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Aurora (province)

Coordinates:15°53′N121°33′E/ 15.88°N 121.55°E/15.88; 121.55
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Aurora
Province
Province of Aurora
(from top: left to right) Cuaresma beach inCasiguran,Dicasalarin Cove inBaler,Dinadiawan Beach inDipaculao,Ditawini beach inDinalungan
Flag of Aurora
Flag
Official seal of Aurora
Seal
Location in the Philippines
Location in the Philippines
OpenStreetMap
Map
Coordinates:15°53′N121°33′E/ 15.88°N 121.55°E/15.88; 121.55
CountryPhilippines
RegionCentral Luzon
Founded1951 (as sub-province ofQuezon)
Province13 August 1979
Named forAurora Quezon
CapitalBaler
Largest MunicipalityMaria Aurora
Government
•GovernorReynante A. Tolentino (LDP)
•Vice GovernorJennifer A. Araña (PFP)
•LegislatureAurora Provincial Board
Area
[1]
• Total3,147.32 km2(1,215.19 sq mi)
• Rank42nd out of 81
Highest elevation
(Mount Mingan)
1,901 m (6,237 ft)
Population
(2020 census)[2]
• Total235,750
• Rank70th out of 81
• Density75/km2(190/sq mi)
• Rank77th out of 81
Demonym(s)Auroran, Auroreño
Divisions
•Independentcities0
•Component cities0
•Municipalities
8
•Barangays151
•DistrictsLegislative district of Aurora
Demographics
•Ethnic groups
•Languages
Time zoneUTC+8(PST)
ZIP code
3200–3207
IDD : area code +63 (0)42
ISO 3166 codePH-AUR
Websitewww.aurora.gov.ph

Aurora,officially theProvince of Aurora(Filipino:Lalawigan ng Aurora;Ilocano:Probinsia ti Aurora), is aprovincein thePhilippineslocated in the eastern part ofCentral Luzonregion,facing thePhilippine Sea.Its capital isBalerand borders, clockwise from the south, the provinces ofQuezon,Bulacan,Nueva Ecija,Nueva Vizcaya,Quirino,andIsabela.

Before 1979, Aurora was part of the province of Quezon. Aurora was, in fact, named afterAurora Aragon,the wife ofManuel L. Quezon,the president of thePhilippine Commonwealth,after whom the mother province was named.

History[edit]

Map of northern Tayabas in 1909.

Spanish colonial era[edit]

In 1572, the Spanish explorerJuan de Salcedobecame the first European to visit the region that would be known as Aurora while he was exploring the northern coast ofLuzon.Salcedo reportedly visited the towns ofCasiguran,BalerandInfanta.Baler & Casiguran were part of La Provincia de La Pampanga, which also includedPampanga,Bulacan,andTarlac,and in 1591, the towns became part of Kalilayan, which included Nueva Ecija, until Kalilayan changed its name to Tayabas in 1749, taken from thetown of the same name.[3][4][5][6]

In the early days of theSpanish colonial period,Aurora was ecclesiastically linked toInfanta,which today rests further south, in northern Quezon. The earliest missionaries in the province were theFranciscans,who had establishedmissionsin Baler and Casiguran in 1609.[7]Due to lack of available personnel, the region was given to the jurisdiction of theAugustiniansandRecollectsin 1658, but was returned to theFriars Minorin 1703. Other early missions includedDipaculao,established in 1719, and Casiguran, in 1753.

In 1705, the Military Comandancia of Nueva Ecija was created and was governed byGovernor-GeneralFausto Cruzat y Góngora.It included huge swathes ofCentral Luzon,the Contracosta towns, as well as the Kalilayan area andPolillo Islands,however Nueva Ecija was still part of La Pampanga province at that time.[8][5]Contracosta was the Spanish colonial name for the towns on the east coast and included towns fromMauban,Binangonan de Lampon, to El Principe.[9][6]Since Contracosta & Kalilayan were part of La Laguna province at that time before including them in Nueva Ecija, they became jointly ruled by La Pampanga & La Laguna provinces.[4]Contracosta and Tayabas area became jointly ruled by Tayabas and Pampanga when Tayabas became independent from La Laguna in 1754. WhenRafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de Leóntook over as Governor-General of the Philippines, he decreed the separation of the military- district of Nueva Ecija from the province of Pampanga and became a regular province on April 25, 1801, including the town of Baler, acquired from Tayabas.[3]

