholic Churchas atitular see.[9]It hosted two importantsynods,in 441 and 529. TheSecond Council of Orangewas of importance in condemning what later came to be calledSemipelagianism.
The sovereignCarolingiancounts of Orangehad their origin in the eighth century; they passed into the family of thelords of Baux.From the 12th century, Orange was raised to a minor principality, thePrincipality of Orange,as afiefof theHoly Roman Empire.During this period, the town and the principality of Orange belonged to the administration and province ofDauphiné.
WhenWilliam the Silent,count ofNassau,with estates in the Netherlands, inherited the title Prince of Orange in 1544, the principality was incorporated into the holdings of what became theHouse of Orange-Nassau.This pitched it into theProtestantside in theWars of Religion,during which the town was badly damaged. In 1568, theEighty Years' Warbegan with William asstadtholderleading the bid for independence from Spain. William the Silent was assassinated inDelftin 1584. His son,Maurice of Nassau(Prince of Orange after his elder brother died in 1618), with the help ofJohan van Oldenbarnevelt,solidified the independence of the Dutch republic. TheUnited Provincessurvived to become the Netherlands, which is still ruled by the House of Orange-Nassau. William, Prince of Orange, great grandson of William the Silent, ruled England asWilliam III.Orange gave its name to other Dutch-influenced parts of the world, such as the Oranges (West Orange,South Orange,East Orange,Orange) in New Jersey and theOrange Free StateinSouth Africa.
The city remained part of scattered Nassau holdings until it was repeatedly captured by the forces ofLouis XIVduring his wars of the late 17th century. The city was occupied by France in 1673, 1679, 1690, 1697 and 1702–1713 before it was finally ceded to France in 1713 under theTreaty of Utrecht.[10]Following theFrench Revolutionin 1789, Orange was absorbed into the French department ofDrôme,thenBouches-du-Rhône,then finallyVaucluse.However, the title remained with the Dutch princes of Orange.
Orange attracted international attention in1995,when it elected a member of theNational Front(FN),Jacques Bompard,as its mayor. Bompard left the FN in 2005 and became a member of the conservativeMovement for France(MPF) until 2010, when he founded theLeague of the South(LS).
Orange was home to theFrench Foreign Legion's armoredFirst Foreign Cavalry Regimentuntil 11 July 2014,[11] when the regiment officially moved to the Camp de Carpiagne in the9th arrondissement of Marseillein theMassif des Calanques.On 1 January 2017, together with a number of neighbouring communes, it was transferred from thearrondissement of Avignonto thearrondissement of Carpentras.[12]
Demographics
[edit]With 28,922 residents (as of 2018), Orange is the second-largest commune ofVaucluseby population afterAvignonand just beforeCarpentras.[13]
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| Source: EHESS[14]and INSEE (1968-2020)[15] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Main sights
[edit]The town is renowned for itsRoman architecture;itsRoman theatreis described as the most impressive still existing in Europe. TheTriumphal Archis of uncertain age, but current research accepts the inscription as evidence of a date during the reign of emperor Augustus. The arch also contains an inscription dedicated to emperor Tiberius in AD 27, when it was reconstructed to celebrate the victories of Germanicus over the German tribes in Rhineland. The arch, theatre, and surroundings were listed in 1981 byUNESCOas aWorld Heritage Site.[16]
TheMusée(Museum) displays the biggest (7.56 x 5.90 m)cadastralRoman maps ever recovered, etched on marble. They cover the area between Orange,Nîmes,andMontélimar.
Culture
[edit]In 1869, the Roman theatre was restored and has been the site of a music festival. The festival, given the nameChorégies d'Orangein 1902, has been held annually ever since, and is now famous as an internationaloperafestival.
In 1971, the "New Chorégies" were started and became an overnight, international success.[citation needed]Many top international opera singers have performed in the theatre, such asBarbara Hendricks,Plácido Domingo,Montserrat Caballé,Roberto Alagna,René PapeandInva Mula.Operas such asTosca,Aida,Faust,andCarmine Karm Contehave been staged here, many with a sumptuousstagingand also receiving outstanding acclaim.
The Roman theatre is one of three heritage sites at which the Roman wall remains.
