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Avram Steuerman-Rodion

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Avram Steuerman-Rodion
Born(1872-11-30)November 30, 1872
Iași
DiedSeptember 19, 1918(1918-09-19)(aged 45)
Iași
Pen nameA. de la Iași, As., Aster, De la Iași, Leander, Rodion, A. Trestianu, Tristis
Occupationpoet, journalist, translator, physician, political activist
NationalityRomanian
Periodca. 1890-1918
Genreessay,lyric poetry,memoir,quatrain,short story,sonnet
Literary movementContemporanul

Avram Steuerman-Rodion,bornAdolf SteuermanorSteuermannand often referred to as justRodion(November 30, 1872 – September 19, 1918), was aRomanianpoet, anthologist, physician andsocialistjournalist. A member ofRomania's Jewish community,he was a lifelong militant forJewish emancipationandassimilation,noted for poems which attack the prevailingantisemitismof his day. For a while, he was active as a propagandist ofHovevei Zionideas among local Jews.

During the early stagesWorld War I,Rodion was a columnist atSearadaily, with articles which criticized Romania's prospects of joining theEntente Powers.Steuerman is himself described as aGermanophile,but, upon Romania's entry into the war in 1916, earned distinction on thelocal front.He committed suicide upondemobilization,following episodes ofclinical depression.

Married into the family of Jewish intellectualsMosesandElias Schwartzfeld,Steuerman-Rodion was thus related to poet-philosopherBenjamin Fondane,who was his literary pupil. Steuerman himself is often described as an obscure contributor toRomanian literature,but survives in cultural memory for having given a poetic voice to the ideals of Jewish integration.

Biography

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Early life and career

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A native ofIașicity, the historical capital ofMoldaviaregion, Steuerman was a graduate of the National High School.[1]He published his first poem inDrapelul,a Moldavian weekly, and debuted as a polemicist in the satirical journalPerdaful.[1]A passionate writer and, according to his friend Blumenfeld-Scrutator, "the prototype of journalistic refinement",[2]he moved on to establish his own newspaper. Addressed to the Moldavian Jews, it was calledRăsăritul( "The East" ), and stood forZionism.[3]Steuerman also contributed to the Iași gazetteJurnalul,an organ of aleft-wingpolitical movement spearheaded byGeorge Panu.Known under the pen nameAs.,he was a noted proponent of socialist literature anddidacticismin art, following the theories of socialist thinkerConstantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea.[4]

As a result, Steuerman had his works published in the Moldavian socialist review,Contemporanul.[5]He fought to defend Dobrogeanu-Gherea against dissident socialists, in particular against a pseudonymous critic,I. Saint Pierre.In November 1894, he andAnton BacalbașaofAdevăruldaily were each proposing ways to uncover Saint Pierre's real identity, and debating each other on the actual nature of Pierre's critique.[4]By then, Steuerman's own articles were being taken up byAdevărul.[6]As a correspondent, he was using a regional pen name:De la Iași,laterA. de la Iași.[7]

By 1893, Steuerman had enlisted at theUniversity of IașiFaculty of Medicine,[8]but was still preoccupied with literary studies. The Jewish printing house ofLazăr Șaragahosted Steuerman's selection ofRomanian literature,Autori români( "Romanian Authors" ). Published in or around 1893, it was divided into two volumes: the Anthology-proper and theChrestomathy.[9]Steuerman and Șaraga published a second edition in 1896.[10]Between these, Steuerman and his editor worked on translations from the work of philosopherVasile Conta,putting out theTheory of Universal Undulationin 1894, and theBasic Metaphysicsin 1896.[11]The same collaboration brought the posthumous edition of poems by the socialistTraian Demetrescu,published by Șaraga and prefaced by Steuerman,[12]and tales byCarmen Sylva,theQueen-consort of Romania.[13]

In Moldavia, Steuerman made his name writing for the moderate left-wing paperEvenimentul.Additionally, he worked with theEvenimenulmen Al. Stroja-Flișki and Ioan Dafin on the literary magazineCărticica Săptămânei.[14]Writing years later, Dafin called Rodion "one of [Romania's] most talented journalists". According to Dafin, he wrote with "amazing ease", and was involved on all aspects of creative work.[15]

In parallel, Steuerman was studying to become aDoctor of Medicine:beginning in autumn 1896, he furthered his medical studies in France.[16]Normally, this departure would have brought a hiatus in his journalistic activity. Steuerman compensated by mailing daily contributions toEvenimentul,and, as Dafin notes, "his absence from Iași was not at all felt by his readers."[17]Upon his return, he set up a medical practice in the city.[18]His thesis, on the treatment ofskin cancer,was eventually printed in 1898.[19]

