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Azerbaijan–Israel relations

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Azerbaijan–Israel relations
Map indicating locations of Israel and Azerbaijan

Israel
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan's PresidentIlham Aliyevand Israeli PresidentIsaac Herzogin Baku, May 2023

AzerbaijanandIsraelbegan diplomatic relations in 1992 following Azerbaijan's independence from theSoviet Union.[1]Azerbaijanis one of the majorityMuslimcountries, alongsideTurkey,Egypt,Bahrain,United Arab Emirates,Jordan,Kosovo,Morocco,Albania,and the otherformer Soviet republicsto develop bilateral, strategic and economic relations with Israel.

Azerbaijan has been strengthening its ties with Israel since 2011, and in 2022, it announced that it would be opening an embassy in Israel, marking the 30th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the two states.[2]

History

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Early years

[edit]
Azerbaijani stamp commemorating the 3000th anniversary of Jerusalem.

On October 18, 1991, the declaration of the Parliament of Azerbaijan restored the country's independence, and in November 1991 Turkey became the first state to formally recognize it.[3]On December 25, 1991, Israel formally recognized the independence of Azerbaijan,[4]becoming one of the first states to do so, and established diplomatic relations with the country on April 7, 1992.[4]During theNagorno-Karabakh conflictbetween Armenia and Azerbaijan, Israel funded and provided weapons and artillery to Azerbaijan.[5]

Azerbaijan is home to some 30,000Jews,residing primarily inBakuand theQırmızı Qəsəbəsettlement in theQubadistrict ofAzerbaijan.[6]Mountain Jewshave been living inAzerbaijanfor close to 1,500 years; they are the descendants ofPersian Jews.During the conquest by theIslamic Caliphate,Arabs settled an allied Jewish tribe in the neighborhoods ofBaku;in 1730, Jews were officially allowed the right of residence and property ownership rights in Quba.[7]There are also nearly 5,000Ashkenazi Jewsliving mostly inBaku.The first JewishSochnutschool in the Soviet Union was opened in 1982 inBaku,then capital ofAzerbaijan SSR.

21st century

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According to a 2009leaked U.S. diplomatic cable,Azerbaijan's President Ilham Aliyev once compared his country's relationship with Israel to aniceberg:"Nine-tenths of it is below the surface."[8]

In 2009, Israeli PresidentShimon Peresmade a visit to Azerbaijan where military relations were expanded further, with the Israeli companyAeronautics Defense Systems Ltdannouncing it would build a factory inBaku.[9]

Azerbaijan was visited by David Harris, executive director of theAmerican Jewish Committee,in July 2010, shortly after the visit ofHillary Clintonto Baku. During the reception, Harris said Azerbaijan presented cultural, strategic and political importance.[10]

In 2010, Azerbaijani PresidentIlham Aliyevissued a decree banning the issue of visas in the country's international airports; foreigners henceforth had to apply for visas at the nearest Azerbaijani consulate. Israel and Turkey were the only two countries whose citizens were unaffected by the new law.[11]

In 2016, Israel's Defence MinisterAvigdor Liebermansupported the position of Azerbaijan in the2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict,calling it "absolutely justified".[12]Furthermore, Lieberman heldArmeniaresponsible for provoking the conflict in April 2016.[citation needed]

A delegation of theWorld Jewish Congressvisited Azerbaijan in September 2016; during the talks with the Azerbaijani PresidentIlham Aliyevemphasis was put on "excellent" relations withIsraeland theJewish community.[13][14]

Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuand Azerbaijan's PresidentIlham Aliyevin Baku, December 2016

In December 2016, Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahupaid an official visit to Baku. During the visit he emphasized that "Israel and Azerbaijan enjoy an excellent relationship and warm friendship".[15]During the visit Netanyahu visited theAlley of Martyrsand paid tribute to Azerbaijani heroes.[16]He also visited theOhr Avner Chabad Day School,met with the local Jewish community and gave a speech before students.[17][18]Press statements made by the President of AzerbaijanIlham Aliyevand the Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahualso showed satisfaction with the bilateral cooperation of the two countries.[19][20]Later that month, the Azerbaijan-Israel intergovernmental agreement on air communication was signed.[21]