Transportation
[edit]
TheSNCFoffers rail service north toLyonandParis,as well as south toAvignonandMarseille.[17]
Twin towns – sister cities
[edit]
Breda,Netherlands (1963)
Byblos,Lebanon (2004)
Diest,Belgium (1963)
Dillenburg,Germany (1963)
Jarosław,Poland (2000)- Kielce,Poland (1992)
- Rastatt,Germany (1965)
Spoleto,Italy (1981)
Vélez-Rubio,Spain (2004)
Weifang,China (2004)
Orange forms the Union of Orange Cities together with Breda, Diest and Dillenburg.[18]
Climate
[edit]Orange features ahumid subtropical climate(Cfa), with just too much rainfall in summer to have a 'Mediterranean' (Csa) classification. Summers are hot and relatively dry. Most rainfall occurs in spring and autumn, though with gentle temperatures. Winters are mild, but harsh frost and snow are not unheard of.[19]On 28 June 2019 the temperature reached 41.0 °C.[20][21]
| Climate data for Orange, France (altitude 53m, 1981–2010 averages, extremes 1952–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.5 (68.9) |
23.0 (73.4) |
27.2 (81.0) |
31.2 (88.2) |
34.5 (94.1) |
41.0 (105.8) |
40.7 (105.3) |
42.6 (108.7) |
35.8 (96.4) |
30.9 (87.6) |
24.6 (76.3) |
20.2 (68.4) |
42.6 (108.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.9 (49.8) |
11.7 (53.1) |
15.6 (60.1) |
18.6 (65.5) |
23.2 (73.8) |
27.4 (81.3) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.2 (86.4) |
25.2 (77.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
13.7 (56.7) |
10.1 (50.2) |
19.7 (67.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.8 (42.4) |
7.0 (44.6) |
10.4 (50.7) |
13.2 (55.8) |
17.5 (63.5) |
21.4 (70.5) |
24.4 (75.9) |
23.9 (75.0) |
19.7 (67.5) |
15.3 (59.5) |
9.7 (49.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
14.6 (58.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.6 (34.9) |
2.4 (36.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
7.8 (46.0) |
11.8 (53.2) |
15.4 (59.7) |
18.0 (64.4) |
17.6 (63.7) |
14.1 (57.4) |
10.6 (51.1) |
5.7 (42.3) |
2.7 (36.9) |
9.4 (48.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −13.4 (7.9) |
−14.5 (5.9) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
1.3 (34.3) |
5.7 (42.3) |
9.5 (49.1) |
8.3 (46.9) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−14.4 (6.1) |
−14.5 (5.9) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 51.0 (2.01) |
39.4 (1.55) |
43.9 (1.73) |
66.0 (2.60) |
65.3 (2.57) |
38.3 (1.51) |
36.9 (1.45) |
42.3 (1.67) |
102.0 (4.02) |
92.9 (3.66) |
75.4 (2.97) |
55.7 (2.19) |
709.1 (27.92) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 5.7 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 7.2 | 6.3 | 4.7 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 5.5 | 7.2 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 66.0 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 77 | 74 | 69 | 66 | 66 | 64 | 71 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 71 | 77 | 72.5 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 132.0 | 137.1 | 192.5 | 230.4 | 264.6 | 298.9 | 345.3 | 310.7 | 237.6 | 187.1 | 135.2 | 123.8 | 2,595.2 |
| Source 1:Météo France[22] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity 1961–1990)[23] | |||||||||||||
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^"Répertoire national des élus: les maires".data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises(in French). 2 December 2020.
- ^"Populations légales 2021"(in French).The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies.28 December 2023.
- ^Commune d'Orange (84087),INSEE.
- ^Nègre, Ernest(1990).Toponymie générale de la France.Librairie Droz. p. 56.ISBN978-2-600-02883-7.
- ^abcDelamarre, Xavier(2003).Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental.Errance. p. 51.ISBN9782877723695.
- ^Matasović, Ranko(2009).Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic.Brill. pp. 13 (addenda).ISBN9789004173361.
- ^Office de Tourisme d'Orange (2017-10-02)."History of Orange".City of Orange Tourist Office site.Archived fromthe originalon 2020-02-08.Retrieved2022-05-02.
- ^Ina Caro,"The Road from the Past: Traveling through History in France".
- ^Annuario Pontificio 2013(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013ISBN978-88-209-9070-1), p. 845
- ^Cru, Jacques (2001).Histoire des Gorges du Verdon jusqu'à la Révolution(in French). Edisud. p. 220.ISBN2-7449-0139-3.coédition Édisud et Parc naturel régional du Verdon.
- ^ "1er régiment étranger de cavalerie".www.defense.gouv.fr.
- ^"Arrêté préfectoral, 20 December 2016"(PDF).pp. 11–15.Archived(PDF)from the original on 7 August 2017.
- ^Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2018,INSEE
- ^Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui:Commune data sheet Orange,EHESS(in French).
- ^Population en historique depuis 1968,INSEE
- ^"Roman Theatre and its Surroundings and the" Triumphal Arch "of Orange".UNESCO World Heritage Centre.United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.Retrieved11 October2021.
- ^"Orange Station".SNCF.
- ^ab"La ville d'Orange est liée au Monde par son histoire".ville-orange.fr(in French). Orange.Retrieved2021-01-14.
- ^Climate Summary for Orange, Francead
- ^"Orange-Caritat (Vaucluse - France) | Relevés météo en temps réel - Infoclimat".
- ^"Meteociel - Observations Orange (84) - données météo de la station - Tableaux horaires en temps réel".
- ^"Orange (84)"(PDF).Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records(in French). Meteo France. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 30 March 2018.Retrieved29 March2018.
- ^"Normes et records 1961-1990: Orange-Caritat (84) - altitude 53m"(in French). Infoclimat. Archived fromthe originalon 5 September 2011.Retrieved29 March2018.
External links
[edit]
- Roman Theatre and Museum official websiteArchived2011-07-16 at theWayback Machine(in English)
- Town council website(in French)
- Tourist office website
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