Avro Type D

Type D
An Avro Type D equipped as afloatplane.This particular aircraft made its first flight on 18 November 1911.
Role	Experimental aircraft
Manufacturer	Avro
Designer	Alliott Verdon Roe
First flight	1 April 1911
Number built	7

TheAvro Type Dwas an aircraft built in 1911 by the pioneer British aircraft designerA.V. Roe.Roe had previously built and flown several aircraft atBrooklands,most being tractor layout triplanes. The Type D was his first biplane.

Design

The Type D was the firstbiplanedesign byA.V. Roe.Like his earlier aircraft, theRoe IV Triplane,it was oftractor (aircraft)configuration and had a triangular sectionashfuselage, divided in two-halves bolted together behind the cockpit for ease of transportation. The highaspect ratiowings were braced in an irregular three-baylayout, the interval between the pairs of interplane struts increasing from the centre section outwards. Lateral control was bywing warping.The wing was mounted directly to the lowerlongeronof the fuselage, at the front of which was the 35 hp (26 kW)Greenwater-cooled engine, with the radiator mounted flat behind it in the direction of travel under the upper wing, between the fuselage and upper wing. Behind this a small coaming protected the passenger, with the pilot sitting behind. Theempennagewas similar to that of the Roe IV, with a low-mounted D-shaped rudder behind a small rectangular fixed fin and a large triangular tailplane bearing D-shaped elevators. The undercarriage had two forward-projecting skids, each mounted with a pair of wheels on a short axle.

Operational history

The Type D was first flown atBrooklandson 1 April 1911, piloted not by Roe but byC.H. Pixton,who reported that it was easy and pleasant to fly.This assessment was confirmed a few days later when Lt.Wilfred Parkesucceeded in flying it the length of Brooklands on his first attempt at flying an aircraft.On 12 May Pixton flew the aircraft to Hendon to give a demonstration of the aircraft before the Parliamentary Aerial Defence Committee. During this occasionC.R. Samsonwas taken for a flight as a passenger, and A.V. Roe made his first solo flight in the aircraft. After Pixton had made a number of other flights, in June the aircraft was sold for £700 to CdrOliver Schwannof the Naval Airship TenderHermione.It was sent by rail to Barrow-in-Furness, where Schwann converted it to afloatplane.

The second example built was a modified version, intended to compete in the £10,000Daily MailCircuit of Britain Race.As with all subsequent aircraft, the fuselage was lengthened by 2 ft (0.6 m). The central single radiator was replaced by a pair of panels mounted vertically along either side of the fuselage, and the lower wings were reduced in span, the overhang being braced by a pair of diagonal struts on either side. It was powered by a 60 hp 45 kWE.N.V.Type F. This was flown by R.C. Kemp, who was to fly it in the race. It proved to be fast, but the engine tended to overheat and the rate of climb was poor when loaded. Without Roe's approval, extensions were fitted to the lower wings, bringing them back to the original configuration. While making a short trial flight on the morning of the race, Kemp was making a fairly steep dive when the left-hand wing extension failed. The aircraft spun in from 150 ft (46 m): the aircraft was wrecked, but Kemp was unhurt.

Floatplane development

Cdr Schwann covered the rear section of the fuselage, modified the tailplane, moved the radiator to a position lying flat over the wing centre section and a series of experimental floats were lashed to the skids. Taxying trials were carried out in the Cavendish Dock using narrow flat-bottomed floats. On 18 November 1911, flown by Cdr Schwann it became the first seaplane to take off from British sea water.It was reconstructed in 1912 as the Royal Aircraft Factory H.R.E.3 and was later flown as a landplane in 1913.

Specifications

Data from

General characteristics

• Crew:1
• Capacity:1 passenger
• Length:28 ft 0 in (8.53 m)
• Wingspan:31 ft 0 in (9.45 m)
• Height:9 ft 2 in (2.79 m)
• Wing area:310 sq ft (29 m²)
• Gross weight:500 lb (227 kg)
• Powerplant:1 ×Green C.44-cylinder water-cooled in-line piston engine, 35 hp (26 kW)
• Propellers:2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller

Performance

• Maximum speed:49 mph (79 km/h, 43 kn)

References

• World Aircraft Information Files.London: Bright Star Publishing. pp. File 889 Sheet 92.
• Lewis, PBritish Aircraft 1809–1914.London, Putnam, 1962
• Jackson, A.J.Avro Aircraft Since 1908.London, Putnam, 1965

External links

• painting of a 1911 Type D in flight