In 1818, Nueva Ecija annexed the towns of Palanan from Isabela, as well as Baler, Casiguran, Infanta (formerly called Binangonan de Lampon) and Polillo Islands from Tayabas, and Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, and part of Rizal.[4][10]In 1853, the new military district of Tayabas was separated from Nueva Ecija and included present-day Southern Quezon as well as present-day Aurora. In 1858, Binangonan de Lampon and the Polillo Islands were separated from Nueva Ecija to form part of Infanta.[8]Between 1855 and 1885, El Principe was established as its own Military Comandancia with its capital in Baler.[4]

American invasion era[edit]

Map of northernTayabasin 1918
An old map showing the current northern territory of Aurora as part of Nueva Vizcaya.

District of El Principe[edit]

The early history of Aurora is linked to Quezon province, of which it formed a part, and Nueva Ecija, under which the area was governed as the District of El Príncipe. In 1902, the district was separated from Nueva Ecija and transferred to the province ofTayabas(now Quezon).[7][4][11]The northern area which is part of the modern Dilasag and area of modern Casiguran was part of Nueva Vizcaya and also transferred to Tayabas in 1905.[12]In 1918, the area of modern Aurora north of Baler was transferred to the authority of Nueva Vizcaya, but returned to Tayabas in 1946, when Tayabas was renamed toQuezon.This was named in honor of Manuel Quezon who was the secondPresident of the Philippinesand elected governor of Tayabas in 1906 and congressman of 1st district of Tayabas in 1907 born and raised in Baler, formerly one of the towns of the province.

World War II[edit]

In 1942,invading Japaneseforces landed in the town of Casiguran. On February 19, 1945, to May 11, 1945,Alliedtroops as well asPhilippine Commonwealthforces and recognized guerrilla units fought on the Battle of Casiguran during the return of American forces on Luzon onWorld War II.[citation needed]

Postwar era[edit]

During the postwar years, there were several attempts to make Aurora independent from the rest of Quezon Province. One obvious reason was the area's isolation from the rest of Quezon Province: there were no direct links to the rest of the province and much of the terrain was mountainous and heavily forested, which made the area relatively isolated.[citation needed]Independence from Quezon also meant that Aurora would belong in theCentral Luzonregion, in keeping with its precolonial history, rather than part ofSouthern Luzon.[13]

Aurora became a sub-province ofQuezonin 1951 throughRepublic ActNo. 648under the presidency ofElpidio Quirino,after whom itsneighboring provincewas named.[14]

In 1978, the Lieutenant Governor of the Sub-Province Atty. Luis S. Etcubañez filed a Parliamentary Bill for the establishment of Aurora at theInterim Batasang Pambansa,leveraging his political ties with the various Assemblymen of Region IV.[15]This led to a plebiscite in May 1979 to confirm the citizens of the Province's willingness to separate from Quezon Province, and the eventual establishment of the province throughBatas PambansaBlg. 7on November 21, 1978.[7][16]

1968 Casiguran earthquake[edit]

On04:19:22 local time on August 2,the1968 Casiguran earthquake,with amoment magnitudeof 7.6 and a maximumMercalli intensityof IX (Violent), took place with an epicenter was inCasiguran.The quake generated a small non-destructive tsunami, but the majority of the 207 people killed during the quake were the result of the collapse of a six-story building in Manila.

During the Marcos dictatorship[edit]

Main articles:Martial law under Ferdinand MarcosandHuman rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship

The beginning months of the 1970s had marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Aurora.[17][18]During hisbid to be the first Philippine president to be re-electedfor a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of foreign debt-funded public works projects. This caused[19][20]the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis,which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and a significant rise of social unrest.[21][22][23][24]:  "43"  

With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines underMartial Lawin September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years.[25]This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record ofhuman rights abuses,[26][27]particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.[28]

One significant impact on the residents of Aurora, especially its farmers, was the administration's practice of hamletting to achieve military control of the area.[29]After the September 1972 declaration, Marcos forces were ordered into the province to achieve a military presence. But theNew People's Army(NPA) which was fighting them responded by establishing a presence of their own in Aurora's mountainous areas. Despite the fact that the residents generally resisted invitations to join the NPA,[29]the dictatorship troops told the residents that they were not allowed into the fields between Four in the afternoon and Seven in the morning. This made farming very difficult because people had to work in the fields during the hottest parts of the day.[29]

