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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
FormerlyRapp Moterenwerke AG
Company typePublic(Aktiengesellschaft)
FWB:BMW
DAXcomponent
IndustryAutomotive
Predecessors
Founded27 October 1913;110 years ago(1913-10-27)(asRapp Motorenwerke)
FounderKarl Rapp
Headquarters,
Germany
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Products
Production output
  • Decrease2,382,305 cars (2022)
  • Increase215,932 motorcycles (2022)[1]
Brands
ServicesCar-sharing services, financing, leasing, insurance and other financial services
RevenueIncrease142.610billion(2022)[1]
Increase€23.509billion (2022)[1]
Increase€18.582billion (2022)[1]
Total assetsIncrease€246.926billion (2022)[1]
Total equityIncrease€91.288billion (2022)[1]
Owners
Number of employees
149,475 (2022)[1]
Website

Bayerische Motoren Werke AG,commonly abbreviated toBMW(German pronunciation:[ˌbeːʔɛmˈveː]), is a German multinational manufacturer ofluxury vehiclesandmotorcyclesheadquartered inMunich,Bavaria,Germany. The company was founded in 1916 as a manufacturer ofaircraft engines,which it produced from 1917 to 1918 and again from 1933 to 1945 creating engines for aircraft that were used in theSecond World War.

Automobiles are marketed under the brands BMW,MiniandRolls-Royce,and motorcycles are marketed under the brandBMW Motorrad.In 2017, BMW was the world'sfourteenth-largest producer of motor vehicles,with 2,279,503 vehicles produced[3]and in 2022 the 7th largest by revenue.[4]In 2023, the company was ranked 46th in theForbes Global 2000.[5]The company has significant motor-sport history, especially intouring cars,sports cars,and theIsle of Man TT.

BMW isheadquartered in Munichand produces motor vehicles in Germany, Brazil, China, India, Mexico, the Netherlands (ceased in 2023),[6]South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. TheQuandt family[de]is a long-term shareholder of the company, following investments by the brothersHerbertandHarald Quandtin 1959 that saved BMW frombankruptcy,with the remaining shares owned bythe public.

History

[edit]

TheOtto Flugmaschinenfabrikwas founded in 1910 byGustav Ottoin theKingdom of Bavaria,which was a state of theGerman Empire.The firm was reorganized on 7 March 1916 intoBayerische Flugzeugwerke AG.This company was then renamed toBayerische Motoren Werke(BMW) in 1922. However, the name BMW dates back to 1913, when a company to use the name was founded byKarl Rappinitially asRapp Motorenwerke.The name andRapp Motorenwerke's engine-production assets were transferred toBayerische Flugzeugwerkein 1922, who adopted the name the same year.[7]BMW's first product was produced for fighter aircraft of theLuftstreitkräfte.It was a straight-six aircraft engine called theBMW IIIa,designed in the spring of 1917 by engineerMax Friz.Following the end of World War I, BMW remained in business by producing motorcycle engines, agricultural equipment, household items, and railway brakes. The company produced its first motorcycle, theBMW R 32,in 1923.

BMW became an automobile manufacturer in 1928 when it purchased Fahrzeugfabrik Eisenach, which, at the time, built theAustin 7under licence fromDixi.[8]The first car sold as a BMW was a rebadgedBMW Dixicalled theBMW 3/15,following BMW's acquisition of the car manufacturer Automobilwerk Eisenach. Throughout the 1930s, BMW expanded its range into sports cars and larger luxury cars.

Aircraft engines, motorcycles, and automobiles would be BMW's main products until World War II. During the war, BMW concentrated on theBMW 801aircraft engine using as many as 40,000 slave laborers.[9]These consisted primarily of prisoners fromNazi concentration camps,most prominentlyDachau.Motorcycles remained as a side-line and automobile manufacture ceased altogether.

