Avoparcin
![]() α-Avoparcin (R=H)
β-Avoparcin (R=Cl) | |
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3D model (JSmol)
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ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.048.588 |
E number | E715(antibiotics) |
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Properties | |
C89H102ClN9O36(α) C89H101Cl2N9O36(β) | |
Molar mass | 1909.254 (α) 1943.699 (β) |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in theirstandard state(at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Avoparcinis aglycopeptide antibioticeffective againstGram-positive bacteria.It has been used in agriculture as an additive to livestock feed to promote growth in chickens, pigs, and cattle.[1]It is also used as an aid in the prevention ofnecrotic enteritisin poultry.[1]
Avoparcin is a mixture of two closely related chemical compounds, known as α-avoparcin and β-avoparcin, which differ by the presence of an additional chlorine atom in β-avoparcin. Avoparcin also shares a chemical similarity withvancomycin.Because of this similarity, concern exists that widespread use of avoparcin in animals may lead to an increased prevalence of vancomycin-resistant strains of bacteria.[2][3][4][5]
Avoparcin was once widely used in Australia and the European Union, but it is currently not permitted in either.[1][6]It was never approved for use in the United States.[7]
References
[edit]- ^abc"Avoparcin".Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicine Authority. Archived fromthe originalon 2014-03-10.Retrieved2012-09-19.
- ^Acar, J.; Casewell, M.; Freeman, J.; Friis, C.; Goossens, H. (2000)."Avoparcin and virginiamycin as animal growth promoters: A plea for science in decision-making".Clinical Microbiology and Infection.6(9): 477–82.doi:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2000.00128.x.PMID11168181.
- ^Bager, F; Madsen, M; Christensen, J; Aarestrup, F.M (1997). "Avoparcin used as a growth promoter is associated with the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on Danish poultry and pig farms".Preventive Veterinary Medicine.31(1–2): 95–112.doi:10.1016/S0167-5877(96)01119-1.PMID9234429.S2CID4958557.
- ^Peter J Collignon(1999). "Vancomycin-resistant enterococci and use of avoparcin in animal feed: is there a link?".Med J Aust.171(3): 144–146.doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb123568.x.PMID10474607.S2CID24378463.
- ^Lauderdale, TL; Shiau, YR; Wang, HY; Lai, JF; Huang, IW; Chen, PC; Chen, HY; Lai, SS; Liu, YF (2007). "Effect of banning vancomycin analogue avoparcin on vancomycin-resistant enterococci in chicken farms in Taiwan".Environmental Microbiology.9(3): 819–23.Bibcode:2007EnvMi...9..819L.doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01189.x.PMID17298380.
- ^Commission Directive 97/6/EC of 30 January 1997 amending Council Directive 70/524/EEC concerning additives in feedingstuffs,Official Journal L 035, 05/02/1997 P. 0011-0013
- ^Alex Koppelman (Nov 7, 2007)."Is the way we raise our food giving us MRSA?".Salon.com.