Things took a more violent turn in the town Dinalungan during the early 1980s, after farmers organized a rally against a landowner who attempted to claim their farms, seeking help and support from the nuns at theCarmelitemission which had been established there.[29]However, the military accused the Carmelites of working with the NPA, and even hunted down the convent's caretaker and one of the church workers.[29]Young men started disappearing from the farms,[29]and rumors begun to spread that they had been victims of extrajudicial killings by Marcos' forces.[29]Much of the male population of Dinalungan began to disappear altogether, with some believed to be victims of the extrajudicial killings, and the rest forced to join the NPA because of the circumstances.[29]The unrest persisted until the town was finally declared "insurgency free" in October 2018.[30]

Birth of the Surf tourism industry[edit]

See also:Apocalypse Now

One of the positive things that did happen to Aurora during the 1970s was the development of the Surf tourism industry after the helicopter attack and surfing sequences of the filmApocalypse Nowwere filmed at Baler in 1976–77. The exposure of locals to the art of surfing during the production of the movie is credited with having sparked thesurfingculture in Aurora and the Philippines.[31]

Administrative assignment[edit]

Being originally part of the province of Quezon, Aurora was part of theSouthern TagalogRegion (Region IV). Upon the issuance of Executive Order No. 103, dated May 17, 2002, by then-PresidentGloria Macapagal-Arroyo,the province of Aurora was moved to Central Luzon (Region III), the geographical location of the province. The provinces south of Aurora were reformed asCalabarzonandMimaropa,and Southern Tagalog was limited to being a cultural-geographic region. The total separation of Aurora from Quezon, and the transfer of Aurora to Central Luzon were the fulfillment of the wishes and prayers of the residents of the original Municipalities of Baler and Casiguran to be truly independent from Quezon Province for the first time and to reform the original La Pampanga since the Spanish occupation.[4][13]The transfer of Aurora to Central Luzon opened the access of Central Luzon to Pacific Ocean.

Contemporary[edit]

On April 22, 2024, newly installed Governor Reynante A. Tolentino took hisoath of officeas governor before his brother,DipaculaoMayor Danilo A. Tolentino. He replaced Atty. Christian Noveras, who was dismissed by theOffice of the Ombudsmanalong with his father, Vice Governor Gerardo Noveras, in December, 2023.[32]

Geography[edit]

Aurora is a coastal province covering an area of 3,147.32 square kilometres (1,215.19 sq mi)[33]in east-central Luzon. To the north, it is bordered by theNorthern Sierra Madre Natural ParkofIsabela,to the west by the central range of theSierra Madrewhich contains theCasecnan Protected LandscapeandAurora Memorial National Park,to the south by theUmiray River,and to the east by thePhilippine Seawhich opens to thePacific Ocean.TheSan Ildefonso Peninsulalies in the province's northern portion between the Philippine Sea and the Casiguran Sound.

Topography[edit]

The province covers a portion of theSierra Madremountain range. As such, the elevation is generally steep to very steep and only about 14% of the province's total area is flat.[7]

Climate[edit]

Aurora's climate is classified asTropical rainforest climate.[34]It experiences significant rainfall throughout the year.[34]Because the coastal province faces thePacific Ocean,it is frequently visited by typhoons.[7][35]

Administrative divisions[edit]

Aurora is politically subdivided into 8municipalities,all encompassed by alone legislative district.

Dilasag and Casiguran form the northern part of the province, while Dinalungan, Dipaculao, Maria Aurora, and Baler (the capital) make up the central portion. The southern half of the province consists of San Luis and Dingalan.