BMW's factories were heavily bombed during the war and its remaining West German facilities were banned from producing motor vehicles or aircraft after the war. Again, the company survived by making pots, pans, and bicycles. In 1948, BMW restarted motorcycle production. BMW resumed car production in Bavaria in 1952 with theBMW 501luxury saloon. The range of cars was expanded in 1955, through the production of the cheaperIsettamicrocar under licence. Slow sales of luxury cars and small profit margins from microcars meant BMW was in serious financial trouble and in 1959 the company was nearly taken over by rival Daimler-Benz.[citation needed]

A large investment in BMW byHerbert QuandtandHarald Quandtresulted in the company surviving as a separate entity.Günther Quandt,was a well-known German industrialist, joined theNazi partyin 1933 and made a fortune arming the German Wehrmacht, manufacturing weapons and batteries.[10]Many of his enterprises were appropriated from Jewish owners under duress with minimal compensation. At least three of his enterprises made extensive use of slave laborers, as many as 50,000 in all.[11]One of his battery factories had its own on-site concentration camp, complete with gallows. Life expectancy for laborers was six months.[11][12]While Quandt and BMW were not directly connected during the war, funds amassed in the Nazi era by his father allowed Herbert Quandt to buy BMW.[9]

The relative success of the smallBMW 700assisted in the company's recovery, allowing them to develop the New Class sedans.

1972BMW 5 Series(1st generation)

The 1962 introduction of theBMW New Classcompact sedans was the beginning of BMW's reputation as a leading manufacturer of sport-oriented cars. Throughout the 1960s, BMW expanded its range by adding coupé and luxury sedan models. TheBMW 5 Seriesmid-size sedan range was introduced in 1972, followed by theBMW 3 Seriescompact sedans in 1975, theBMW 6 Seriesluxury coupés in 1976 and theBMW 7 Serieslarge luxury sedans in 1978.

TheBMW Mdivision released its first road car, a mid-engine supercar, in 1978. This was followed by theBMW M5in 1984 and theBMW M3in 1986. Also in 1986, BMW introduced its first V12 engine in the 750i luxury sedan. The 1989BMW Z1marked BMW's return to making a two-seat roadster, the 1995BMW Z3was their first mass-production two-seat roadster, and the 1999BMW X5was the company's first entry into the SUV market.

The company purchased theRover Groupin 1994, but the takeover was not successful and caused BMW large financial losses. In 2000, BMW sold off most of the Rover brands, retaining only the Mini brand. In 1998, BMW also acquired the rights to the Rolls-Royce brand fromVickers.

The first modern mass-produced turbocharged petrol engine was introduced in 2006 (from 1973 to 1975, BMW built 1,672 units of a turbochargedBMW M10engine for theBMW 02 Series),[13]with most engines switching over to turbocharging over the 2010s. The first hybrid BMW was the 2010BMW ActiveHybrid 7,and BMW's first mass-production electric car was theBMW i3city car, which was released in 2013, (from 1968 to 1972, BMW built two battery-electricBMW 1602 Elektrosaloons for the 1972 Olympic Games).[14]After many years of establishing a reputation for sporting rear-wheel drive cars, BMW's firstfront-wheel drivecar was the 2014BMW 2 Series Active Tourermulti-purpose vehicle (MPV).

21st century

[edit]

In January 2021, BMW announced that its sales in 2020 fell by 8.4 percent due to the impact ofCOVID-19 pandemicrestrictions. However, in the fourth quarter of 2020, BMW witnessed a rise of 3.2% in its customers' demands.[15]

On 18 January 2022 BMW announced a BMW 7 Series (G11) special edition simply called "The Final V12",[16]the last BMW series production vehicle to be fitted with a V-12 engine.[16]

On 5 October 2023 it was announced that BMW UK CEOChris Brownridgewould succeedTorsten Müller-Ötvösas the CEO of Rolls-Royce starting 1 December 2023, as a result of Müller-Ötvös retiring.[17]

Branding

[edit]
BMW badge on a 1931Dixi
1970BMW 2002tiGarmisch concept

Company name

[edit]

BMW is an abbreviation forBayerische Motoren Werke(German pronunciation:[ˈbaɪ̯ʁɪʃəmɔˈtʰɔʁn̩ˈvɛɐ̯kə]). This name is grammatically incorrect (in German, compound words must not contain spaces), which is why the grammatically correct form of the name,Bayerische Motorenwerke(German pronunciation:[ˈbaɪ̯ʁɪʃəmɔˈtʰɔʁn̩vɛɐ̯kə]) has been used in several publications and advertisements in the past.[18][19]Bayerische Motorenwerketranslates into English asBavarian Motor Works.[20]The suffix AG, short forAktiengesellschaft,signifies an incorporated entity owned by shareholders, thus akin to "Inc." (US) or PLC, "Public Limited Company" (UK).

