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Balangay

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the boat. For the political administrative division, seeBarangay.

TheBalatikof the Tao Expedition ofPalawan,a reconstruction of a large sailingparaw,which is essentially a typicalVisayanbalangay with largedouble outriggers.It isgaff rigged,which is European.
The balangaySultan sin SuluinMaimbung, Sulu.These replicas are meant to recreate the Butuan boats, but are inaccurate in that they do not have outriggers orAustronesian rigs.

Abalangay,orbarangay,is a type oflashed-lug boatbuilt by joining planks edge-to-edge using pins, dowels, and fiber lashings. They are found throughout thePhilippinesand were used largely as trading ships up until the colonial era. The oldest known balangay are the elevenButuan boats,which have been carbon-dated individually from 689 to 988 CE and were recovered from several sites inButuan,Agusan del Norte.[1][2][3]The Butuan boats are the single largest concentration of lashed-lug boat remains of theAustronesian boatbuilding traditions.They are found in association with large amounts of trade goods from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and as far as Persia, indicating they traded as far as theMiddle East.[4]

Balangay were the first wooden watercraft excavated inSoutheast Asia.Balangay are celebrated annually in the Balanghai Festival of Butuan.[5]

Names

[edit]
Visayanbiroko,baloto,andtilimbao(upper half of illustration), along with the largerjoanganwarship, image traced from an illustration in theHistoria de las Islas e Indios de Bisayas(1668)

Balangaywas one of thefirst native words the Europeans learned in the Philippines.TheVenetianchroniclerAntonio Pigafetta,who was withFerdinand Magellanwhen setting foot in the Philippines in 1521 called the native boatsbalangaiorbalanghai.This word appears as eitherbalangayorbarangay,with the same meaning, in all the majorlanguages of the Philippines.Early colonial Spanish dictionaries make it clear thatbalangayandbarangaywere originally pronounced "ba-la-ngay" and "ba-ra-ngay", but due to centuries of Spanish influence, the modernbarangayis pronounced "ba-rang-gay" in modernFilipino(/bɑːrɑːŋˈɡaɪ/,instead of precolonial/bɑːrɑːŋˈaɪ/). Pigafetta's alternate spelling with an H,balanghai,later gave rise to the historically incorrectneologismbalanghayin the 1970s (with a new, slightly different pronunciation which Pigafetta did not intend).[6]

The term was also used by theTagalogpeople to refer to the smallest discrete political units, which came to be the term used for native villages under the Spanish colonial period.[6][7][8]The name of the boat was usually Hispanicized in Spanish and American records asbarangayan(plural:barangayanes) to distinguish them from the political unit.[9][10][11]

Among theIbanag peopleofNorthern Luzon,balangay were known asbarangay,a term sometimes extended to the crew. Large vessels were calledbirayorbiwong.[6]

In theVisayasandMindanao,there are multiple names for balangay-type boats, includingbaloto(not to be confused with thebalutu),baroto,biray,lapid,tilimbao(ortinimbao).[6][12]Cargo-carrying versions of balangay with high sides and no outriggers (which necessitated the use of longoarsinstead of paddles) were also known asbidok,birok,orbiroko(also spelledbiroco) in the Visayas.[6][13][12]Thekarakoa,a large Visayan warship, was also a type of balangay.[14]

History

[edit]
Ibanagbalangay(barangayanes) from theCagayan RiverinNorthern Luzon(c.1917)
Illustration of an armed merchantbirokowithtanja sailsbyRafael Monleón(1890)

"Balangay" is a general term and thus applies to several different types of traditional boats in variousethnic groups in the Philippines.In common usage, it refers primarily to the balangay of theVisayasandMindanaoislands, which were primarily inter-island trading ships, cargo transports, and warships. Large balangay (especially warships), including the Butuan boats, are commonly equipped with large double-outriggers which support paddling and fighting platforms, in which case, they can be generically referred to asparawortilimbao(alsotinimbao,fromtimbao,"outrigger").[6][15][16][12]Balangay warships, along with the largerkarakoa,were regularly used for raiding (mangayaw) by Visayan warriors. It is believed that they may have been the "Pi-sho-ye"raiders described as regularly attacking Chinese settlements in the coast ofFujianin the 12th century AD.[17]