His writing career was consecrated by several volumes oflyrical poetry—Sărăcie( "Poverty" ),Lirice( "Lyricals" ),Spini( "Thorns" )—, a volume of short stories—O toamnă la Paris( "An Autumn inParis")—, alibrettofor an opera aboutMoldavian PrincePetru Rareș,[20]and several translations. The latter work includes versions of plays or poems byTristan Bernard,Heinrich Heine,Victor Hugo,Ada Negri,Leo Tolstoyetc.[21]

In 1897, Steuerman was a contributor toNoutatea( "The Novelty" ), an independent daily published in Iași by the Jewish poet Berman Goldner-Giordano. This short-lived gazette had a relatively obscure history, and one of its contributors, the maverick socialistGarabet Ibrăileanureportedly forgot to mention it in all his later accounts of the period.[22]Its regular contributors were young supporters ofleft-wingideologies: alongside Steuerman and Giordano, they include poetMihail Codreanuand future juristEugen Heroveanu.[22]With Codreanu, Steuerman (who usually disguised his name under the signaturesRodion,Aster,LeanderandTristis) took charge of the literary column and the poetry section.[22]They were sporadically joined by other writers, among themLaura Vampa,Alexandru Toma,I. A. Bassarabescu,George Ranettietc.[22]

Rise to fame

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Steuerman focused on his work in the journalistic genre. In 1901, Goldner's edited a selection of his friend's contributions, asEle( "Them" ).[19]Four years later, Dacia publishers issued Rodion's critical essay about the classical Jewish humoristCilibi Moise.[19]At that stage, the Jewish writer was encountering resistance from the antisemitic literary movement in Moldavia. One such incident occurred when, asA. Trestianu,he published his poems in the magazineArhiva, Organul Societății Științifice și Literare.That collaboration ended abruptly, whenGheorghe Ghibănescu,the editor in chief, discovered that Trestianu was a Jew, and ordered his staff to destroy the physical evidence of Rodion's correspondence.[23]

In 1903,[24]Steuerman married Angela, daughter of Iași-based Jewish folklorist Moses Schwartzfeld, and was integrated into the Schwartzfeld family.[25]Rodion also became a literary chronicler atOrdinea( "The Order" ), published by theConservative-Democratic Party,and held a similar position atAlexandru Bădărău'sOpinia( "The Opinion" ). The latter employed him as its main editor for several years on end: Steuerman wrote three simultaneous columns inOpinia,[1]and (Dafin argues) was "the paper's true soul."[26]He was perpetually interested in new social and cultural developments, and enthusiastic about the birth of cinema, writing inOpiniaabout the coming demise of demise, and probably authoring theadvertorialsabout "moving-picture soirées" in Iași.[27]

During those years, Rodion began a cordial correspondence withIon Luca Caragiale,the self-exiled Romanian playwright. Himself a noted proponent of Jewish emancipation and Jewish Romanian literature, Caragiale viewed Steuerman as one of his best Jewish friends, a group which also includes Dobrogeanu-Gherea, dramatistRonetti Roman,journalistsBarbu BrănișteanuandEmil Fagure,[28]as well as Steuerman's own publisher Șaraga.[29]Around 1907, Caragiale publicly stated his admiration for Steuerman and Ronetti Roman. His words of praise irritatednationalisthistorianNicolae Iorga,who published the antisemitic reviewNeamul Românesc:in one of his articles for that magazine, Iorga reported that Caragiale was a sellout to Jewish interests.[30]Caragiale indirectly reacted to this accusation in 1908, when he satirized Iorga's scholarly ambitions with a mordantepigramthat was first published inConvorbiri Literare.[31]

Meanwhile, Rodion was becoming a Romanian expert on the poetry of Heinrich Heine. In 1910, he published a comparative study of Heine andÉdouard Grenier;a year later, the volumeComplicele lui Heine( "Heine's Accomplice" ).[19]His work established Rodion's reputation outside Moldavia: inTransylvania,criticIlarie Chendinoted that, withDumitru Karnabattand some others, the "fecund" Steuerman was still maintaining alive the tradition of cultural journalism.[32]Diversifying his contributions, he published inOpiniaandOrdineahis introductions to the work ofOscar Wilde.[33]Obtaining Caragiale's blessing, he regularly put outquatrainswith humorous commentary of political affairs.[34]Rodion also rallied withViața Socială,a left-wing paper put out inBucharestby the republican agitatorN. D. Cocea.[35]At Iași, he and Goldner-Giordano were invited to write for a regional newspaper of record,Gazeta Moldovei.[36]In 1912, Steuerman's review ofFrench-languagestudies of Romanian literature, fromTheodor CorneltoLéo Claretie,saw print in the newspaperRomânulofArad.[37]The same year, again signingA. Trestianu,he returned toArhivawith a translation from Carmen Sylva.[38]