The terms Beemer, Bimmer and Bee-em are sometimes used asslangfor BMW in the English language[21][22]and are sometimes used interchangeably for cars and motorcycles.[23][24][25]

[edit]

The circular blue and white BMW logo orroundelevolved from the circularRapp Motorenwerkecompany logo, which featured a black ring bearing the company name surrounding the company logo,[26]an image of a horse head on a plinth. BMW retained Rapp's black ring inscribed with the company name, but the interior of the ring is quartered blue and white, reminiscent of thecoat of armsandflag of Bavaria(which in turn are based on the arms of the historicHouse of Wittelsbach,whichruled Bavariafor many centuries).[26]The logo does not bear the distinctive lozenge shape found on the coat of arms, however, as local laws at the time it was introduced forbade the use of state coats of arms on commercial logos.[27]

A persistent myth claims that the logo is based on the image of an airplane propeller spinning in a blue sky. This myth likely stems from a 1929 BMW advertisement that depicted the logo superimposed on a rotating propeller. However, the logo predates that advertisement by 12 years.[26][28]

The current iteration of the logo was introduced in 2020,[29]removing 3D effects that had been used in previous renderings of the logo while removing the black outline encircling the rondel. The logo is used for BMW's branding communications but it is not used on vehicles.[30][31]

Slogan

[edit]

The slogan 'The Ultimate Driving Machine' was first used in North America in 1974.[32][33]In 2010, this long-lived campaign was mostly supplanted by a campaign intended to make the brand more approachable and to better appeal to women, 'Joy'. By 2012 BMW had returned to 'The Ultimate Driving Machine'.[34]

Finances

[edit]
Sales by region (2022)[35]
Region share
China 29.4%
Rest of Europe 25.3%
United States 20.2%
Germany 10.8%
Rest of Asia 9.0%
Rest of Americas 3.5%
Rest of the World 2.0%
Sales by business unit (2022)[35]
Region share
Automotive 74.2%
Financial services 23.5%
Motorcycles 2.2%

In November 2018, BMW's shares traded at over €77 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US 55.3 billion.[36]

The key trends of the BMW Group are (as at the financial year ending December 31):[37][38]

Year Revenue
(€ bn)
Net income
(€ bn)
Total assets
(€ bn)
Employees
2011 68.8 4.8 123 100,306
2012 76.8 5.0 131 105,876
2013 76.0 5.3 138 110,351
2014 80.4 5.7 154 116,324
2015 92.1 6.3 172 122,244
2016 94.1 6.8 188 124,729
2017 98.6 8.6 193 129,932
2018 97.4 7.1 208 134,682
2019 104 4.9 241 133,778
2020 98.9 3.7 216 120,726
2021 111 12.3 229 118,909
2022 142 17.9 246 149,475

Motorcycles

[edit]
TheR32motorcycle,the first BMWmotor vehicle,at theBMW MuseuminMunich
The 2015BMW R1200RT

BMW began production of motorcycle engines and then motorcycles after World War I.[39]Its motorcycle brand is now known asBMW Motorrad.Their first successful motorcycle after the failed Helios and Flink, was the "R32"in 1923, though production originally began in 1921.[40]This had a "boxer"twin engine, in which a cylinder projects into the air-flow from each side of the machine. Apart from their single-cylinder models (basically to the same pattern), all their motorcycles used this distinctive layout until the early 1980s. Many BMW's are still produced in this layout, which is designated theR Series.

The entire BMW Motorcycle production has, since 1969, been located at the company's Berlin-Spandau factory.

During the Second World War, BMW produced theBMW R75motorcycle with a motor-drivensidecarattached, combined with a lockabledifferential,this made the vehicle very capable off-road.[41][42]

In 1982, came theK Series,shaft drive but water-cooled and with either three or four cylinders mounted in a straight line from front to back. Shortly after, BMW also started making the chain-drivenFandGseries with single and parallel twinRotaxengines.

In the early 1990s, BMW updated theairheadBoxer engine which became known as theoilhead.In 2002, the oilhead engine had two spark plugs per cylinder. In 2004 it added a built-in balance shaft, an increased capacity to 1,170 cc (71 cu in) and enhanced performance to 75 kW (101 hp) for theR1200GS,compared to 63 kW (84 hp) of the previousR1150GS.More powerful variants of the oilhead engines are available in the R1100S and R1200S, producing 73 and 91 kW (98 and 122 hp), respectively.

