Badin
Badin
بدين | |
|---|---|
City | |
  Badin  Badin | |
| Coordinates:24°39′26″N68°50′26″E/ 24.65722°N 68.84056°E | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Province | Sindh |
| District | Badin |
| Elevation | 10 m (30 ft) |
| Population | |
| • City | 112,420 |
| • Rank | 87th, Pakistan |
| Time zone | UTC+5(PKT) |
Badin(SindhiandUrdu:بدين) is the main city and capital ofBadin DistrictinSindh,Pakistan.It lies east of theIndus River.It is the87th largest city in Pakistan. Badin is often called 'Sugar State' due to its production of sugar.[2]
Badin District was established in the year 1975. It comprises five Talukas Viz: Badin, Matli,Shaheed Fazal Rahu,TalharandTando bagoand 46 Union Councils with 14 revenue circles, 111 Tapas and 535 dehs. This District is bordered by Hyderabad & Mirpukhas District in the North. Tharparkar & Mirpurkhas in the East, Hyderabad & Thatta District in the west &Kutch districtofIndiain the South, which also forms the international boundary with India.[3]
History
[edit]Badin was the site of some military action in the late 1500s, under theTarkhan dynastygovernors ofThatta.[4]When the governorMirza Baqi Muhammad Tarkhandied in October 1585, a dynastic power struggle broke out.[4]His older son Mirza Payanda Muhammad, then posted atSiwistan,was seen as unfit to rule, so most of the nobility initially backed his younger brother Mirza Muzaffar Muhamad, who was located in Badin.[4]However, as Mirza Muzaffar hurried from Badin to Thatta to claim the throne, the nobles realised that they didn't want his maternal relatives, theJahejabranch of theSamma tribe,so they instead sent for Payanda Muhammad's competent sonMirza Jani Begto take over.[4][note 1]Mirza Jani immediately had many of Baqi Muhammad's favourites brutally executed, which terrified Mirza Muzaffar into retreating to his power base in Badin, where he began recruiting an army to challenge his nephew.[4]Mirza Jani then marched on Badin with an army of his own and successfully defeated his uncle, forcing him to flee to the court ofKachh.[4]Mirza Jani then annexed Badin into his territories.[4]A few years later in early 1592, when Mirza Jani was in revolt against theMughal Empire,the Mughal generalAbdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanansent a division to capture Badin, which they succeeded in doing.[4][note 2]
Later, around 1614,Mir Abu al-Baqa',brother of the authorMirak Yusuf,was appointedjagirdarof Badin; he was recalled to the Mughal court by early 1615 to go on a military campaign against theKangra Fort.[4]According to Mirak Yusuf, Badin belonged to thesarkarofChachgan.[4]
The old town of Badin, which was on the western bank of the Ghari Mandhar canal, was later destroyed by thePathanMadat Khan during his raid into Sindh.[5]The present site, between the Ghari Mandhar and Kaziah canals, is said to have been founded around 1750 by a Hindu named Sawalo.[5]
Badin was first incorporated as a municipality in 1857.[5]Around 1874 it was described as just a fraction of its size before Madat Khan's raid, with an estimated population of 513 people.[5]The population was split about equally between Hindus and Muslims.[5]Important local industries included production of shoes, agricultural tools likespadesand axes,earthenwarepottery, and wooden irrigation wheels (nars).[5]It was a major regional trade centre for rice,bajri,other cereals,ghee,sugar,molasses,cloth, metals,tobacco,animal hides, cotton,liquor,and drugs.[5]Long-distance trade was more restricted and consisted mainly of cloth, bajri,juar,and oil.[5]Badin was then the headquarters of the taluka'smukhtiarkarand had akacheriand jail with police lines (with a force of 3 officers and 11 constables), a district bungalow, and adharamsala.[5]The town was home to several importantpirs;the most important of them, Bhawan Shah, had died recently.[5]
Climate
[edit] |
Badin has a hotsemi arid climate(Köppen climate classificationBSh), formerly ahot desert climate(Koppen: BWh). The climate of the district taken as a whole is moderate and is tempered by the sea breeze which blows for eight months of the year from March to October, making the hot weather somewhat cooler than for the other parts of Pakistan. During the monsoon period, the sky is cloudy and heavy rains fall, compared to the drier seasons that prevail for the rest of the year. The climate in summer is generally moist and humid. The cold weather in Badin starts from the beginning of November when a sudden change from the moist sea breeze to the dry and cold north-east wind brings about, as a natural consequence, an immediate fall in temperature.cyclones and floods are hit because of sea.
