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Bakkah

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The Kaaba inMeccaor Makkah.

Bakkah(Arabic:بَكَّةُ[ˈbɛk.kɛh]), is a place mentioned insurah3 ('Āl 'Imrān),ayah96 of theQur'an,a verse sometimes translated as: "Indeed, the first House [of worship] established for mankind was that at Bakkah [i.e., Makkah] - blessed and a guidance for the worlds." (Quran3:96)

According to Muslim scholars Bakkah is an ancient name forMecca,the most holy city ofIslam.[1](The word Mecca is only used once in the Quran in verse48:24( "And it is He who withheld their hands from you and your hands from them within [the area of] Makkah after He caused you to overcome them. And ever is Allāh, of what you do, Seeing." ))[2][3][4]

Most Muslims believe Mecca and Bakkah are synonyms, but to Muslim scholars there is a distinction: Bakkah refers to theKaabaand the sacred site immediately surrounding it, while Mecca is the name of the city in which they are both located.[5]

According to Lisān al-'Arab of Ibn Manẓūr, the site of the Kaaba and its surroundings was named Bakkah due to crowding and congestion of people in the area. The Arabic verb bakka (بَكَّ), with double "k", means to crowd like in a bazaar. This is not to be confused with another unrelated Arabic verb bakā (بَكَىٰ) (single k) which is the past tense of yabkī (يَبْكِي), to cry.

Islamic tradition[edit]

Islamic tradition identifies Bakkah as the ancient name for the site of Mecca.[1][6][7][8]AnArabicword, itsetymology,like that of Mecca, is obscure.[3]

One meaning ascribed to it is "narrow", seen as descriptive of the area in which the valley of the holy places and the city of Mecca are located, pressed in upon as they are by mountains.[6]Widely believed to be a synonym for Mecca, it is said to be more specifically the early name for the valley located therein, while Muslim scholars generally use it to refer to the sacred area of the city that immediately surrounds and includes theKaaba.[5][9][10]

The form Bakkah is used for the name Mecca in the Quran in3:96,while the form Mecca is used in48:24.[3][4]InSouth Arabic,the language in use in the southern portion of theArabian Peninsulaat the time ofMuhammad,thebandmwere interchangeable.[4]The Quranic passage using the form Bakkah says: "Surely the first House ˹of worship˺ established for humanity is the one at Bakkah—a blessed sanctuary and a guide for ˹all˺ people."[6][11]Other references to Mecca in the Quran (6:42,42:7) call itUmm al-Qura,meaning "mother of all settlements".[4]

In Islamic tradition, Bakkah is whereHagar(Hājar) andIshmael(Ismā'īl) settled after being taken byAbraham(Ibrāhīm) to the wilderness, a story comparable to theBook of Genesis(21:14-21).[7][12]Genesis tells that Abraham gave Hagar food and a skin of water, but that Hagar and Ishmael ran out of water to drink in the outskirts[fn 1]ofBeersheba.[7]In Arab tradition, Hagar runs back and forth betweenSafa and Marwa—two elevated points—seven times to search for help before sitting down in despair, at which point an angel appeared and hit the ground with his heel (or his wing) and caused a miraculous well to spring out of the ground.[13]
However, the account in Genesis focuses more about the outcasting of Hagar, the mother of Ishmael and an Egyptian slave toSarah(Abraham's wife and half sister in Genesis), from Abraham (who remains in Beersheba) due to Ismael provoking Sarah on the day ofIsaac'sweaning,and she travels alone with Ismael, who she later gets an Egyptian wife for during their stay at theDesert of Paran.[14]Unlike Arab tradition, Genesis accounts that Hagar set a dying Ismael underneath a bush and then sat down a bowshot distance's away as to not watch him die, and when he[fn 2]began to cry, God called from Heaven to Hagar to take Ismael and continue traveling, where then he opened her eyes, revealing a well.[15]

The Islamic tradition holds that a spring gushed forth from the spot where Hagar had laid Ishmael, and this spring came to be known as theWell of Zamzam.[7][9]When Muslims onhajjrun between the hills ofSafa and Marwahseven times, it is to commemorate Hagar's search for help and the resulting revelation of the well of Zamzam.[9]

In addition to the Islamic tradition that Hagar and Ishmael settled in Bakkah, the Quran relates that Abraham came to Mecca to help his son Ishmael build the Kaaba adjacent to the well of Zamzam.[7][9]

Ibn Ishaq,the 8th-century Arab Muslim historian, relates that during the renovation of Kaaba undertaken by theQurayshbefore Islam, found an inscription in one of the corners of the foundation of the building that mentions Bakkah. Composed inSyriac,it was incomprehensible to the Quraysh until a Jew translated it for them as follows: "I am Allah, the Lord of Bakka. I created it on the day I created heaven and earth and formed the sun and the moon, and I surrounded it with seven pious angels. It will stand while its two mountains stand, a blessing to its people with milk and water."[16]