In 2004, BMW introduced the new K1200S Sports Bike which marked a departure for BMW. It had an engine producing 125 kW (168 hp), derived from the company's work with the Williams F1 team, and is lighter than previous K models. Innovations include electronically adjustable front and rear suspension, and a Hossack-type front fork that BMW calls Duolever.

BMW introducedanti-lock brakeson production motorcycles starting in the late 1980s. The generation of anti-lock brakes available on the 2006 and later BMW motorcycles paved the way for the introduction ofelectronic stability control,or anti-skid technology later in the 2007 model year.

BMW has been an innovator in motorcycle suspension design, taking up telescopic front suspension long before most other manufacturers. Then they switched to anEarles fork,front suspension by swinging fork (1955 to 1969). Most modern BMWs are truly rear swingarm, single sided at the back (compare with the regular swinging fork usually, and wrongly, calledswinging arm). Some BMWs started using yet another trademark front suspension design, the Telelever, in the early 1990s. Like the Earles fork, the Telelever significantly reduces dive under braking.[citation needed]

BMW Group, on 31 January 2013, announced that Pierer Industrie AG has boughtHusqvarna Motorcyclesfor an undisclosed amount, which will not be revealed by either party in the future. The company is headed by Stephan Pierer (CEO of KTM). Pierer Industrie AG is 51% owner of KTM and 100% owner of Husqvarna.

In September 2018, BMW unveiled a new self-driving motorcycle with BMW Motorrad with a goal of using the technology to help improve road safety.[43]The design of thebikewas inspired by the company'sBMW R1200 GSmodel.[44]

Automobiles

[edit]

Current models

[edit]

The current model lines of BMW cars are:

  • 1 Seriesfive-door hatchbacks (model codeF70).
  • 2 Seriestwo-door coupes (model codeG42), "Active Tourer" five-seat MPVs (U06) and four-door "Gran Coupe" fastback sedans (model codeF44).
  • 3 Seriesfour-door sedans (model codeG20), five-door station wagons (G21) and long wheelbase model exclusive to China (G28).
  • 4 Seriestwo-door coupes (model codeG22), two-door convertibles (model codeG23) and five-door "Gran Coupe" fastbacks (model codeG26).
  • 5 Seriesfour-door sedans (model codeG60), five-door station wagons (G61) and long wheelbase model exclusive to China (G68).
  • 7 Seriesfour-door sedans (model codeG70).
  • 8 Seriestwo-door coupes (model codeG14), two-door convertibles (G15) and "Gran Coupe" four-door fastback sedans (G16).

The current model lines of theX SeriesSUVs and crossovers are:

The current model line of theZ Seriestwo-door roadsters is theZ4(model codeG29).

i models

[edit]

All-electric vehiclesandplug-in hybrid vehiclesare sold under theBMW isub-brand. The current model range consists of:

  • i3D-segment(compact) sedan, powered by one electric motor exclusive to China
  • i4D-segment(compact) liftback, powered by one or two electric motors
  • i5E-segment(executive) sedan, powered by one or two electric motors
  • i7F-segment(full-size) sedan, powered by two electric motors
  • iX1C-segment(subcompact) SUV, powered by two electric motors
  • iX2C-segment(subcompact) SUV, powered by two electric motors
  • iX3D-segment(compact) SUV, powered by one electric motor
  • iXE-segment(mid-size) SUV, powered by two electric motors

In addition, several plug-in hybrid models built on existing platforms have been marketed asiPerformancemodels. Examples include the225xeusing a 1.5 L three-cylinder turbocharged petrol engine with an electric motor, the330e/530eusing a 2.0 L four-cylinder engine with an electric motor,[45][46]and the550e/750eusing a 3.0 L six-cylinder engine with an electric motor.[46][47]Also,crossoverandSUVplug-in hybrid models have been released using i technology:X1 xDrive25e,X2 xDrive25e,X3 xDrive30e,andX5 xDrive40e.[48]

M models

[edit]

TheBMW M GmbHsubsidiary (called BMW Motorsport GmbH until 1993) started making high-performance versions of various BMW models in 1978.