Despite literary recognition, and probably because he was perceived as a foreigner, Steuerman was not invited to join the newly createdRomanian Writers' Society(SSR). He ridiculed the SSR'sxenophobiain a series of articles forOrdineaandOpinia.[39]His comments enlisted negative reactions in Chendi'sCumpănamagazine, where it was implied that Rodion risked awakening latent antisemitism, but were defended by his more liberal colleagues atNoua Revistă Română.[40]At around the same time, Rodion had become a sympathizer ofJosef B. Brocinerand his "Society of RomanianIsraelites"—a local branch ofHovevei Zionand one of Romania's firstJewish political associations.[41]

Steuerman befriended the much younger Benjamin Fondane (bornBenjamin Wechslerin 1898), to whom he was known asbădi( "uncle" ) Adolf or Adolphe.[42]Their camaraderie and kinship (Fondane was Moses Schwartzfeld's nephew) doubled as literary training: around 1912, when Fondane was aged 13, Steuerman reviewed his debut verse and encouraged him to continue.[43]Reportedly, Rodion also helped introduce his relative to the socialist circles of Iași.[44]

World War I

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During the first stage ofWorld War I,when theKingdom of Romaniamaintained its neutrality, Rodion grew close to the political circles comprisingGermanophiles,neutralist socialists orpacifists.Like his colleagues there, Rodion was not a keen supporter of making Romania part of theEntente camp;he looked with more sympathy toward theGerman Empireand theCentral Powers.[18]He was allied withPanait ZosinandSebastian Moruzzi,two left-wing dissidents from the Conservative-Democratic Party. Rodion contributed to Zosin's press organ,Îndrumarea,which advanced election reform and complete Jewish emancipation.[45]

In June 1915, Avram Steuerman was assigned a regular column inSeara,a Bucharest newspaper founded by Germanophile agitatorAlexandru Bogdan-Piteștiand purchased from him by a German cartel. TheSearapieces, which he signed as Rodion and collectively titledScrisori din Iași( "Letters from Iași" ), sought to depict the Moldavian state of affairs in lively colors, with noted stress on the spread of Germanophile sentiment.[18]They notably covered the conflicts between the academics of Bucharest and Iași, in particular the largely unsuccessful attempt ofUniversity of Bucharestenvoys to attract Iași University staff into a national pro-Entente organization. The project was opposed by the Germanophile group of former socialistConstantin Stereand rendered ineffectual when Stere's own rival, RectorMatei Cantacuzino,also advised against it.[46]

Drafted into theRomanian Land Forcesas amilitary physician,Rodion saw action throughout theRomanian Campaign,retreating with the army into Moldavia after Bucharest fell to the Germans. His activity in the besieged province is said to have been exemplary throughout the period;[18]in 1917, Rodion had reached the rank ofMajor.[47]Although he had discarded socialism, he was denounced as suspect following the leftist demonstration in Iași that was led byMax Wexler.Reportedly, he was assigned to a secluded army unit on theTazlău River,while his case was processed. He feared that a death squad would dispose of him, and became aninsomniac.[48]He was later stationed in the village ofCăiuți,where he read inOpiniathat Fondane's father Isac Wechsler had died. In a letter of condolence he addressed to the Wechslers, Rodion stated: "here [...] death stalks us with every step and makes us love life."[49]

After Romania signed aseparate peacewith the Central Powers, and following thedemobilizationof summer 1918, Steuerman returned to Iași. Back into civilian life, Rodion was, likeGeorge Topîrceanu,one of the combatants whom the war years had rendered even more critical of the Ententist option; from Moldavia, he sent his texts to be published in Stere's explicitly Germanophile review,Lumina,and, at the same time, began contributing toScena,the daily owned byconscientious objectorA. de Herz.[50]Luminahosted a second series of hisScrisori,beginning in June 1918.[18]During the same month, Rodion was also a correspondent of the short-lived leftist tribuneUmanitatea,launched in Iași by theBessarabianGermanophileAlexis Nour,and noted for its advocacy of total Jewish emancipation.[51]On July 27,Opiniapublished Steuerman's eulogistic commentary on the political essays of Stere's followerDimitrie D. Pătrășcanu;Pătrășcanu's text, grouped under the headlineVinovații( "The Guilty Ones" ), constituted an indictment of both the Entente and theNational Liberal Party,Romania's main Ententist group.[52]