| Climate data for Badin | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 36.1 (97.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
42.8 (109.0) |
45.6 (114.1) |
49.4 (120.9) |
46.7 (116.1) |
43.3 (109.9) |
41.1 (106.0) |
42.2 (108.0) |
41.7 (107.1) |
38.3 (100.9) |
35.6 (96.1) |
49.4 (120.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.8 (78.4) |
28.6 (83.5) |
34.0 (93.2) |
38.4 (101.1) |
39.8 (103.6) |
38.0 (100.4) |
35.1 (95.2) |
33.6 (92.5) |
34.4 (93.9) |
35.8 (96.4) |
31.9 (89.4) |
26.7 (80.1) |
33.5 (92.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.2 (63.0) |
20.1 (68.2) |
25.4 (77.7) |
30.1 (86.2) |
32.7 (90.9) |
32.8 (91.0) |
31.1 (88.0) |
29.8 (85.6) |
29.6 (85.3) |
29.7 (85.5) |
23.9 (75.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
26.7 (80.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) |
11.6 (52.9) |
16.8 (62.2) |
21.8 (71.2) |
25.5 (77.9) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.1 (79.0) |
24.9 (76.8) |
21.7 (71.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
10.1 (50.2) |
19.8 (67.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.1 (30.0) |
1.0 (33.8) |
5.0 (41.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
17.5 (63.5) |
21.1 (70.0) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
20.6 (69.1) |
12.0 (53.6) |
6.7 (44.1) |
2.5 (36.5) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 1.0 (0.04) |
9.6 (0.38) |
2.3 (0.09) |
12.5 (0.49) |
20.7 (0.81) |
49.8 (1.96) |
76.5 (3.01) |
89.9 (3.54) |
44.4 (1.75) |
13.7 (0.54) |
1.7 (0.07) |
1.1 (0.04) |
323.2 (12.72) |
| Source: NOAA (1961-1990)[6] | |||||||||||||
Education
[edit]TheUniversity of Sindhestablished a campus in the region of Badin city, called 'Laar', to provide citizens in these areas with access to education. Sindh University's Laar Campus, Badin (S.U.L.C) was established in order to provide the inhabitants of Laar region, particularly girls, with the higher education in their local area.[7]
The campus provides facilities including a library and a computer laboratory with an Internet connection. The college offers 4-year bachelor's degree programs inBusiness Administration,Commerce,EnglishandComputer Science,postgraduate diploma in Computer Science and B.Ed., M.Ed. & M.A. (Education).[7]
As of 2013[update]government owned institutions of education consisted of 209 schools for boys, 102 schools for girls, 691 primary schools, 428 co-educational schools, and 15 high school and higher education schools.[8]
Culture
[edit]The city was once the centre of Sufi culture in the region. Badin's Shah Qadri Mela,[9](Gyarvi mean 11 in Sindi) or "Giyarwee ShareefMela "(the Festival ofAbdul-Qadir Gilani) was one of the famous festivals ofSindhthat started around 1569 and ended around 1969 due to lack of support from government, and spread ofWahhabism,an orthodox version of Islam, which sees Sufism and Sufi Festivals as "threat to Islamic principles". It was the festival that used to attract more than fifty thousand people on each celebration.[10]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^"Sindh (Pakistan): Province, Major Cities, Municipalites [sic] & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information".www.citypopulation.de.Retrieved29 July2021.
- ^Gandhara, Trails."Badin city history".Gandhara Trails.Retrieved8 November2013.
- ^"Web Portal of Population Welfare Department Government of Sindh".pwdsindh.gov.pk.Archived fromthe originalon 10 October 2018.Retrieved22 January2019.
- ^abcdefghijAkhtar, Muhammad Saleem (1983).Shāhjahānī of Yūsuf Mīrak (1044/1634) Sind under the Mughuls: an introduction to, translation of and commentary on the Maẓhar-i Shāhjahānī of Yūsuf Mīrak (1044/1634).pp. 86–7, 107, 172–3, 233–4.Retrieved28 December2021.
- ^abcdefghijHughes, A.W. (1874).A Gazetteer of the Province of Sindh.London: George Bell and Sons. pp. 117–8.Retrieved25 December2021.
- ^"Badin Climate Normals 1961-1990".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Retrieved18 January2013.
- ^abSindh, University of."Laar Campus UoS Badin".Archived fromthe originalon 12 December 2013.Retrieved8 November2013.
- ^Schools, Badin."Government owned schools in Badin".SchoolingLog.Retrieved8 November2013.
- ^Commissioner, Pakistan Office of the Census (1962).Population Census of Pakistan, 1961: West Pakistan: 1.Karachi. 2.Lahore. 3.Gujranwala. 4.Rawalpindi. 5.Lyallpur. 6.Multan. 7.Quetta. 8.Peshawar. 9.Hyderabad. 10.Sukkur. 11.Bahawalpur. 12.Hazara. 13.Sialkot. 14.Sargodha. 15.Mianwali. 16.Jhang. 17.Loralai. 18.Sibi. 19.Jacobabad. 20.Campbellpur. 21.Gujrat. 22.Bannu. 23.Jhelum. 24.Tharparker. 25.Larkana. 26.Thatta. 27.Mekran.
- ^Giyarwee Shareef, Badin."Festivals of Pakistan".Dawn newspaper.Retrieved11 December2017.