As of March 2023,the M lineup is:[49][failed verification]

  • M2two-door coupe
  • M3four-door sedan and five-door station wagon
  • M4two-door coupe/convertible
  • M5four-door sedan
  • M8two-door coupe/convertible and four-door sedan
  • X3 Mcompact SUV[50]
  • X4 Mcompact coupe SUV[50]
  • X5 Mmid-size SUV[51]
  • X6 Mmid-size coupe SUV[52]
  • XMLarge SUV[53]

The letter "M" is also often used in the marketing of BMW's regular models, for example theF20M140i model, theG11M760Li model and various optional extras called "M Sport", "M Performance" or similar.

Naming convention for models

[edit]

Motorsport

[edit]

BMW has a long history of motorsport activities, including:

Involvement in the arts

[edit]

Art Cars

[edit]

In 1975, sculptorAlexander Calderwas commissioned to paint the BMW 3.0 CSL racing car driven byHervé Poulainat the 24 Hours of Le Mans, which became the first in the series of BMW Art Cars. Since Calder's work of art, many other renowned artists throughout the world have created BMW Art Cars, includingDavid Hockney,Jenny Holzer,Roy Lichtenstein,Robert Rauschenberg,Frank Stella,andAndy Warhol.[54]To date, a total of 19 BMW Art Cars, based on both racing and regular production vehicles, have been created.

Architecture

[edit]
BMW Headquarters

The globalBMW Headquartersin Munich represents the cylinder head of a4-cylinder engine.It was designed byKarl Schwanzerand was completed in 1972. The building has become a European icon[54]and was declared a protected historic building in 1999. The main tower consists of four vertical cylinders standing next to and across from each other. Each cylinder is divided horizontally in its center by a mold in the facade. Notably, these cylinders do not stand on the ground; they are suspended on a central support tower.

BMW Museumis a futuristic cauldron-shaped building, which was also designed by Karl Schwanzer and opened in 1972.[55]The interior has a spiral theme and the roof is a 40-metre diameter BMW logo.

BMW Welt,the company's exhibition space in Munich, was designed byCoop Himmelb(l)auand opened in 2007. It includes a showroom and lifting platforms where a customer's new car is theatrically unveiled to the customer.[56]

Film

[edit]

In 2001 and 2002, BMW produced a series of eight short films calledThe Hire,which had plots based around BMW models being driven to extremes byClive Owen.[57]The directors for The Hire includedGuy Ritchie,John Woo,John FrankenheimerandAng Lee.In 2016, a ninth film in the series was released.

The 2006 "BMW Performance Series" was a marketing event geared to attract black car buyers. It consisted of seven concerts by jazz musician Mike Phillips, and screenings of films by black filmmakers.[58][59]

Visual arts

[edit]

BMW sponsors a number of awards in the visual arts. These include the BMW Art Journey award, which honors a young or mid-career artist in collaboration withArt Basel,and the BMW Painting Award, which was created to promote painting in Spain by finding new talent and showcasing their work.[60][61]

BMW was the principal sponsor of the 1998The Art of the Motorcycleexhibition at variousGuggenheim museums,though the financial relationship between BMW and the Guggenheim Foundation was criticised in many quarters.[62][63]

In 2012, BMW began sponsoringIndependent Collectorsproduction of theBMW Art Guide,which is the first global guide to private and publicly accessible collections of contemporary art worldwide.[64]The fourth edition, released in 2016, features 256 collections from 43 countries.[65]

Production and sales

[edit]
Spot welding3 Series bodies in Leipzig, Germany

BMW produces complete automobiles in the following countries:

BMW also has local assembly operation usingcomplete knock-down(CKD) components in Brazil, Thailand, Russia, Egypt, Indonesia, Malaysia and India.[69]

In the UK, BMW has a Mini factory near Oxford, plants in Swindon and Hams Hall, and Rolls-Royce vehicle assembly at Goodwood. In 2020, these facilities were shut down for the period from 23 March to 17 April due to the coronavirus outbreak.[70]

The BMW group (including Mini and Rolls-Royce) produced 1,366,838 automobiles in 2006 and then 1,481,253 automobiles in 2010.[71][72]BMW Motorcycles are being produced at the company's Berlin factory, which earlier had produced aircraft engines for Siemens.