The name Bakkah is woven into thekiswa,the cloth covering the Kaaba that is replaced each year before theHajj.[17]

Valley of the Bakha[edit]

The Valley of the Bakha (Hebrew:עֵמֶק הַבָּכָאEmeq haBakha,Hebrew pronunciation:[ʔemekhabaχa]), or the Valley of Bakha, also transliterated asBakaorBaca,is mentioned inPsalms 84,in the following passage:

Blessed is the man whose strength is in thee; in whose heart are the ways of them. those Who passing through the valley of the Bakha, they make it a spring; Also blessing the first rain will give. They go from strength to strength, every one of them in Zion appeareth before God.

The composition of the psalm is credited to theSons of Korah,aLeviteclan which regularly performed musical compositions forDavidand in theFirst Temple.[18][19]
The same Hebrew word בכא (bakha) is associated with a battle accounted in2 Samuel 5:23–24and in1 Chronicles 14:13–16which took place on theValley of Rephaim,[20]about 4–7 kilometers southwest of the present-dayOld City of Jerusalem.In the accounts,Davidis advised to engage the Philistines in battle when he hears the sound of marching in the tops of the bakha trees.[fn 3]

Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage to the Valley of Bakha in the passage as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Quran in 3:96. Some also draw connections of the passage "they make it a place of springs" to theBook of Genesis' account of howHagar the Egyptianhas a well revealed to by God in the outskirts of Beersheba, presumably on the way to Bakkah.


InJudaismand inChristianity,there are other interpretations of the psalm.
One Jewish interpretation is based on how the psalm is composed by Levites, atribe of Israelwhich are not given inherited land amongst the other tribes, but rather travel—particularly as shepherds—between the lands of the other tribes ( "They go from strength to strength" ) and have priesthood responsibilities as their inheritance ( "every one of them in Zion appeareth before God" ), and as they travel, they bring pasture to desolated lands, such as a valley of bakha trees which served as a battlefield betweenIsraelandPhilistia.In this interpretation, the psalm gives glory to the Tribe of Levi and praises their inheritance of priesthood ( "whose strength is in thee" ) over an inheritance of land.

Another Jewish interpretation states that the psalm is a celebration of pilgrimage to the Temple (at this time, the First Temple), and that the psalmist desires to be in the Temple—the Presence of God—and details steps of the way to Jerusalem, where it is located. On the way, the pilgrims may pass through the Valley of Bakha, which could be synonymous with the Valley of Rephaim, as it is a valley where bakha trees grow according to2 Samuel 5:22–24.Here, the phrase "also blessing the first rain will give" refers to the beginning of winter in the region of Israel—the first rains—suggesting that the pilgrimage is for the festival ofSukkot,when prayers of rain are offered.[21] If this is the case, the psalm may be based onPsalms 122,which is also traditionallya psalm about a pilgrimageto Jerusalem for Sukkot, which is credited to David.

Another interpretation, which is used by Jews and Christians, links the psalm as a successor toPsalms 42–43,which are also credited to the Sons of Korah. In the earlier psalms, they are seen as lamentations from being away fromZionand in the presence of enemies, who give taunts about the psalmist being away from Zion and being rejected by God, and cries about the weakness of the soul deficient in faith are given. Linking with Psalms 84, the same psalmist would praise the presence of God which is at Zion, and yearns to be there as well. As the psalmist is away, he writes about the pilgrimage back to Jerusalem, where dry and desolate places like the Valley of Bakha may be encountered, but it will be enlightened by the pilgrims, and treated it as if they were places of springs; finding refuge through hardship—the rains are the responses by God through faith during the troubling times. After the pilgrimage, the pilgrims are congregated in the presence of God, where prayers are offered.[22]

Still, many Jews and Christians utilize the alternative translation ofbakhaintotears,which has been practiced since Greek translations and continued throughout Latin and English translations. In this—unlike בכה (bakhah), which is translated tocry—בכא (bakha) would translate totears,as a Biblical Hebrew counterpart to the common Modern Hebrew word fortears,דמעות (dema'oth). This still exists with modern translations which strongly reference theMasoretic Textof the psalm, including ones outside of English. The name עמק הבכא (Emek haBakha) is also used for the loosely-relatedValley of Tears,located in theGolan Heightswhich received its name during theYom Kippur War.

The wordBakha(Biblical Hebrew:*𐤁𐤊𐤀[bɔxɔ]) is pronounced in terminal stress, unlikeBakkah,which is penultimately stressed.[23][24][25]Although bothBakhaandBakkahare ofSemiticorigin, they are composed of differentabjadletters: b-kh-' (Bet-Kaph-Aleph) for Hebrew, and b-k-h (Bet-Kaph-He) for Arabic.Bakhais commonly recorded to have only been used twice throughout all of Biblical Hebrew; both instances, one of which is plural (הַבְּכָאִים[habəxɔim],habekha'im), are dated to the same era and associate considerably with the land of Israel, whileBakkahis ahapax legomenonof the Quran that directly associates with aBronze Agelocation, which is traditionally located in the southern region of theHejaz.