Municipality [i] Population ±% p.a. Area[33] Density Barangay
(2020)[2] (2015)[36] km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
15°45′34″N121°33′46″E/ 15.7595°N 121.5627°E/15.7595; 121.5627(Baler) Baler † 18.6% 43,785 39,562 +1.95% 92.54 35.73 470 1,200 13
16°12′15″N122°02′24″E/ 16.2041°N 122.0400°E/16.2041; 122.0400(Casiguran) Casiguran 11.3% 26,564 24,313 +1.70% 715.43 276.23 37 96 24
16°23′23″N122°12′36″E/ 16.3898°N 122.2099°E/16.3898; 122.2099(Dilasag) Dilasag 7.3% 17,102 15,835 +1.48% 306.25 118.24 56 150 11
16°08′30″N121°57′22″E/ 16.1416°N 121.9560°E/16.1416; 121.9560(Dinalungan) Dinalungan 5.3% 12,508 11,322 +1.91% 316.85 122.34 39 100 9
15°23′22″N121°23′34″E/ 15.3894°N 121.3927°E/15.3894; 121.3927(Dingalan) Dingalan 11.8% 27,878 25,482 +1.73% 304.55 117.59 92 240 11
15°50′52″N121°32′12″E/ 15.8477°N 121.5367°E/15.8477; 121.5367(Dipaculao) Dipaculao 14.1% 33,131 29,736 +2.08% 361.64 139.63 92 240 25
15°47′54″N121°28′20″E/ 15.7982°N 121.4723°E/15.7982; 121.4723(Maria Aurora) MariaAurora 19.1% 44,958 40,734 +1.90% 426.29 164.59 110 280 40
15°43′09″N121°31′04″E/ 15.7191°N 121.5178°E/15.7191; 121.5178(San Luis) SanLuis 12.7% 29,824 27,352 +1.66% 609.85 235.46 49 130 18
Total 235,750 214,336 +1.83% 3,133.40 1,209.81 75 190 151
† Provincialcapital  Municipality
  1. ^Theglobeicon marks thetowncenter.

Barangays[edit]

The 8 municipalities of the province comprise a total of 151barangays,withSuclayininBaleras the most populous in 2010, andDibaloinSan Luisas the least.[37]

Further information:List of barangays in Aurora

Demographics[edit]

Population census of Aurora (province)
YearPop.±% p.a.
19034,484—
19185,980+1.94%
193918,280+5.46%
194822,825+2.50%
196042,827+5.38%
YearPop.±% p.a.
197080,459+6.50%
197590,060+2.29%
1980107,145+3.53%
1990139,573+2.68%
1995159,621+2.55%
YearPop.±% p.a.
2000173,797+1.84%
2007187,802+1.07%
2010201,233+2.55%
2015214,336+1.21%
2020235,750+1.89%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[36][37][37]

The population of Aurora in the 2020 census was 235,750 people,[2]with a density of 75 inhabitants per square kilometre or 190 inhabitants per square mile.

Population by ethnicity (2000)[38]
Ethnicity Population

Based on the 2000 census survey,Tagalogscomprised52.85% (91,745) of the total provincial population of 173,589, and about less than 1/3 of the population wereIlocanoat31.43% (54,557). Other ethnic groups in the province were Kasiguranin at5.1% (8,853),Bicolanoat4.08% (7,079),Kankanaeyat1.36% (2,355),Bisayaat0.88% (1,529),Dumagat (Umiray)at0.6% (1,047), andCebuanoat0.48% (832).[38]

There are also pockets ofBugkalots&Negritos,called Dumagats. Most Dumagats are living in the hillsides or mountains. They are believed to have result from a fusion ofAustronesianandMelanesianancestries, and survive from fishing and hunting. There are three kinds of Dumagats in Aurora province, the Umiray Dumagat,Casiguran Dumagat,and thePalanan Dumagat.Bugkalots are the second tribe indigenous to Aurora, most of them live in Dipaculao & Maria Aurora.

Tagalogs, some originating fromPalananandInfanta, Quezon,came in to the area to trade by boat, some Tagalogs settled in Aurora (especially Baler) and married with the Aeta and Bugkalots.[39]Kapampangans assimilated to the Tagalog settlers.[13]The Spanish brought in Filipino acolytes from other areas of Luzon from 1609 to 1899. During this period, Baler can only be access by sea though the town saw increase migration from other parts of Luzon such asLaguna,Tayabas,andBicolfrom the south. The opening of the Baler-Bongabon Road allowed easier migration of people fromIlocosandIsabelaareas from the north. The road also allowedIgorot peopleandBatangueño Tagalogsto settle in Baler & other places of Aurora. The majority of Igorots settled Dipaculao, Maria Aurora, & Baler. In 1896, a group of Ilocanos fromAringay,La Unioncame to settle in San Jose, now called Maria Aurora; in 1906, another group of Ilocanos arrived from La Union andPangasinan.In the early 1920s, Ilocano settlers fromCentral Luzonsettled a Bugkalot territoryDipaculao,which in turn was derived from the phraseDipac naulaworNaulaw ni Dipac,the Ilocano for "Dipac got dizzy", idiomatically "Dipac is/got drunk", Dipac is the name of a Bugkalot chief; another group of Ilocano settlers arrived from La Union, Pangasinan, and other areas of Ilocos Region. The guerrilla movement during the Japanese occupation brought Novo Ecijanos (people from Nueva Ecija) to Baler; Novo Ecijanos include Tagalogs, Ilocanos, and Kapampangans, with quite large number of Pangasinenses. The Balereños learned trade from the Batangueños and the Novo Ecijanos; where before they used to share what they have, now they would sell coconut to their neighbors.[39][40][41]Other ethnic groups who came and stayed in Aurora include ChristianizedGaddangandIsinaisettlers who settled the surrounding lowlands of Baler Bay.[42]These ethnic groups who lived for several centuries & left cultural influences & legacies made Aurora the melting pot of the Central Luzon, next toTarlac& Nueva Ecija.