By 2011, about 56% of BMW-brand vehicles produced are powered by petrol engines and the remaining 44% are powered by diesel engines. Of those petrol vehicles, about 27% are four-cylinder models and about nine percent are eight-cylinder models.[73]On average, 9,000 vehicles per day exit BMW plants, and 63% are transported by rail.[74]

Annual production since 2005, according to BMW's annual reports:[72]

Year BMW MINI Rolls-Royce Motorcycle*
2005 1,122,308 200,119 692 92,013
2006 1,179,317 186,674 847 103,759
2007 1,302,774 237,700 1,029 104,396
2008 1,203,482 235,019 1,417 118,452
2009 1,043,829 213,670 918 93,243
2010 1,236,989 241,043 3,221 112,271
2011 1,440,315 294,120 3,725 110,360
2012 1,547,057 311,490 3,279 113,811
2013 1,699,835 303,177 3,354 110,127
2014 1,838,268 322,803 4,495 133,615
2015 1,933,647 342,008 3,848 151,004
2016 2,002,997 352,580 4,179 145,555
2017 2,123,947 378,486 3,308 185,682
2018 2,168,496 368,685 4,353 162,687
2019 2,205,841 352,729 5,455 187,116
2020 1,980,740 271,121 3,776 168,104
2021 2,166,644 288,713 5,912 187,500

Annual sales since 2005, according to BMW's annual reports:

Year BMW MINI Rolls-Royce Motorcycle*
2005 1,126,768 200,428 797 97,474
2006 1,185,089 188,077 805 100,064
2007 1,276,793 222,875 1,010 102,467
2008 1,202,239 232,425 1,212 115,196
2009 1,068,770 216,538 1,002 100,358
2010 1,224,280 234,175 2,711 110,113
2011 1,380,384 285,060 3,538 113,572
2012 1,540,085 301,525 3,575 117,109
2013 1,655,138 305,030 3,630 115,215**
2014 1,811,719 302,183 4,063 123,495
2015 1,905,234 338,466 3,785 136,963
2016 2,003,359 360,233 4,011 145,032
2017 2,088,283 371,881 3,362 164,153
2018 2,114,963 364,135 4,194 165,566
2019 2,185,793 347,474 5,100 175,162
2020 2,028,841 292,582 3,756 169,272
2021 2,213,379 302,138 5,586 194,261

* In 2008–2012, motorcycle productions figures includeHusqvarnamodels.
** Excluding Husqvarna, sales volume up to 2013: 59,776 units.

Recalls

[edit]

In November 2016, BMW recalled 136,000 2007–2012 model year U.S. cars for fuel pump wiring problems possibly resulting in fuel leak and engine stalling or restarting issues.[75]

In 2018, BMW recalled 106,000 diesel vehicles in South Korea with a defective exhaust gas recirculation module, which caused 39 engine fires. The recall was then expanded to 324,000 more cars in Europe.[76]Following the recall in South Korea, the government banned cars which had not yet been inspected from driving on public roads.[77]This affected up to 25% of the recalled cars, where the owners had been notified but the cars had not yet been inspected. BMW is reported to have been aware since 2016 that more than 4% of the affected cars in South Korea had experienced failures in the EGR coolers,[78]leading to approximately 20 owners suing the company.[79]

Industry collaboration

[edit]

BMW has collaborated with other car manufacturers on the following occasions:

Sponsorships

[edit]
BMW sponsor car at the London 2012 Olympics

BMW made a six-year sponsorship deal with theUnited States Olympic Committeein July 2010.[91][92]

In golf, BMW has sponsored various events,[93]including thePGA Championshipsince 2007,[94][95]theItalian Openfrom 2009 to 2012, theBMW Mastersin China from 2012 to 2015[96][97]and theBMW International Openin Munich since 1989.[98]

Inrugby,BMW sponsored theSouth Africa national rugby union teamfrom 2011 to 2015.[99][100]

Car-sharing services

[edit]

DriveNowwas a joint-venture between BMW and Sixt that operated in Europe from 2011 until 2019. By December 2012,[101]DriveNow operated over 1,000 vehicles, in five cities and with approximately 60,000 customers.[102]

In 2012, the BMW-owned subsidiary Alphabet began a corporate car-sharing service in Europe called AlphaCity.[103][104]

TheReachNowcar-sharing service was launched in Seattle in April 2016.[105]ReachNow currently operates inSeattle,PortlandandBrooklyn.

