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Banten

Coordinates:6°30′S106°15′E/ 6.500°S 106.250°E/-6.500; 106.250
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For other uses, seeBanten (disambiguation).

Banten
Province
Province of Banten
Provinsi Banten
Coat of arms of Banten
Coat of arms
Nickname(s):
Tanah Jawara(Sundanese)
ᮒᮔᮂ ᮏᮝᮛ
Land of the Champions
Motto(s):
Iman Taqwa(Indonesian)
(Faith and Piety)
BanteninIndonesia
OpenStreetMap
Map
Coordinates:6°30′S106°15′E/ 6.500°S 106.250°E/-6.500; 106.250
CapitalSerang
Largest cityTangerang
Established4 October 2000
Government
• BodyBanten Provincial Government
• GovernorAl Muktabar (acting)
• Vice GovernorVacant
Area
• Total9,352.77 km2(3,611.12 sq mi)
• Rank34th in Indonesia
Highest elevation
(Mount Halimun)
1,929 m (6,329 ft)
Population
(mid 2023 estimate)[1]
• Total12,307,732
• Rank5th in Indonesia
• Density1,300/km2(3,400/sq mi)
DemonymBantenese
Demographics
•ReligionIslam(94.62%)
Christianity(3.94%)
—Protestant(2.65%)
—Catholic(1.29%)
Buddhism(1.30%)
Hindu(0.10%)
Aliran Kepercayaan (0.03%)
Konghucu(0.01%)[2]
•LanguagesIndonesian(official)
Sundanese(lingua franca)
Javanese(minor areas)
Betawi
Time zoneUTC+7(Indonesia Western Time)
ISO 3166 codeID-BT
GDP(nominal)2022[3]
- TotalRp747.3 trillion (8th)
US$50.3 billion
Int$157.0 billion (PPP)
- Per capitaRp61.00 million (15th)
US$4,107
Int$12,817 (PPP)
- GrowthIncrease5.03%[4]
HDIIncrease0.738 (8th) –high
Websitebantenprov.go.id

Banten(Indonesian:Banten,Sundanese:ᮘᮔ᮪ᮒᮨᮔ᮪,romanized:Banten) is the westernmostprovinceon the island ofJava,Indonesia.Its capital city isSerangand its largest city isTangerang.The province bordersWest Javaand theSpecial Capital Region of Jakartaon the east, theJava Seaon the north, theIndian Oceanon the south, and theSunda Strait(which separates Java from the neighbouring island ofSumatra) on the west and shares a maritime border withLampungto the west. The province covers an area of 9,352.77 km2(3,611.12 sq mi). It had a population of over 11.9 million in the2020 census,[5]up from about 10.6 million in2010.[6]The estimated mid-2023 population was 12.308 million.[1]Formerly part of the province ofWest Java,Banten was split off to become a province on 17 October 2000.

The northern half (particularly the eastern areas near Jakarta and the Java Sea coast) has recently experienced rapid rises in population andurbanization,and the southern half (especially the region facing theIndian Ocean) has a more traditional character but an equally fast-rising population.

Present-day Banten was part of the SundaneseTarumanagara kingdomfrom the fourth to the seventh centuries AD. After the fall of Tarumanegara, it was controlled byHindu-Buddhistkingdoms such as theSrivijayaEmpire and theSunda Kingdom.Thespread of Islamin the region began in the 15th century; by the late 16th century,Islamhad replaced Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion in the province, with the establishment of theBanten Sultanate.European traders began arriving in the region – first thePortuguese,followed by theBritishand theDutch.TheDutch East India Company(VOC) finally controlled the regional economy, gradually weakening the Banten Sultanate. On 22 November 1808, DutchGovernor-GeneralHerman Willem Daendelsdeclared that the Sultanate of Banten had been absorbed into theDutch East Indies.[7]This began theBantam Residency,150 years of direct Dutch rule. In March 1942, theJapaneseinvaded the Indies andoccupied the regionfor three years before their August 1945surrender.The region was returned to Dutch control for the next five years before the Dutch left and it was ruled by theIndonesian government.Banten became part of the province of West Java, but separatist efforts led to the creation of the separate province of Banten in 2000.[8]