"They (Visayans) have many kinds of ships of very different designs and names for fighting their wars and making their voyages. Most of the ones they use for wars and raiding are small; they are calledbarangay.And if they are a little bigger, they are calledbiray.The latter are very long and narrow, the smaller seating 50 and the larger ones 100, all of whom must row except the chief who is aboard the ship. The oars [sic] of these ships are a little more than avarain length; their shafts are very well made. The oars are not fastened to the boat for rowing; instead the seated oarsmen ply gently with both hands. These vessels are extremely swift. They hold two or three banks of seated oarsmen on a side, provided there are enough people to fill them. And these banks are placed in counterweights (outriggers), which are made of a very large bamboo plant found on all the Philippine Islands of the West. These counterweights are placed on the outer sides of the vessel, where the oarsmen are seated comfortably. These vessels travel very safely with these counterweights because they cannot capsize, and the counterweights also allow them to travel in heavy seas because the ship is elevated above the level of the water, so the waves break against the counterweights and not against the boats. They have round sails like ours. "

"They have other ships they callbirocos,these are much larger than the ones mentioned earlier, some capable of carrying 500 or 600fanegasof wheat. They are also oared, but they are very long and are moored to the ship like ours, and are of a different design. These are the biggest of their boats; the rest are small and are called by many different names and have different designs and need not be described here because they are unimportant. "

— Anonymous,Boxer Codex(c.1590)[18]

InTagalogregions, the balangay or barangay has the same functions as in the southern islands but differ in that it is constructed through thesewn-planktechnique, rather than through dowels.[15]

In the province ofCagayanin Northern Luzon, the balangay of theIbanag peoplewere predominantly used within theCagayan Riversystem, but were also sometimes used as coastal trade ships, reaching as far as theIlocos Region.They were mainly used as cargo and fishing ships and differed from other balangay in being much smaller with a shallower draft.[6]

Marina Sutil

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See also:Lanong,Piracy in the Sulu Sea,Spanish expedition to Balanguingui,andSlavery in Sultanates of Southeast Asia
Balangay boats viewed from the air

During the 18th to 19th centuries, balangay were also often used as warships for defending coastal villages fromMoroandDutchraiders during theMoro Wars,in conjunction with watchtowers (castillo,baluarte,orbantáy) and other fortifications. The raiders were regularly attacking coastal settlements in Spanish-controlled areas and carrying off inhabitants to be sold as slaves in markets as far asBataviaand theSultanate of Gowa.Defense fleets of balangay andvinta(known as theMarina Sutil,"Light Navy" or "Defense Navy" ) were first organized underGovernor-GeneralJosé Basco y Vargasin 1778. They were lightly armed but fast, which made them ideal for responding quickly to raider sightings and attacks.[10][19][20][21]

Notable leaders of these defense squadrons includeDonPedro Estevan, aprincipalíaofTabaco,Albay;and Julián Bermejo, anAugustinianfriar who commanded ten balangay and established an alarm system using a line of small relay forts in southernCebu.They were responsible for several major naval victories against Moro raiders from the late 18th to the early 19th centuries. The most significant was theBattle of Tabogon Bay(modern Tabgon,Caramoan) in 1818, where the combined fleets of Estevan andDonJosé Blanco defeated around forty Moro warships led by Prince Nune, the son of a sultan from Mindanao. Nune escaped, but hundreds of Moro raiders died in the skirmish and around a thousand more were stranded and hunted down in the mountains of Caramoan. The 1818 victory led to increased usage of defense fleets and the reduction of Moro raids to only sporadic attacks on isolated fishermen or smaller villages until their eventual suppression in 1896.[10][19][20][21]