In 2018, BMW announced the launching of a pilot carsubscription servicefor the United States called Access by BMW (its first one for the country), inNashville,Tennessee. In January 2021, the company said that Access by BMW was "suspended".[106]

Overseas subsidiaries

[edit]

Production facilities

[edit]

China

[edit]

The first BMW production facility in China was opened in 2004, as a result of a joint venture between BMW andBrilliance Auto.[107][108]The plant was opened in theShenyangindustrial area and produces 3 Series and 5 Series models for the Chinese market.[109][110]In 2012, a second factory was opened in Shenyang.[111]

Between January and November 2014, BMW sold 415,200 vehicles in China, through a network of over 440 BMW stores and 100 Mini stores.[112]

On 7 October 2021, BMW announced it would begin additional production of the X5 in China.[113]

In February 2022, BMW invested an additional $4.2 billion into the Chinese joint venture, increasing its stake from 50% to 75%, becoming one of the first foreign automakers holding majority stake in China.[114]

In June 2022, BMW announced a new plant project in Lydia, Shenyang designed for electric vehicles. It will become BMW Group's largest single project in China, costing 15 billion yuan (2.13 billion euros).[115]The investment amount was raised by a further 10 billion yuan (US$1.4 billion) in November 2022, following German ChancellorOlaf Scholz's visit to China.[116]

Hungary

[edit]

On 31 July 2018, BMW announced to build a 1 billion euro car factory in Hungary. The plant, to be built nearDebrecen,will have a production capacity of 150,000 cars a year.[117]

Mexico

[edit]

In July 2014, BMW announced it was establishing a plant in Mexico, in the city and state ofSan Luis Potosiinvolving an investment of $1 billion. The plant will employ 1,500 people, and produce 150,000 cars annually.[118]

Netherlands

[edit]

The Mini Convertible,Mini Countrymanand BMW X1 are currently produced in the Netherlands at theVDL Nedcarfactory inBorn.[119][120]Long-term orders for the Mini Countryman ended in 2020.[121]

South Africa

[edit]

BMWs have been assembled in South Africa since 1968,[122]when Praetor Monteerders' plant was opened inRosslyn,nearPretoria.BMW initially bought shares in the company, before fully acquiring it in 1975; in so doing, the company becameBMW South Africa,the first wholly owned subsidiary of BMW to be established outside Germany. Unlike United States manufacturers, such asFordandGM,which divested from the country in the 1980s, BMW retained full ownership of its operations in South Africa.

Following the end ofapartheidin 1994, and the lowering of import tariffs, BMW South Africa ended local production of the 5 Series and 7 Series, in order to concentrate on production of the 3 Series for the export market. South African–built BMWs are now exported toright hand drivemarkets including Japan, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Hong Kong, as well asSub-Saharan Africa.Since 1997, BMW South Africa has produced vehicles inleft-hand drivefor export to Taiwan, the United States and Iran, as well as South America.

Three unique models thatBMW Motorsportcreated for the South African market were theE23M745i (1983), which used theM88engine from theBMW M1,the BMW 333i (1986), which added a six-cylinder 3.2-litreM30engine to theE30,[123]and theE30BMW 325is (1989) which was powered by anAlpina-derived 2.7-litre engine.

The plant code (position 11 in the VIN) for South African built models is "N".[124]

United States

[edit]
BMW Zentrum museum inSpartanburg,South Carolina

BMW cars have been officially sold in the United States since 1956[125]and manufactured in the United States since 1994.[126]The first BMW dealership in the United States opened in 1975.[127]In 2016, BMW was the twelfth highest selling brand in the United States.[128]

The manufacturing plant inGreer, South Carolinahas the highest production of the BMW plants worldwide,[129]currently producing approximately 1,500 vehicles per day.[130]The models produced at the Spartanburg plant are theX3,X4,X5,X6,X7andXMSUV models.

In addition to the South Carolina manufacturing facility, BMW's North American companies include sales, marketing, design, and financial services operations in the United States, Mexico, Canada and Latin America.

Complete knock-down assembly facilities

[edit]

Brazil

[edit]

On 9 October 2014, BMW's newcomplete knock-down(CKD) assembly plant inAraquari,assembled its first car— anF303 Series.[131][132]

The cars assembled at Araquari are theF201 Series,F303 Series,F48X1,F25X3 and Mini Countryman.[133]

Egypt

[edit]

Bavarian Auto Groupbecame the importer of the BMW and Mini brands in 2003.

