Artemisia vulgaris
| Artemisia vulgaris | |
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Scientific classification
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | Artemisia |
| Species: | A. vulgaris
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| Binomial name | |
| Artemisia vulgaris | |
| Synonyms | |
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Synonymy
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Artemisia vulgaris,thecommon mugwort,[1]is aspeciesofflowering plantin the daisy familyAsteraceae.It is one of several species in the genusArtemisiacommonly knownasmugwort,althoughArtemisia vulgarisis the species most often called mugwort. It is also occasionally known asriverside wormwood,[2]felon herb,chrysanthemum weed,wild wormwood,old Uncle Henry,sailor's tobacco,naughty man,old man,orSt. John's plant(not to be confused withSt. John's wort).[3]Mugworts have been used medicinally and as culinary herbs.
Distribution
[edit]A. vulgarisisnativetotemperateEurope, Asia,North Africa,andAlaska,and isnaturalizedin North America,[4]where some consider it aninvasiveweed. It is a very common plant growing on low-nitrogen soils, such as waste places, roadsides and other weedy and uncultivated areas.[5]
Uses
[edit]Traditionally, it has been used as one of the flavoring and bittering agents ofgruitales, a type of unhopped, fermented grain beverage. In Vietnam as well as in Germany, mugwort is used in cooking as an aromatic herb.
In China, the crunchy stalks of young shoots ofA. vulgarisare a seasonal vegetable often used in stir fries.[6]
In Nepal, the plant is used as an offering to the gods, for cleansing the environment (by sweeping floors or hanging a bundle outside the home), as incense, and also as a medicinal plant.[7]
The dried leaves are often smoked or drunk as a tea to promotelucid dreaming.This supposedoneirogeniceffect is reported to be due to thethujonecontained in the plant.[8][9]
Description
[edit]A. vulgarisis a tall,herbaceous,perennial plantgrowing 1–2 m (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) (rarely 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)) tall, with an extensiverhizomesystem. Rather than depending on seed dispersal, it spreads through vegetative expansion and the anthropogenic dispersal of root rhizome fragments.[10]Theleavesare 5–20 cm (2–8 in) long, dark green,pinnate,andsessile,with dense, white,tomentosehairs on the underside. The erect stems are grooved and often have a red-purplish tinge. The Ukrainian name for mugwort, чорнобиль (chernobyl) transliterates as "black stalk", and the Ukrainian city ofChernobylgets its name from the plant. The small yellow or brown rayless[11]flower heads are5 mm (3⁄16in) long, radially symmetrical and arranged inracemosepanicles.The outer flowers in each capitulum are female and the inner ones bisexual.[12]It flowers from midsummer to early autumn.[13]
Several species ofLepidoptera(butterflies and moths) such asOstrinia scapulalisfeed on the leaves and flowers of the plant.[14]
Pharmacological properties
[edit]Historically,A. vulgariswas referred to as the "mother of herbs" and has been widely used in the traditional Chinese, European, and Hindu medicine. It possesses a wide range of supposedpharmacologicaluses, includinganticancer,anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,hepatoprotective,antispasmolytic,antinociceptive,antibacterial,antihypertensive,antihyperlipidemic,andantifungalproperties.[15]
Phytochemical constituents
[edit]A. vulgarishouses a variety ofphytochemicalswhich are responsible for itspharmacologicalproperties. The phytochemicals belong to classes includingflavonoids,essential oils,phenolic acids,coumarins,sterols,carotenoids,vitamins,andsesquiterpene lactones,among many others.[16]Examples of the phytochemicals include vulgarin,artemisinin,scopoletin,camphene,camphor,sabinene,and some derivatives ofquercetinandkaempferol.[15][16]
References
[edit]- ^BSBI List 2007(xls).Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland.Archived fromthe original(xls)on 26 June 2015.Retrieved17 October2014.
- ^English Names for Korean Native Plants(PDF).Pocheon:Korea National Arboretum.2015. p. 361.ISBN978-89-97450-98-5.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 May 2017.Retrieved25 January2017– viaKorea Forest Service.
- ^"Ohio Perennial and Biennial Weed Guide: MugwortArtemisia vulgaris".Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University.Archivedfrom the original on 19 May 2011.
- ^"Plants profile forArtemisia vulgaris(common wormwood) ".PLANTS USDA.gov.
- ^Barney, J. N.; DiTommaso, A. (2002)."The biology of Canadian weeds. 118.Artemisia vulgarisL. "Canadian Journal of Plant Science.83(1): 205–215.doi:10.4141/P01-098.
- ^"Information Officee of Shanghai Municipality".Archived fromthe originalon 26 April 2021.Retrieved26 April2021.
- ^Rysdyk, Evelyn C. (19 February 2019).The Nepalese Shamanic Path: Practices for Negotiating the Spirit World.Simon and Schuster.ISBN978-1-62055-795-2.
- ^Szaro, Melissa (4 December 2020)."How to Use Mugwort for Dreams, Sleep, and More".Herbal Academy.Retrieved18 June2023.
- ^"Oneirogens - BurnZero".burnzero.com.Retrieved18 June2023.
- ^New York Invasive Species Information."Mugwort".nyis.info.Retrieved29 October2019.
- ^Blamey, M.; Fitter, R.; Fitter, A (2003).Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora.London: A & C Black. p. 284.ISBN978-1408179505.
- ^Stace, C. A.(2019).New Flora of the British Isles(Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics. p. 790.ISBN978-1-5272-2630-2.
- ^Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012.Webb's An Irish Flora.Cork University Press.ISBN978-185918-4783
- ^Calcagno, Vincent; Bonhomme, Vincent; Thomas, Yan; Singer, Michael C.; Bourguet, Denis (7 September 2010)."Divergence in behaviour between the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, and its sibling speciesOstrinia scapulalis:adaptation to human harvesting? ".Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.277(1694): 2703–2709.doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0433.PMC2982046.PMID20410041.
- ^abEkiert, Halina; Pajor, Joanna; Klin, Paweł; Rzepiela, Agnieszka; Ślesak, Halina; Szopa, Agnieszka (25 September 2020)."Significance of Artemisia Vulgaris L. (Common Mugwort) in the History of Medicine and Its Possible Contemporary Applications Substantiated by Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies".Molecules.25(19): 4415.doi:10.3390/molecules25194415.ISSN1420-3049.PMC7583039.PMID32992959.
- ^abThangjam, Nurpen Meitei; Taijong, Jasmina; Kumar, Awadhesh (9 November 2020)."Phytochemical and pharmacological activities of methanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris L. leaves".Clinical Phytoscience.6(1): 72.doi:10.1186/s40816-020-00214-8.ISSN2199-1197.S2CID226279550.
External links
[edit]
- Mugwort in 'The complete herbal'Archived13 November 2022 at theWayback MachinebyCulpeper
- Mugwort 'A modern herbal'byMrs. Grieve
- "Artemisia vulgaris".Plants for a Future.
- Artemisia vulgarisin theCalPhotosphoto database,University of California, Berkeley
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