Construction

[edit]
See also:Lashed-lug boat,Bangka (boat),andAustronesian peoples

Balangay were basicallylashed-lugplank boats put together by joining the carved out planks edge-to-edge. The prow and stern posts were also composed of V-shaped ( "winged" ) single carved pieces of wood. Thestrakeswere made fromheartwoodtaken from the section in between the softersapwoodand thepithof trees. Tree species favored includedoongon(Heritiera littoralis),lawaan(Shoreaspp.),tugas(Vitex parviflora), andbarayong(Afzelia rhomboidea), among others. The trees were traditionally cut on a moonlit night in accordance with local folk beliefs. A single tree usually produces two lengths of curving planks. Traditionally, the planks and other ship parts were shaped with straight (dalag) or curved (bintong)adzeshammered with a mallet called apakang.The mastershipwrightis called apandáy(similar to other craftsmen in Philippine cultures).[15][13][22]

Generalized diagram (cross-section) of lashed-lug planking in Butuan Boat Two (Clarket al.,1993)[13]

The balangay's keel is built first. Like most Austronesian ships (and in contrast to western ships), the keel is basically adugout canoe(abangka) made from a single log. The keel is also known as abarotowhich is the origin of one of the alternative names for balangay in the Visayas. The Butuan balangay boats differ from later balangay designs in that they do not have a true keel. Instead, they have a central plank fitted with three parallel lines of thin lugs which serve as additional attachment points for lashings.[15][13][22]

The outer shell of the hull is built first by fittingstrakeson each side of the keel edge-to-edge (to a total of six or more). The shaping of these strakes into the appropriate curvature (lubag) requires a skilledpandáy.They are locked in place with woodendowelsor pins (treenails) around 19 cm (7.5 in) long slotted into holes drilled into the edges of the strakes. Some sections may necessitate the use of two or more planks for each strake. These are attached end-to-end using hookedscarf joints.Once the hull is assembled, it is left to season for a month or two.[15][13][22]

After the wood is seasoned, the hull is taken apart once again and checked. It is then reassembled in a stage known assugi( "matching" ). This involves fitting the strakes back together. Once fitted, the space between the strakes is run through with a spoon-like implement called alokob.This creates a space with an even thickness in between the two strakes. The space is then filled with fine palm fibers calledbarukorbarokandcaulkedwith resin-based pastes. The dowels are also further secured by drilling holes into them through the planks with the help of marks inscribed beforehand. Counter pegs calledpamutaare then hammered into these holes.[15][13][22]

Balangay boat building site in Butuan

The second stage is known asos-osorus-us,which involves lashing the planks very tightly to wooden ribs (agar) with fiber orrattanropes. The ropes are tied to holes bored diagonally into lugs (tambuko), which are rectangular or rounded protrusions on the inner surface of the planks. Thetambukooccur at even distances corresponding to six dowel hole groupings. Wedges are then driven in the space between the ribs and the planks, drawing the lashings even tighter as the distance between them is increased. Thwarts are then placed across the hull which are also lashed to correspondingtambukoon each side and covered with removable decking. Once completed, the hull usually measures around 15 m (49 ft) long and 4 m (13 ft) wide.[15][13][22][23]

The masts and outriggers (katigorkate) of the balangay boats were not preserved, which is why modern reconstructions tend to omit the latter. However, as with later balangay designs described by Spanish explorers, they are believed to possess large outriggers which would be necessary for them to carry sails without capsizing. Outriggers dramatically increased stability and sail power without significant increase in weight. Outriggers in large war balangay designs also supported paddling and fighting platforms known as thedarambaand theburulan,respectively.[15][13][22][23]

Similar traditional ship-building techniques are still preserved bySama-Bajauboat makers inSibutu IslandinTawi-Tawi.[23]

Butuan boats

[edit]
See also:Lashed-lug boatandMaritime Silk Road
Planks from one of the Butuan boats in the Butuan National Museum showing protruding lugs and the holes on the edges where dowels were inserted