Suicide

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Avram Steuerman-Rodion was haunted by memories of the war, and, according to historianLucian Boia,suffered episodes ofclinical depressionwhich he both concealed and left untreated.[18]He was also addicted tohypnotics.[53]His condition steadily deteriorating, Rodion became suicidal. On September 19, 1918, he died after intentionally overdosing onmorphine.[38]He left several manuscripts, such asFrontul vesel( "The Merry Front", a collection ofsonnets) andÎnsemnări din război( "Notes from the War" ).[54]

The news of Steuerman's suicide shocked his colleagues and friends in the political-literary community.[18]Homages and obituary pieces were printed in various Romanian press venues, includingLumina,ScenaandOpinia—the latter also featured a special commemorative piece by future novelistCezar Petrescu,La mormântul unui confrate( "At the Tomb of a Brother in Arms", September 26, 1918).[18]A year later, in his columns forScenadaily and the Zionist paperMântuirea,Fondane paid homage to his deceased uncle. These texts linked Rodion's suicide to desperation over the surge of antisemitism, to chronic insomnia, and togerontophobia.[55]

Literary contributions

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According to literary historianZigu Ornea,Rodion, a "minor poet",[55]was one of the young writers and activists instrumental in supporting the Romanian socialist patriarchConstantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea,who was at the time caught in an ideological dispute with the dominantconservativegroupJunimea.The other figures listed by Ornea in this context are Stere, Ibrăileanu,Dimitrie Anghel,Anton Bacalbașa,Traian Demetrescu,Emil Fagure,Raicu Ionescu-Rion,Sofia NădejdeandHenric Sanielevici.[56]In his earlierIstoria literaturii românesynthesis, the influential literary criticGeorge Călinescuchose to discuss Rodion and Berman Goldner-Giordano together, as two minor representatives of Dobrogeanu-Gherea's "tendentious art".[57]In his 1894 articles, Steuerman defined himself as an advocate of socialist-themed literature, admonishing his colleague Bacalbașa for having strayed away from this path.[4]

Steuerman-Rodion left literary works which bridged socialist tendentiousness with his own cultural priority,Jewish assimilation.One of his poems reflected his dual identity, rendered dichotomous by the spread ofantisemitism:

According to Fondane: "Rodion wanted to live. That is a habit people tend to have, and Rodion wanted life, the same as a leaf of grass or the bird of flight. The son of a people withsideburnsandrobes,that survives by assimilation with earthworms, with stones, with mankind, with plots of land, his force has bumped [...], like a fly, upon the wall of the world... "[55]Fondane noted that Rodion, with his "painfully Romanian style of writing" at a time when Zionism was still "vague", could only opt in favor of erasing his own Jewish identity.[55]Steuerman's Romanianpatriotism,frustrated by the antisemitic establishment, led him to write what are arguably his most-quoted lyrics:

Rodion's verses were described as particularly eloquent in depicting the misfortune of Jewish intellectuals who sought integration into Romanian society but were still rejected—the piece is called "agonizing" by Zigu Ornea,[55]and "immortal" by poet-essayistRadu Cosașu.[60]However, Romanian andIsraeliacademicMichael Shafirnoted that, with similar texts byRonetti Roman,Steuerman-Rodion's poem mostly reflected the disbelief with which Jewish intellectuals were reacting to the late-19th-century antisemitic barrage. According to Shafir, this reaction was an undignified "lament": "Steuerman-Rodion [...] sounds more like a lover rejected by his woman than a counter-combatant of the socialist persuasion".[59]

Steuerman won more admiration for his prose. Writing in 2010,Lucian Boianoted that Rodion'sScrisori din Iașiwere "a veritable chronicle", "minutely researched and written with talent".[18]Boia found the overall Germanophile bias ofScrisorito be palatable: "the impression they leave is that Iași was sharing in only too little measure the 'Ententist' pathos of Bucharest; an exaggeration of sorts, but also a fair amount of truth."[18]An old adversary,Nicolae Iorga,was particularly impressed by Rodion's memoirs from the battlefield. These, Iorga wrote in 1934, are "deeply sincere and truly emotional" notes.[61]