Languages[edit]

The Tagalog and Ilocano languages are spoken by their respective ethnic groups. The province primarily speaks a Tagalog dialect that is closely related to Tayabas Tagalog of Quezon with someIlocanoinfluences.[43][better source needed]In Baler, for example, the variety is calledTagalog-Baler (Balereño).TheBalereñois also known for distinctive expressions likeakkaw,used to express surprise, wonder, disgust, and objection; it is also akin to the English term "Wow!" Other regional term expressions spoken in Baler areare (h),used to express a negative feeling of surprise;anin,used to express regret or pity for a situation; and many other words are also spoken similarly to neighboring Quezon, likeadyo,meaning to climb, andpuropur,which pertain to rain with gusty wind. Ilocano is mostly spoken in northern areas of the province. The working population is ready in speech in the English language as well as in theFilipino language.[44][45][46][47]Manuel L. Quezon, who was from Baler, was called the Father of the National Language for approving the recommendation of theInstitute of National Languagefor Tagalog as the basis of the national language. Other languages spoken in Aurora areKapampangan&Pangasinan(in some areas of the province, most of which is in Baler), & another language native in Aurora isCasiguranin or Kasiguranin,spoken in Casiguran & neighboring areas Dilasag & Dinalungan.[48]

Religion[edit]

Catholicism[edit]

Baler Church

The people of Aurora are heavilyCatholics(large majority beingRoman Catholicby 87%)[citation needed]as a result of hundreds of years of Spanish colonization.

Others[edit]

Some other Christian believers are also present, which includesMembers Church of God International (MCGI),Methodists,Aglipayan Church2-3%,Baptists,Born Again Christians,Jehovah's Witnesses,Iglesia ni Cristo4% andSeventh-day AdventistwhileMuslimsare also found which presence is traced to migration by some people from some parts ofMindanao.Muslims,Anitists,animists, and atheists are also present in the province.

Economy[edit]

Poverty incidence of Aurora

10
20
30
40
2006
30.46
2009
18.19
2012
30.83
2015
33.77
2018
16.39
2021
16.50

Source:Philippine Statistics Authority[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]

Corn, rice and other major agricultural crops are grown in Aurora, with a total of 13% of the provincial land area used for agriculture. It also has 8,945 hectares (22,100 acres) of rice plantation that averages 24,000 metric tons (24,000 long tons; 26,000 short tons) every year.[citation needed]

Aurora Pacific Economic Zone[edit]

Casiguran is home to the Aurora Pacific Economic Zone and Freeport Authority orAPECOaspecial economic zonelocated in this coastal town. Created in 2007 by virtue ofRepublic ActNo. 9490through the efforts of Sen.Edgardo Angaraand his son, Aurora Rep.Sonny Angara,it is expected be a major transshipment hub going to the Pacific region. It aims to boost social, economic and industrial developments in Aurora and nearby provinces by generating jobs for the people, improving the quality of their living conditions, advocating an eco-friendly approach to industrialization and enhancing the potential of the community in productivity.

Gallery[edit]

  • Bulwagan ng Katarungan (RTC), Suklayin, Baler
    Bulwagan ng Katarungan
    (RTC), Suklayin, Baler
  • Aurora Police Provincial Office, NPC, PNP, Baler
    Aurora Police Provincial Office, NPC, PNP, Baler
  • Aurora Provincial Tourism Office (Suklayin)
    Aurora Provincial Tourism Office (Suklayin)
  • Baler Bay
    Baler Bay
  • Bust of Maria Aurora
    Bust of Maria Aurora

Notable people[edit]

Manuel Luis Quezon Monument in Baler, Aurora

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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