The Butuan balangay boats were the first wooden watercraft excavated inSoutheast Asia.[24][6]They were discovered in the late 1970s inButuan,Agusan del Norte.A total of nine wooden boats were accidentally found by locals searching for alluvial gold on land near the Masao River.[13]The site was in Sitio Ambangan, Barrio Libertad within an older dried-up river channel, perhaps a former tributary of the Masao River.[25]The number of boats discovered in the site has since increased to at least eleven. Each boat is named based on the order that they were discovered, not when they were excavated.[2]

Seven of the elevenbalangaysdiscovered (Butuan Boats 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7,and9) have been excavated or are being excavated by the National Museum. Only three of which (Butuan Boats 1, 2,and5) have been fully recovered and displayed.[26]The wood used for the boats come from a variety of tree species, all of which are indigenous to thePhilippinesand neighboring regions in Southeast Asia. They were originallyradiocarbon datedin the 1970s and 1980s, but the results (ranging from the 4th century CE to the 13th century CE) were too disparate for one site. More modern methods usingaccelerator mass spectrometrycarbon-14dating yielded more reliable results ranging from the 7th to 10th centuries CE.[2][13][1][26]

  • Butuan Boat 1- excavated from 1976. It originally measured around 10.2 m (33 ft) in length and has been dated to 777-988 CE. The timber used in its construction are identified asPetersianthus quadrialatus(toog), andVaticasp. (narig), andShoreasp. (lawaan).[2][1]It is currently exhibited at theNational Museum of the Philippines(formerly the "Balangay Shrine" ) inButuan.[26]
  • Butuan Boat 2- excavated from 1977. It originally measured around 11.3 m (37 ft) in length. It is the oldest of the boats recovered and has been dated to 689-940 CE. The timber used in its construction are identified asPterocarpus indicus(narra) andHopeasp. (manggachapui).[2][1]It is currently in storage at theNational Museum of AnthropologyinManila,though it was formerly on display.[26]
  • Butuan Boat 3- excavated from 1977. It was found close toButuan Boat 2.Only three planks have been recovered from the ship, and the excavation was abandoned with no explanation.[26]
  • Butuan Boat 4- started excavation in 2012, currently still being excavated. The original length is unknown, because roughly one half of the vessel remains unexcavated. It overlapsButuan Boat 9in the excavation site. It has been dated to around 775-973 CE. The timber used in its construction are identified asVaticasp. (narig) andPometia pinnata(malugai).[2]
  • Butuan Boat 5- excavated from 1985-1986. It originally measured around 11.5 m (38 ft) in length. It has been dated to around 776-971 CE. The timber used in its construction are identified asPistacia chinensis(sangilo),Vitex parviflora(mulawin),Dimocarpussp. (alupag), andPterocarpus indicus(narra). The quarter rudder was made fromEusideroxylon zwageri(tambulian).[2][1][26]It is currently partially displayed at the National Museum in Butuan, along withButuan Boat 1.Most of its parts are in storage. There were missteps in the early conservation ofButuan Boat 5,leading to the warping of some of the wood pieces.[26]
  • Butuan Boat 7- excavated in 1988-1989. Very little information was recorded from its excavation, except for observations that it was in very poor condition and thus was not recovered.[26]
  • Butuan Boat 9- started excavation in 2012, currently still being excavated. It is the largest discoveredbalangayand is sometimes referred to as the "mother boat", roughly measuring at twice the length of the other boats. It overlapsButuan Boat 4in the excavation site. It has been dated to around 773-968 CE. The timber used in its construction has not yet been identified.[2][27][1]

The excavation of the Butuan Boats have faced major challenges. Having originally been discovered bytreasure hunters,the early excavations of the site in the 1970s and 1980s suffered from poor written and photographic documentation and conservation measures. Excavation onButuan Boats 5and9have been suspended due to their poor conditions which necessitates further study on how to recover them without damage.[26]As of 2022, the rest of the ships which are yet to be excavated, remain in their original waterlogged condition which is proven to be the best way to preserve the said artifacts.[26][28]