Legacy

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According to the overall verdict of George Călinescu, Rodion and Giordano were "insignificant" contributors toRomanian literature,exclusively preoccupied with "the Semitic drama".[57]In the same generation,Șerban Cioculescureviewed most such socialist poets as "second-rate" and "faint".[62]Such assessments were later issued by Michael Shafir, according to whom Rodion is "(justly) forgotten",[59]and Cosașu, who calls him "obscure".[60]

One to be influenced by Rodion was his own nephew Fondane: according to Ornea, it was Rodion and poetIacob Ashel Groperwho first got Fondane interested inJudaismas a distinct literary subject.[55]Fondane is also believed to have chosen the title of his column in the Zionist journalLumea Evree,Idei și oameni( "Ideas and People" ), as a quote from and homage to Steuerman.[63]In 1919, the same magazine hosted aphilosemiticessay by Romanian cultural promoterGala Galaction,which deplored the marginalization or persecution of Jewish writers, fromBarbu Nemțeanuto Rodion.[64]Excluding reprints in the various Romanian magazines, three posthumous selections of Rodion's work were published, as books, after the war:Frontul Roșu( "The Red Front", sonnets, 1920);Cartea Băiatului meu( "My Boy's Book", memoirs, 1924);Îndepărtări( "Detachments", essays, 1936).[65]

Rodion's political case resurfaced during polemics launched by the Romanian antisemites and the antisemiticfascists,down to the end ofWorld War II.Poet andPremierOctavian Gogaoutlined his self-declared hatred for the Jews and call for discriminatory policies in his political tracts, but, unusually in this context, stated that he held no such grudge against either Rodion or Ronetti Roman.[64]According to Radu Cosașu, Rodion's failure to integrate announced the similar drama of 1930s Jewish writerMihail Sebastian,who wanted to be perceived as Romanian but was in return vilified by thefar right.[60]In 1941, theauthoritarianregime ofIon Antonescupublished a directory of Jewish Romanian authors, living or deceased, whose work was officially banned: Steuerman was included, under the erroneous spellingSteverman.[66]

Although negative in substance, the brief profile published in George Călinescu'sIstoria...(first edition 1941), alongside other portraits of Jewish literary men and women, is sometimes referred to as an act of defiance to Antonescu's cultural pronouncements.[67]The goal of recovering Steuerman's contribution was consciously taken up by Jewish scholar andanarchistEugen Relgis,who wrote about him in one of his own literary essays.[68]