A literal translation is "Valley of the Bakha", although the translations intoBiblical Greekassumed it to be the similar-sounding word בכה ( "bakhah" ), "crying", and translates it as ἐν τῇ κοιλάδι τοῦ κλαυθμῶνος ( "Valley of Mourning", "Valley of Weeping" ).

Revisionist and source critical views[edit]

Tom HollandandPatricia Crone,bothrevisionist scholars of early Islamic history,postulate that Mecca and Bakkah might not be different spelling variations of the same area, a view commonly held by historical and modern Islamic authors, but rather Bakkah existed in another place.

Holland, in his 2012 bookIn the Shadow of the Sword,states that Bakkah must have been located somewhere nearByzantine Empire's southern frontier, citingMecca before Islambeing absent in Byzantine records ofHejaz,Quran mentioning Byzantine military expeditions and Quranic imagery (such asMušrikūnhavingcattlesand gardens of vines, olives, and pomegranates) being vastly different from desert regions of Mecca and being more in line with wetterSyria-Levantregion.[26]

Although he asserts that it's not possible to ascertain where Bakkah had exactly stood during the early Islamic history,[27]he later postulates the region ofMamreas a possible location, currently located inWest Bank.He identifies Mamre as an ancient Arabic pilgrimage site, citing a mid-7th century account by aNestorianchronicler that parallels the Quranic description. He also proposesMaqam Ibrahim,two words mentioned in the Quran along with Bakkah, which can be translated as "the place whereAbrahamstood ", not beinga stone as it has been identified in the Islamictradition, but rather he interprets the sentence hinting at the possible Levantine location of Bakkah.[28]

Another theory, coined as the Mecca–Petra Theory—or simply the Petra Theory—by the development of it fromDan Gibson,suggests that the original location of Bakkah isPetra,a historical city which was located inArabia Petraea,which is also situated in the Levant instead of the modern location of Mecca. The major point of the theory is that theqiblaof early mosques face Petra more accurately than Mecca.[29]Others have challenged the notion of comparing modern readings of qibla directions to early mosques’ qiblas as they claim early Muslims could not accurately calculate the direction of the qibla to Mecca and so the apparent pinpointing of Petra by some early mosques may well be coincidental.[30]

See also[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^The Hebrew word (מִדבָּר,midbar), can also be translated aswilderness,desert,orplains.
  2. ^TheSeptuagintuseshe.
  3. ^Bekha'im,the plural form ofbakha,is translated asmulberry treesin theKing James Versionand aspear treesinMiddle Englishtranslations, although the specific tree to whichbakhamay refer to is not known. Many modern translations suggest balsam or poplar trees.

References[edit]

  1. ^abBarbara Ann Kipfer (2000).Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology(Illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 342.ISBN978-0-306-46158-3.
  2. ^Surah Al-Fath48:24-Sahih International
  3. ^abcKees Versteegh (2008). C. H. M. Versteegh; Kees Versteegh (eds.).Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4(Illustrated ed.). Brill. p. 513.ISBN978-90-04-14476-7.
  4. ^abcdPhilip Khûri Hitti (1973).Capital cities of Arab Islam(Illustrated ed.). University of Minnesota Press. p. 6.ISBN978-0-8166-0663-4.
  5. ^abOliver Leaman (2006).The Qur'an: an encyclopedia(Illustrated, annotated, reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 337.ISBN978-0-415-32639-1.
  6. ^abcCyril Glassé & Huston Smith (2003).The new encyclopedia of Islam(Revised, illustrated ed.). Rowman Altamira. p. 302.ISBN978-0-7591-0190-6.
  7. ^abcdeWilliam E. Phipps (1999).Muhammad and Jesus: a comparison of the prophets and their teachings(Illustrated ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. p.85.ISBN978-0-8264-1207-2.mecca becca.
  8. ^Alice C. Hunsberger (2000).Nasir Khusraw, the ruby of Badakhshan: a portrait of the Persian poet, traveller and philosopher(Illustrated ed.). I.B.Tauris. p. 174.ISBN978-1-85043-919-6.
  9. ^abcdDaniel C. Peterson (2007).Muhammad, prophet of God.Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 22–25.ISBN978-0-8028-0754-0.
  10. ^Sher Ali Maulawi; Mirza Tahir; Ahmad Hadhrat (2004).The Holy Quran with English Translation.Islam International. p. 753.ISBN978-1-85372-779-5.
  11. ^Surah Al Imran3:96-97:

    Surely the first House ˹of worship˺ established for humanity is the one at Bakkah—a blessed sanctuary and a guide for ˹all˺ people. In it are clear signs and the standing-place of Abraham. Whoever enters it should be safe. Pilgrimage to this House is an obligation by Allah upon whoever is able among the people. And whoever disbelieves, then surely Allah is not in need of ˹any of His˺ creation.
  12. ^Genesis 21:14–21
  13. ^Firestone, Reuven (1992). "Ibrāhīm's Journey to Mecca in Islamic Exegesis: A Form-Critical Study of a Tradition ".Studia Islamica(76): 15–18.
  14. ^Genesis 21:8–21
  15. ^Genesis 21:15–19
  16. ^F. E. Peters (1995).The Hajj: the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and the holy places(Reprint, illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 47.ISBN978-0-691-02619-0.
  17. ^James George Roche Forlong (1897).Short studies in the science of comparative religions: embracing all the religions of Asia(Reprint ed.). Kessinger Publishing. p. 536.ISBN978-0-7661-0157-9.[permanent dead link]
  18. ^2 Chronicles 20:19
  19. ^The Zondervan Corporation (1994).The Quest Study Bible, New International Version.Zondervan Publishing House. pp. 805–806.ISBN0-310-92412-X.
  20. ^See, for example, Amos Hakham, Book of Psalms [Heb], vol. 2: 73-150, Jerusalem: Mossad Rav Kook, 1990, p. 104: "There are commentators who explain that `emeq haBaka הבכא is a valley where certain trees grow that are called בכאים pronounced" b'kha'im "–" bakha-trees, "this valley is emeq refaim עמק רפאים" Valley of Ghosts "or" Valley of Giants "– 2 Sam 5:22-24, and it is where pilgrims would ascend on their way to the temple area in Jerusalem" [translated from Hebrew]. "
  21. ^Adele Berlin; Michael A. Fishbane; Marc Zvi Brettler (2003).The Jewish Study Bible: Featuring The Jewish Publication Society TANAKH Translation.Jewish Publication Society. p. 1377.ISBN978-0-19-529754-6.
  22. ^Donald Guthrie; Alec Motyer; Alan M. Stibbs; Donald J. Wiseman (1970).The New Bible Commentary: Revised.Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. 504.ISBN0802822819.
  23. ^Jan P. Fokkelman(2000).At the interface of prosody and structural analysis, Volume 2.Uitgeverij Van Gorcum. p. 235.ISBN978-90-232-3381-7.
  24. ^Heribert Busse (1998).Islam, Judaism, and Christianity: theological and historical affiliations(Illustrated ed.). Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 186.ISBN978-1-55876-144-5.
  25. ^Psalms 84:1–7of the King James Version reads:

    How amiable are thy tabernacles, O LORD of hosts!
    My soul longeth, yea, even fainteth for the courts of the LORD: my heart and my flesh crieth out for the living God.
    Yea, the sparrow hath found an house, and the swallow a nest for herself, where she may lay her young, even thine altars, O LORD of hosts, my King, and my God.
    Blessed are they that dwell in thy house: they will be still praising thee.Selah.
    Blessed is the man whose strength is in thee; in whose heart are the ways of them.
    Who passing through the valley of the Bakha make it a well; the rain also filleth the pools.
    They go from strength to strength, till each appears before God in Zion.
  26. ^Holland 2012,p. It is hard to know which is the more perplexing: the complete lack of evidence in the Qur'an for any idol smashing on the part of Muhammad, or its portrait of the Mushrikun as owners of great herds of oxen, cows and sheep. Mecca, a place notoriously dry and barren, is not, most agronomists would agree, an obvious spot for cattle ranching—just as the volcanic dust that constitutes its soil is signally unsuited to making "grain grow, and vines, fresh vegetation, olive trees, date palms, luscious gardens, fruit and fodder.".
  27. ^Holland 2012,p. A murk such as this spreads impenetrably. Where precisely Muhammad believed Bakka to have stood it is surely now impossible to say. Such evidence as might once have existed has long since been lost. Clues remain, but they are all of them ambiguous and fragmentary in the extreme..
  28. ^Holland 2012,p. Nor, in fact, is there anything in the Qur'an itself that would serve to contradict this universal presumption. Just the opposite, in fact. The Bakka described by the Prophet shimmers with the same numinous aura that had long attached itself to another sanctuary: Mamre. "It is the place where Abraham stood to pray".
  29. ^Gibson, Dan (2017).Early Islamic Qiblas: A survey of mosques built between 1AH/622 C.E. and 263 AH/876 C.E.Independent Scholars Press.ISBN978-1927581223.
  30. ^King, David A.The Petra Fallacy.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-12-08.Retrieved2019-09-15.

External links[edit]

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