The Butuan boats are the single largest concentration oflashed-lug boatremains of theAustronesian boatbuilding traditions.Similar shipwrecks found elsewhere in Southeast Asia include thePontian boat(c. 260–430 CE) ofMalaysia.The Butuan boats were found in association with large amounts of trade goods fromChina,Cambodia,Thailand(HaripunjayaandSatingpra),Vietnam,and as far asPersia,indicating they traded as far as theMiddle East.[4]

Declarations

[edit]
Balangays are among the many vessels present inPhilippine mythology.The most famous vessels in mythology include Matan-ayon's sturdy Hulinday,[29]Silungan Baltapa's expeditious ship,[30]Agyu's flying Sarimbar,[31]andCacao's marketingpsychopompship.[32]

National Cultural Treasures

[edit]

The balangays of Butuan was declared byPresidentCorazon Aquinoas National Cultural Treasures with Presidential Proclamation No. 86 on March 9, 1987, and the vicinity of excavation as archaeological reserves.[33]

National Boat

[edit]

In November 2015, the Balangay was declared as the National Boat of the Philippines by the House Committee on Revisions of Laws. The Balangay was chosen so that the "future generations of Filipinos will recognize the invaluable contribution of their forefathers in shaping the country's maritime tradition and in passing on the values of solidarity, harmony, determination, courage and bravery.[3][34]

House Bill 6366 proposes that the Balangay should be the National Boat of the Philippines.[35]

The Balangay Voyage

[edit]

In 2009, the Kaya ng Pinoy Inc. that conqueredMount Everestin 2006 announced plans to re-construct a balangay boat, with the help ofSama-Bajau(Sama Dilaya) and other tribal members who retained thelashed-lugboat-building techniques which were mostly lost in other islands. The balangay's voyage traced the routes ofFilipino Ancestorsduring the waves ofAustronesiansettlement through Maritime Southeast Asia and the Pacific.[36][37]The special wood for construction came from the established traditional source in southern Philippines, specificallyTawi-Tawi.The team have pinpointed Sama-Bajau master boat builders, whose predecessors actually built such boats, and used traditional tools during the construction. The balangay was constructed atManila Bay,at theCultural Center of the Philippines Complex.[38][39]

The Balangays, namedDiwata ng Lahi,Masawa Hong Butuan,andSama Tawi-Tawi,[40]navigated without the use of modern instruments, and only through the skills and traditional methods of the Filipino Sama people. They journeyed fromManila Bayto the southern tip ofSulu,stopping off at numerous Philippine cities along the way to promote the project. The journey around the country covered a distance of 2,108 nautical miles or 3,908 kilometers.[38][41]

The second leg of the voyage (2010–2011) saw the balangay boats navigate aroundSouth East Asia– Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Cambodia, Thailand and up to the territorial waters of Vietnam before heading back to the Philippines.[38][41]

Balangay boat withgaff rigsinManila Bayat sunset

The balangay was navigated by the old method used by the ancient mariners – steering by the Sun, the stars, the wind, cloud formations, wave patterns and bird migrations. Valdez and his team relied on the natural navigational instincts of theBadjao.Apart from the Badjao,Ivatanare also experts in using the boat.[38][41][42]The organisers say that the voyage "aims to bring us back to the greatness of our ancestors and how colonialism robbed these away from us and produced the Filipino today".[43][44]

In 2019, the Balangay Voyage team announced two more balangay (Lahi ng MaharlikaandSultan sin Sulu) will set sail on December 14, 2019, from Palawan to Butuan, then to Mactan to commemorate the 500th anniversary of theBattle of Mactan.The two boats will be temporarily renamedRaya KolambuandRaya Siyagu.[45]

Balangay Site Museum

[edit]

The Balangay Site Museum also known as "Balanghai Shrine Museum" houses the balangays excavated on 320 AD.[46]It is located at Sitio Ambangan, Barangay Libertad,Butuan.It also displays the cultural materials such as human and animal remains, hunting goods, jewelries, coffins, pots and other items associated to the boat.[47]The shrine was built in 1979 after Felix A. Luna, a resident of the area, donated the land.