Notes

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  1. ^abcPodoleanu, p.303
  2. ^Blumenfeld-Scrutator, p.306
  3. ^Podoleanu, p.303, 305
  4. ^abc(in Romanian)Victor Durnea,"Enigmaticul I. Saint Pierre"Archived2018-10-30 at theWayback Machine,inCultura,Nr. 312, February 2011
  5. ^Cioculescuet al.,p.580
  6. ^Dafin, Vol. I, p.87; Podoleanu, p.303
  7. ^Dafin, Vol. I, p.87; Massoff, p.37; Podoleanu, p.304
  8. ^Massoff, p.37
  9. ^Călinescu, p.555, 978; Massoff, p.37, 57; Podoleanu, p.304
  10. ^(in Romanian)Cornelia Pillat,"Voluptatea lecturii"Archived2012-08-04 at theWayback Machine,inRomânia Literară,Nr. 35/1999
  11. ^Massoff, p.45-46; Podoleanu, p.305
  12. ^Cioculescuet al.,p.819
  13. ^Massoff, p.45
  14. ^Dafin, Vol. I, p.76
  15. ^Dafin, Vol. I, p.87-89
  16. ^Boia, p.318; Dafin, Vol. I, p.88
  17. ^Dafin, Vol. I, p.88
  18. ^abcdefghijBoia, p.318
  19. ^abcdPodoleanu, p.305
  20. ^(in Romanian)"Calendar. Aniversările și comemorările lunii septembrie",inRealitatea Evreiască,Nr. 302-303 (1102-1103), September 2008, p.20;"Calendar. Aniversările și comemorările lunii septembrie"Archived2012-03-20 at theWayback Machine,inRealitatea Evreiască,Nr. 324-325 (1124-1125), September 2009, p.16; Massoff, p.57, 58; Podoleanu, p.304-305
  21. ^Podoleanu, p.303-304, 305-306
  22. ^abcd(in Romanian)Victor Durnea,"Pseudonimele lui G. Ibrăileanu. Colaborator laNoutatea(Iași, 1897) "Archived2012-08-04 at theWayback Machine,inRomânia Literară,Nr. 11/2008
  23. ^Isac Ludo,Despre pseudonim,Editura Răspântia, Bucharest, 1947, p.23
  24. ^Zăstroiu, p.23
  25. ^Crăciun, p.147; Daniel, p.602
  26. ^Dafin, Vol. II, p.61
  27. ^Zăstroiu, p.23-25
  28. ^(in Romanian)Dan Mănucă,"Scrisorile lui Caragiale"Archived2011-09-27 at theWayback Machine,inConvorbiri Literare,August 2003
  29. ^(in Romanian)Vasile Iancu,"Înfațișările lui Caragiale în Iașii Junimii"Archived2011-09-27 at theWayback Machine,inConvorbiri Literare,November 2002
  30. ^Voicu, p.148
  31. ^Voicu, p.148-149
  32. ^(in Romanian)Ilarie Chendi,"Vieața literară în 1911 (o privire generală)",inLuceafărul,Nr. 3/1912, p.61 (digitized by theBabeș-Bolyai UniversityTranssylvanica Online Library)
  33. ^Oscar Wilde: A Romanian Bibliography of Secondary SourcesArchived2011-01-07 at theWayback Machine,atThe Oscholarsnetwork;retrieved February 22, 2011
  34. ^Blumenfeld-Scrutator, p.307, 309-310
  35. ^Angelo Mitchievici,Decadență și decadentism în contextul modernității românești și europene,Editura Curtea Veche,Bucharest, 2011, p.99.ISBN978-606-588-133-4
  36. ^Dafin, Vol. II, p.41
  37. ^(in Romanian)Rodion,"Literatura franco-română",inRomânul (Arad),Nr. 223/1912, p.9 (digitized by theBabeș-Bolyai UniversityTranssylvanica Online Library)
  38. ^abPodoleanu, p.304
  39. ^Durnea (2005),passim
  40. ^Durnea (2005), p.25, 27
  41. ^(in Romanian)"Joseph Brociner – un strălucit lider al evreilor români",inRealitatea Evreiască,Nr. 241 (1041), November–December 2005, p.10
  42. ^Daniel, p.602. See also Crăciun, p.147; Zăstroiu, p.23-24
  43. ^Daniel, p.602. See also Zăstroiu, p.24
  44. ^Crăciun, p.147
  45. ^Dafin, Vol. II, p.101-103, 108
  46. ^Boia, p.120
  47. ^Daniel, p.596
  48. ^Blumenfeld-Scrutator, p.307-308
  49. ^Daniel, p.596-597
  50. ^Boia, p.105, 318
  51. ^Boia, p.260
  52. ^Boia, p.267-270, 290, 318
  53. ^Blumenfeld-Scrutator, p.308
  54. ^Podoleanu, p.304, 305
  55. ^abcdef(in Romanian)Z. Ornea,"Iudaismul în eseistica lui Fundoianu"Archived2016-04-03 at theWayback Machine,inRomânia Literară,Nr. 48/1999
  56. ^Z. Ornea,Junimea și junimismul,Vol. II,Editura Minerva,Bucharest, 1998, p.357-358.ISBN973-21-0562-3
  57. ^abcCălinescu, p.555
  58. ^Călinescu, p.555; Podoleanu, p.308
  59. ^abc(in Romanian)Michael Shafir,"Un 'desuet' (sau actualitatea lui Ronetti Roman)"(II), inContemporanul,Nr. 9/2009
  60. ^abc(in Romanian)Radu Cosașu,"Acum 10 ani,Jurnalul,inDilema Veche,Nr. 154, January 2007
  61. ^Massoff, p.58
  62. ^Cioculescuet al.,p.580, 647
  63. ^Crăciun, p.151
  64. ^ab(in Romanian)George Voicu,"Antisemitismul literar românesc: ipostaze istorico-ideologice"Archived2011-07-04 at theWayback Machine,inE-LeonardoArchived2007-02-12 at theWayback Machine,Nr. 6; retrieved February 9, 2011
  65. ^Podoleanu, p.304, 305, 390
  66. ^Rotman, p.174-175
  67. ^Rotman, p.175-177
  68. ^(in Romanian)Leon Volovici,"Prolog la suplimentul 'Eugen Relgis'. Eseurile despre iudaism ale lui Eugen Relgis",inRealitatea Evreiască,Nr. 306-307 (1106-1107), October–November 2008, p.11

References

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