In December 2016, Israeli journalist Alexander Lapshin was arrested in Belarus at the request of Azerbaijan due to his visit to Nagorno-Karabakh. Despite protests from Israel, the Council of Europe, the UN Human Rights Committee and human rights organizations, Lapshin was extradited to Azerbaijan. By decision of the Baku criminal court he was sentenced to 3 years in prison. Immediately after the trial, under unclear circumstances, the journalist was assaulted by fellow inmates in prison, as a result of which he was taken to the hospital in critical condition. Immediately after this incident, the President of Azerbaijan issued a decree pardoning the convicted Israeli. Later, by a decision of the European Court of Human Rights dated May 21, 2021, the Azerbaijani authorities were found guilty of illegal arrest, cruel torture and organizing an attempted murder against Lapshin.[22][23][24]

Azerbaijan was visited by John Shapiro, executive director of theAmerican Jewish Committee,in January 2017, shortly after the visit ofBenjamin Netanyahuto Baku. During the reception, Shapiro said that constructive partnership between Azerbaijan, United States, and Israel has a big significance.[25]

In 2017, anAzerbaijani laundromatmoney-launderingscheme organized by Azerbaijan was uncovered, revealing that, between 2012 and 2014, Azerbaijan created aslush fundof $2.9 billion used to bribe European and American politicians, journalists, lawmakers, and academics to lobby for Azerbaijani interests abroad. One of the primary agendas of the laundromat was to portray Azerbaijan as "a role model for multicultural tolerance". In particular, Israeli and Jewish organizations in the United States and Europe were used to present Azerbaijan as "a trusted Muslim partner of Israel and the Jewish people". German and French lobbyists bribed by the laundromat frequently sought to portray Azerbaijan as a friend of Israel. ThePodesta Group,an American lobbying firm paid $60,000 per month by the Azerbaijani government, contacted pro-Israel groups such asAIPACandJINSAon behalf of Azerbaijan.[26]

April 2017 marked the 25th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between Israel and Azerbaijan.[27][28]A congratulatory letter to the President of AzerbaijanIlham Aliyevfrom the Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuincluded:[29][30]

Israel is proud to have been one of the first nations to recognize the independent Republic of Azerbaijan. In the quarter-century since, our countries have built a solid relationship based on genuine friendship between the Jewish and Azerbaijani peoples.... Azerbaijan is a model of inter-faith and multicultural harmony in an area fraught with religious and ethnic rivalries. Like you, Israel is a beacon of stability and tolerance in an unstable region. Despite the challenges we face, we have both succeeded in creating thriving economies and vibrant, prosperous and peace-seeking societies.

Israeli–Azerbaijani ties strengthened since the very early 1990s. The strategic relationship included cooperation in trade and security matters, cultural and educational exchanges, etc. Relations entered a new phase in August 1997 during the visit of the then Israeli prime ministerBenjamin Netanyahuto Baku. Since then Israel has been developing closer ties with Azerbaijan and has helped modernize the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan. The Israeli military has been a major provider of battlefield aviation, artillery, anti-tank, and anti-infantry weaponry to Azerbaijan.[31][32]

In March 2017, several regional tours were made by the Israeli envoy to Azerbaijan to deepen economic cooperation in the spheres of economy, agriculture, and tourism:[33]Azerbaijan and Israel abolisheddouble taxationbetween the two countries in April 2017.[34]

During his speech at the 72nd session of the UN General Assembly on September 19, 2017, Netanyahu mentioned the expansion of cooperation between the two countries.[35]

In January 2019, theState Border Serviceof Azerbaijan purchased SkyStriker kamikazes from Israel'sElbit Systems.Azerbaijan became the first foreign buyer of SkyStrikers.[36]

During the2020 Nagorno-Karabakh warwithArmenia,Azerbaijan deployed Israeli-made weapons on Armenian targets.[37]In March 2023 Azerbaijan opened its embassy in Israel.[38]