Balanghai Festival

[edit]

In Butuan,Agusan del Norte,the annual Balanghai Festival celebrates the settlement of Butuan via the balangay ships.[48]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefLacsina, Ligaya (2014).Re-examining the Butuan Boats: Pre-colonial Philippine watercraft.National Museum of the Philippines.
  2. ^abcdefghLacsina, Ligaya (2016)."Boats of the Precolonial Philippines: Butuan Boats".Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures:948–954.doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_10279.
  3. ^ab"Balangay declared PH National Boat".Manila Bulletin.Archived fromthe originalon December 8, 2015.
  4. ^ab"Butuan Archeological Sites".UNESCO.RetrievedJune 16,2024.
  5. ^"BALANGHAI FESTIVAL - Commemorating the coming of the early settlers from Borneo and Celebes".Archived fromthe originalon March 7, 2009.RetrievedSeptember 25,2009.
  6. ^abcdefghWilliam Henry Scott (1994).Barangay: sixteenth-century Philippine culture and society.Ateneo de Manila University Press.ISBN9789715501354.
  7. ^Zaide, Sonia M. (1999).The Philippines: A Unique Nation.All-Nations Publishing. pp. 62, 420.ISBN971-642-071-4.citingPlasencia, Fray Juan de (1589).Customs of the Tagalogs.Nagcarlin, Laguna.
  8. ^Junker, Laura Lee (2000).Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms.Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. 74, 130.ISBN971-550-347-0.
  9. ^Mallat, Jean (1983).The Philippines: History, Geography, Customs, Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce of the Spanish Colonies in Oceania.National Historical Institute. pp. 45–46.
  10. ^abcMontero y Vidal, José (1894).Historia general de Filipinas desde el descubrimiento de dichas islas hasta nuestras días.Vol. 2. Est. Tip. de la Viuda e Hijos de Tello. pp. 395, 408, 505, 506, 620.
  11. ^An official guide to eastern Asia.Vol. 5. Tetsudōshō ( thiết đạo tỉnh ). 1920. p. 76.
  12. ^abcde Méntrida, Alonso (1637).Vocavulario de Lengua Bisaya, Hiligaina y Haraya de la Isla de Panay Y Sugbu y Para Las Demás Islas(PDF).
  13. ^abcdefghijClark, Paul; Green, Jeremy; Vosmer, Tom; Santiago, Ray (May 1993). "The Butuan Two boat known as a balangay in the National Museum, Manila, Philippines".International Journal of Nautical Archaeology.22(2): 143–159.doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1993.tb00403.x.
  14. ^Haddon, A. C. (January 1920)."The Outriggers of Indonesian Canoes"(PDF).The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.50:69–134.doi:10.2307/2843375.JSTOR2843375.
  15. ^abcdefghScott, William Henry (1982)."Boat-Building and Seamanship in Classic Philippine Society"(PDF).Philippine Studies.30(3): 335–376.JSTOR42632616.
  16. ^Stead, Martin Roderick (2018).Defining the Construction Characteristics of Indigenous Boats of the Philippines: The Impact of Technical Change Pre and Post Colonisation(PDF)(MPhil). University of Southampton.
  17. ^Isorena, Efren B. (2004)."The Visayan Raiders of the China Coast, 1174-1190 AD".Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society.32(2): 73–95.
  18. ^Souza, George Bryan; Turley, Jeffrey S., eds. (2016).The Boxer Codex: Transcription and translation of an illustrated late sixteenth-century Spanish manuscript concerning the geography, ethnography and history of the Pacific, South-East Asia and East Asia.Translated by Turley, Jeffrey S. Leiden: Brill. pp. 346–347.ISBN978-90-04-30154-2.
  19. ^abWarren, James Francis (2002).Iranun and Balangingi: globalization, maritime raiding and the birth of ethnicity.NUS Press. p. 109.ISBN9789971692421.
