Bab Ftouh

For the gate of the same name (pronounced slightly differently) in Cairo, seeBab al-Futuh.

Bab Ftouh
باب الفتوح
Bab Ftouh gate (seen from the outside).
Former names	Bab al-Qibla
General information
Type	city gate
Architectural style	Almohad,Moorish,Moroccan
Location	Fez,Morocco
Coordinates	34°03′35.4″N4°57′55.1″W
Completed	circa1212
Renovated	Between 1757 and 1790
Height	15 meters
Technical details
Material	brick and mortar

Bab Ftouh(also spelledBab Fetouh) is the main southeasterngateofFes el-Bali,the oldwalledcity ofFes,Morocco.

History

Bab Ftouh in 1925

The nameBab (al-)Ftouhmeans literally "Gate of the Opening", but historically this name (also used forBab al-FutuhinCairo) has been interpreted as "Gate of Conquest" or "Gate of Victory".However, the name of this gate is believed to have originated more directly with the name of aZenataemirwho was himself called al-Fetouh Ibn Dounas and who dominated the early city ofMadinat Fas(now the Andalusian Quarter) from 1059 to 1061, back when Fes was still divided into two separate cities.He is said to have built the first gate in this area to go by his name.This gate replaced an earlierIdrisidgate called Bab al-Qibla (named after the fact that the gate lay in the direction of prayer, theqibla,relative to the city center).Al-Fetouh was in rivalry with his brother, 'Ajissa, who controlled the other city,al-'Aliya,on the opposite shore of the river, and who in turn gave his name to the gate known asBab Guissa.Not long after, in 1069, the twin cities were conquered by theAlmoravidsand joined into one city with a single set of walls. These were destroyed in 1145 by theAlmohadconquerorAbd al-Mu'minbut then rebuilt by one of his successors,Muhammad al-Nasir,in 1212.

The current gate thus dates back essentially to the Almohad period, when it was one of the gates in the walls rebuilt by Muhammad al-Nasir.The gate was modified and restored in the 18th century by theAlaouitesultanMuhammad ibn Abdallah.Two other gates used to be located not far from it: Bab Khoukha to the northeast and Bab el-Hamra to the southwest. However, both of these disappeared centuries ago, leaving Bab Ftouh as the only main entrance in this part of the city (until more recent gaps were created for modern roads).In the late 16th century theSaadiansbuilt akasbah(citadel or fortified enclosure), calledKasbah Tamdert,just north of the gate and inside the city walls, most likely to help maintain control over what they saw as a hostile local population.

Today, the area of Bab Ftouh is also a local transport hub for buses and taxis, with the road east toTazapassing here.

Architecture

Despite restorations, the gate has likely preserved its original Almohad design overall.Unlike many other medieval gates to the city, it does not have abent entrancebut provides a straight passage into the old city.It is, however, fortified on either side by two rectangular towers.It is about 15 meters high, making it one of the city's most massive gates.The gate opens through a largehorseshoe or moorish arch,surrounded by a shallow rectangular frame (similar toBab Mahroukon the other side of the city), flanked by smaller arched openings on either side.

Bab Ftouh Cemetery

Bab Ftouh Cemetery

Outside the gate, covering a large area on the rising slopes to the south, is the Bab Ftouh Cemetery. It is one of the largest and historically most prestigious cemeteries in Fes, housing the graves of many of Fes's famous and wealthy citizens, as well as a number of localMuslim saintsandmarabouts.On higher ground, at the top edge of the cemetery, is a wide flat space serving as an outdoor prayer area (msalla) known as the Msalla of the Pasha.

Graves in the Bab Ftouh Cemetery

The cemetery itself is generally divided into two sections. The western part is known asel-Kbab( "the Domes" ) and includes the domed mausoleums of a number of saints such as Sidi Derras ibn Sma'il.The eastern part is known as Sidi Harazem, after one of the most important local saints buried here:Sidi 'Ali ibn Harazem(or Harzihim), a 12th-centurySufimystic who died in 1164-65.His mausoleum,marked by a green pyramidal roof, is the most prominent structure here.The founder of theAlaouitedynasty,Moulay Rashid,was buried here in the 17th century.The current structure was built (or rebuilt) by SultanMohammed ibn Abdallahin the late 18th century.The tomb of Sidi Harazem is still the subject of a popularmoussem(religious festival) every spring and his tomb was historically involved in other popular religious rituals and events.

Another historic cemetery, Bab al-Hamra Cemetery (named after the formercity gatelocated there) also exists inside the city walls, to the west of the Bab Ftouh gate.