In February 2024, Azerbaijani President Aliyev met with Israeli President Herzog, reaffirming bilateral relations between Israel and Azerbaijan amid the ongoingIsrael–Hamas war.[39]Azerbaijan is amajor oil supplierto Israel and has resisted pressure to cut ties with Israel over the Gaza war.[40]

Security relations

[edit]
Azerbaijani President Aliyev with Israeli President Herzog at the60th Munich Security Conference,16 February 2024

Following an October 2001 meeting with Israeli ambassador Eitan Naeh, Azerbaijan's then-presidentHeydar Aliyevdeclared that the two countries had identical positions in the fight against international terrorism.[41]Israeli intelligence helps collect human intelligence about what they view as extremist organizations in the region. One of the groups,Hizb ut-Tahrir,which seeks the annihilation of the state of Israel, threatens both Jerusalem and Baku. Hizb ut-Tahrir is suspected of having several hundred members in Azerbaijan, and several its members were arrested and prosecuted by Azerbaijani authorities.[42]

In 2008, a plot was foiled to bomb the Israeli Embassy in Baku, which is located in a high-rise building along with the Thai and Japanese embassies. TwoHezbollahmilitants went on trial for the attempt in May 2009.[43]Local police narrowly averted the potential disaster, which involved placing three or four car bombs around the high-rise complex to carry out the attack. Groups planned the bombing in retaliation for the 2008 assassination inDamascus,Syriaof Hezbollah's second in commandImad Mughniyah,which the Lebanese group blamed on Israel. News reports suggestedIranwas involved in the plan as well.[44]

Alleged cooperation against Iran

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Further information:Azerbaijan–Iran relations

Some analysts consider that both Israel and Azerbaijan seeIranas an existential threat. Azerbaijan fears Iranian Islamist influence, but Iran fears Azerbaijan, too, as up to 18 million Iranians are ethnic Azeris. On the other hand, Azerbaijan has close links withTurkey,and the post-2006 worsening ofIsrael–Turkey relationsmay have repercussions on Azerbaijan's relations with Israel.[45]

In February 2012, Iran rebuked Azerbaijan for allegedly aiding anti-Iranian activities by Israel'sMossadintelligence agency.[46]A few weeks later Azerbaijan arrested 22 people in a suspected Iranian plot against Israeli and US targets in Azerbaijan.[47]In March 2012, the magazineForeign Policyreported that theIsraeli Air Forcemay be preparing to use Azerbaijan’sSitalchay Military Airbase,located 500 km (340 miles) from the Iranian border, for air strikes against thenuclear program of Iran.[8]

On March 29, 2012, officials[who?]stated that Israel was granted access to air bases in Azerbaijan through a "series of quiet political and military understandings." According toHaaretz,these airbases could potentially be used in a strike against Iran over its nuclear program and other tensions with Iran, and would be allowed by Azerbaijan.[48]Israeli and Azerbaijani officials denied these reports.[49][50]

On September 30, 2012, it was reported that Azerbaijan and Israel jointly examined the use of Azerbaijani air bases and spy drones to help Israeli jets perform a long-range strike on Iran. This would help Israel concerning issues with refueling, reconnaissance, and rescuing crews, and could make an attack more feasible.[51]The plan involves using an Israeli tanker aircraft painted in the colors of a third country airline company that would land and refuel in Azerbaijan and then refuel the Israeli strike aircraft.[52]

According to media reports, Azerbaijan was allegedly the final destination of thousands of top secret documents regarding Iran's nuclear weapons program stolen during aJanuary 2018 covert operationcarried out byMossadagents on a warehouse on the southern outskirts of Tehran.[53]

Israeli arms exports to Azerbaijan

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In 2012, Israel and Azerbaijan signed an agreement according to which state-runIsrael Aerospace Industrieswould sell $1.6 billion in drones and anti-aircraft and missile defense systems to Azerbaijan.[54]