  20. ^abMallari, Francisco (1986)."Muslim Raids in Bicol, 1580-1792".Philippine Studies.34(3): 257–286.JSTOR42632949.
  21. ^abDery, Luis C. (1989)."The era of the kris: Moro raids in Sorsogon and Kabikolan and their impact on Philippine History, 1571-1896"(PDF).Transactions National Academy of Science.11:145–166.
  22. ^abcdefStead, Roderick; Dizon, E. (2011).A National Cultural Treasure Revisited –Re-assessing the 'Balangay' Boat Discoveries(PDF).
  23. ^abcHontiveros, G. 2004 Butuan of a Thousand Years.
  24. ^Hontiveros, G. 2014. Balangay: Re-launching an Ancient Discovery
  25. ^"Butuan: The First Kingdom." Butuan City Historical and Cultural Foundation, 1990.
  26. ^abcdefghijLacsina, Ligaya (2022). "From the Site to the Museum: Archaeologically Excavated Butuan Boat Remains Displayed in the National Museum of the Philippines＜Special Theme: Material Cultural Studies on Boats and Fishing Tools Based on the Museum Collections and Fieldwork＞".Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology.47(1): 63–85.doi:10.15021/00009963.
  27. ^Dimacali, Timothy James M.(August 9, 2013)."Massive balangay 'mother boat' unearthed in Butuan".GMA News Online.RetrievedAugust 31,2013.
  28. ^"Replica of 'balangay' embarks on epic voyage".ABS-CBN Corporation;Agence France-Presse.September 27, 2009.RetrievedOctober 1,2009.
  29. ^Change Me Into A Chieftain: Resistance and Persistence in Upland Panay Island, Philippines, D. Gowey, Arizona State University
  30. ^"Ethnographic Reading of Silungan Baltapa: Ancestral Tradition and Sufic Islam Values of Sama Bajau".October 21, 2013.
  31. ^"Top 10 Legendary & Accursed Mythical Items in Philippine Lore • THE ASWANG PROJECT".May 9, 2018.
  32. ^"Maria Cacao | Inquirer Opinion".April 15, 2016.
  33. ^"Agusan solon files heritage bill anew; seeks to declare Balangay as 'National Boat'".August 14, 2014. Archived fromthe originalon November 29, 2014.RetrievedSeptember 4,2014.
  34. ^"House Committee of Laws declares Balangay as National Boat".RetrievedDecember 1,2015.
  35. ^"Committee Report 978"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on February 4, 2016.RetrievedFebruary 4,2016.
  36. ^"Art Valdez rebuilds the ancient Balangay and sets it for voyage".Ferdziview.June 5, 2009.RetrievedFebruary 12,2020.
  37. ^The Balangay: Maritime Connectivity and Migration
  38. ^abcdEvangelista, Katherine (September 25, 2009)."Sailing around RP in an ancient 'balangay'".Philippine Daily Inquirer.Archived fromthe originalon November 4, 2009.RetrievedOctober 1,2009.
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  40. ^"'DIWATA NG LAHI' Finally Arrives in Butuan." City Government of Butuan. www.butuan.gov.ph. n.d. Web. December 13, 2014.
  41. ^abcAnn Corvera (June 7, 2009)."The Voyage of the Balangay: From the Mountain to the Seas".The Philippine Star.
  42. ^Sarmiento, Juan V. Jr. (September 27, 2009)."Building a Balangay".Philippine Daily Inquirer.Archived fromthe originalon July 2, 2009.RetrievedOctober 1,2009.
  43. ^"What the voyage hopes to achieve".
  44. ^"Balangay replica swamped by flood in Cavite".ABS-CBN CorporationNews. September 9, 2009.RetrievedOctober 1,2009.
  45. ^"Butuan's ancient Balangay boat replicas sail to start 500-day countdown to Mactan quincentennial celebrations".Good News Pilipinas.November 8, 2019.RetrievedNovember 13,2019.
  46. ^"PARADISE ISLAND BARANGAY LIBERTAD".Butuan: LAGsik NA DAkbayan.2016.
  47. ^Maranga, Mark (June 16, 2011)."Balangay Site Museum".Philippines Tour Guide.
  48. ^"Balanghai festival in Butuan City".Manila Bulletin.RetrievedJanuary 10,2020.

Further reading

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