Since 2005, the 3 Series, 5 Series, 7 Series, X1 and X3 models sold in Egypt are assembled fromcomplete knock-downcomponents at the BMW plant in Cairo.[133]

India

[edit]

BMW India was established in 2006 as a sales subsidiary with a head office located inGurugram.

A BMW complete knock-down assembly plant was opened inChennaiin 2007, assembling Indian-market 3 Series, 5 Series, 7 Series, X1, X3, X5, Mini Countryman and motorcycle models.[133][134]The 20 MillionEuroplant aims to produce 1,700 cars per year.

Indonesia

[edit]

PT. BMW Indonesia was established in 2001 as a subsidiary with a head office located inCentral Jakarta.It was managed byPT. Astra International.

10 years later in 2011, BMW Group invested more than 100 BillionIndonesian rupiahto expand its production, by establish thecomplete knock-down(CKD) assembly plant inGaya Motor's production facility inSunter, Jakarta.the plant is currently assembling Indonesian-market2 Series (gran coupé),3 Series (sedan),5 Series (sedan),7 Series,X1,X3,X5,X7,andMini Countryman.

Malaysia

[edit]

BMW'scomplete knock-down(CKD) assembly plant inKedah.Assembled Malaysia-market1 Series,3 Series,5 Series,7 Series,X1,X3,X4,X5,X6and Mini Countryman since 2008.[135]

Russia

[edit]

Russian-market 3 Series and 5 Series cars are assembled from complete knock-down components inKaliningradbeginning in 1999.[136]In March 2022, BMW withdrew from the Russian market and ceased production within Russia in response to theRussian invasion of Ukraine.[137]

Uruguay

[edit]

In Uruguay, Spanish-born businessman José Arijón founded Convex (later Camur), which assembled BMW cars from 1965 to 1992. Four models were produced: the1600,2002,3 Seriesand5 Series,totalling 12,000 units.[138][139]

Vehicle importers

[edit]

Canada

[edit]

BMW's first dealership in Canada, located inOttawa,was opened in 1969.[140]In 1986, BMW established a head office in Canada.[141]

BMW sold 28,149 vehicles in Canada in 2008.[142]

Japan

[edit]

BMW Japan Corp, a wholly owned subsidiary, imports and distributes BMW vehicles in Japan.[143]

Philippines

[edit]

BMW Philippines, an owned subsidiary ofSan Miguel Corporation,is the official importer and distributor of BMW in the Philippines.[144]

BMW sold 920 vehicles in the Philippines in 2019.[145]

South Korea

[edit]

BMW Korea imports BMW vehicles in South Korea with more than fifty service centers to fully cater to South Korean customers. Also, BMW Korea has its own driving center in Incheon.[146]

See also

[edit]

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[edit]
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Further reading

[edit]
  • Grunert, Manfred; Triebe, Florian (2006).Das Unternehmen BMW seit 1916[The BMW Company since 1916] (in German). Königswinter, Germany: Heel Verlag.ISBN3932169468.
  • Hodges, David (2000).BMW.Suttons Photographic History of Transport series. Stroud, Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing.ISBN0750921447.
  • Kiley, David (2004).Driven: Inside BMW, the Most Admired Car Company in the World.John Wiley & Sons.ISBN978-0-471-26920-5.
  • Lewandowski, Jürgen (2006).BMW: Typen und Geschichte[BMW: Types and History] (in German) (3rd ed.). Bielefeld: Delius Klasing.ISBN3768814203.
  • Lewin, Tony (2022).BMW Century(2nd ed.). Beverly, MA, USA: Motorbooks.ISBN9780760373774.
  • Noakes, Andrew (2010).The Ultimate History of BMW: From the innovative 328 sports car and the Isetta bubble car to the 5 Series Gran Turismo.Bath: Parragon Books.ISBN9781407549781.
  • Schrader, Halwart[in German](2011).BMW: Passion · Power · Perfektion[BMW: Passion · Power · Perfection] (in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag.ISBN9783613033788.
  • ———————— (2016).BMW: Von 1981 bis heute[BMW: From 1981 to today]. Typenkompass series (in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag.ISBN9783613038721.
  • Werner, Constanze (2006).Kriegswirtschaft und Zwangsarbeit bei BMW[War Economy and Forced Labour at BMW] (in German). München: Oldenbourg.ISBN3486577921.
[edit]