Israel is an important exporter of arms to Azerbaijan. According to research of theStockholm International Peace Research Institute,Israel accounted for 27 percent of Azerbaijan's major arms imports from 2011 to 2020 and from 2016 to 2020, Israel accounted for 69 percent of Azerbaijan's major arms imports.[55]In 2023, the two countries signed a deal for Israel to supply Azerbaijan with two satellites for $120 million[56]as well as purchase the "Barak MX" missile interception system for $1.2 billion.[57]

Trade relations

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Economic cooperation between Israel and Azerbaijan has been growing significantly. As Azerbaijan deregulated its industries and liberalized its economy in the early 1990s, Israeli companies penetrated Azerbaijani markets.[58]Many companies have invested in the service industry. One example isBezeq,a major Israeli telecommunication provider. Through a trade contract bid in 1994, Bezeq bought a large share of the telephone operating system.[59]Today it installs phone lines and operates regional services throughout much of the country. Another company, Bakcell, was started as a joint venture between the Ministry of Communication of Azerbaijan and GTIB (Israel)[60]in early 1994 as the first cellular telephone operator in the country. Dozens of Israeli companies are active in the Azerbaijani energy sector. For instance, Modcon Systems Ltd., an Israel-based supplier of high technology to the oil and gas industries, opened a branch in Azerbaijan.[citation needed]In March 2021, Israeli defense company Meteor Aerospace teamed up with Caspian Ship Building Company (CSBC) of Azerbaijan to jointly offer advanced defense solutions to meet the Eurasian country's national needs.[61]

Between 2000 and 2005, Israel has risen from being Azerbaijan's tenth-largest trading partner to its fifth. According to U.N. statistics, between 1997 and 2004, exports from Azerbaijan to Israel increased from barely over US$2 million to $323 million, fueled in recent years by the high price of oil.[62]As of 2013, 40 percent of oil to Israel is exported from Baku, which makes Azerbaijan Israel's largest oil supplier.[63]

Azerbaijan and Israel abolisheddouble taxationbetween countries in April 2017.[64]"Defense and energy sectors apart, the bilateral trade between the two countries amounted to $260 million in 2016," said the Israeli ambassador to Azerbaijan.[65]According to theState Customs Committee of Azerbaijan,the total trade turnover between Azerbaijan and Israel amounted to $116.2 million in January–February 2017, which is 17.5 percent more compared to the same period of 2016.[64]

In 2020 trade between Azerbaijan and Israel was approximately 200 million US dollars (besides oil supplies).[66]

On July 29, 2021, the Trade and Tourism Representative Office of Azerbaijan was founded in Tel Aviv.[67]

Energy

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Azerbaijan and Israel cooperate closely in the field of energy: Israel buys 40 percent of its oil from Azerbaijan.[68][69]

In a 2007 speech, the Israeli ambassador to Azerbaijan,Arthur Lenk,spoke of continuous trade between Azerbaijan and Israel in the energy sector. He noted that until the inauguration of theBaku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipelinein 2006, Israel was a key consumer of Azerbaijani oil exports and that the proximity of Ceyhan to Israel offers excellent new opportunities for greater Israeli participation in this sector of the economy, thus creating additional areas for collaboration and mutual benefit. He underlined that through theTrans-Israel pipelinebetweenAshkelonandEilat,Israel could be a strategic partner for marketing Caspian oil to Asia. Israeli efforts in developing alternative energy resources, especially solar energy, were also mentioned. Israel additionally seeks possibilities of importing gas from theCaspian Searegion.[70]

In December 2016, during his visit to Azerbaijan, the Prime Minister of IsraelBenjamin Netanyahusaid: "Today we are negotiating not only for the supply of Azerbaijani oil, but also imports of Azerbaijani gas to Israel".[19][20]In 2021 it was estimated that Israel imported 65 percent of its oil from Azerbaijan.[71]

Resident diplomatic missions

[edit]
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy inTel Aviv.
  • Israel has an embassy inBaku.

See also

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References

[edit]
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Further reading

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