Etymology

[edit]

The name "Banten" has several possible origins. The first is from theSundanesephrasekatiban inten,which means "struck down by diamonds". The phrase comes from the history of theBantenese people,who wereanimistsbefore adoptingBuddhismandHinduism.AfterIslambegan to spread in Banten, the community began to recognize and embrace Islam. The spread of Islam in Banten is described as being "struck down by diamonds".[9]

Another origin story is that theIndonesian HindugodBatara Gurutraveled from east to west, arriving at Surasowan (present-daySerang). When he arrived, Batara Guru sat on a stone which became known aswatu gilang.The stone glowed, and was presented to the king of Surasowan. Surasowan was reportedly surrounded by a clear, star-like river, and was described as a ring covered with diamonds (Sundanese:ban inten). This evolved into "banten".[9]

Another possibility is that "Banten" comes from theIndonesianwordbantahan(rebuttal), because the local Bantenese people resisted theDutch colonial government.[9]The word "Banten" appeared before the establishment of theBanten Sultanateas thename of a river.The high plains on its banks were calledCibanten Girang,shortened toBanten Girang(Upper Banten). Based on research in Banten Girang, the area has been settled since the 11th and 12th centuries.[10]During the 16th century, the region developed rapidly towards Serang and the northern coast. The coastal area later became the Sultanate of Banten, founded bySunan Gunung Jati,which controlled almost all of the formerSunda Kingdomin West Java.Sunda Kelapa(Batavia) was captured by the Dutch, andCirebonand theParahiyanganregion were captured by theMataram Sultanate.The Banten Sultanate was later converted into aresidencyby the Dutch.[9]

History

[edit]

Early history

[edit]
Bird's-eye view of the town ofBantenin 1599
With his father,Sunan Gunungjati,Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin founded theSultanate of Banten.

During the fifth century, Banten was part of the kingdom ofTarumanagara.The fourth-centuryLebak inscription,discovered in 1947 in a lowland village on the Cidanghiyang River inMunjul, Pandeglang[id],contains two lines ofSanskritpoetry in thePallawa script[11]which describes life in the kingdom under the reign ofPurnawarman.[12]The kingdom collapsed after an attack bySrivijaya,and western Java became part of theSunda Kingdom.In the ChineseChu-fan-chi,written around 1225,Chou Ju-kuawrote that Srivijaya ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java during the early 13th century.Chu-fan-chiidentified the port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, withpepperfrom Sunda among the highest quality. The population were made up of farmers, and their houses were built on wooden poles (rumah panggung). Robbery, however, was common.[13]

According to Portuguese explorerTome Pires,Bantam (Banten) was an important early-16th-century port in the Kingdom of Sunda along with the ports ofPontang,Cheguide (Cigede), Tangaram (Tangerang), Calapa (Sunda Kelapa) and Chimanuk (on theCimanuk riverestuary).[14]In 1527, as the Portuguese fleet arrived off the coast, newly-convertedJavaneseMuslimsunderSunan Gunungjaticaptured the port of Banten and the surrounding area from the Sundanese and established theSultanate of Banten.According to Portuguese historianJoão de Barros,Bantenwas the center of the sultanate and a majorSoutheast Asianport (rivalingMalaccaandMakassar). The town of Banten was in the middle of the bay, about 3 mi (4.8 km) across. It was 850fathomsin length. A river, navigable byjunks,flowed through the center of the town; a small tributary extended to the town's edge. The present-day river is smaller, and only navigable by small boats. A fortress near the town had brick walls sevenpalmsthick. Armed, wooden defence buildings were two stories high. The town square was used for military activities and folk art, with a market in the morning. The palace was on the south side of the square. Next to the palace is a tall, flat-roofed building known as Srimanganti, which was used by the king to meet his subjects. West of the square is theGreat Mosque of Banten.[citation needed]

Colonial era

[edit]
Late-16th-century print of five warriors with weapons
Warriors of Banten in 1596
Formal painting of Herman Willem Daendels
In 1808, DutchGovernor-generalHerman Willem Daendelsordered the annexation of theBanten Sultanate.This marked the end of the four-century-old sultanate and the beginning of 150 years ofDutch rulein the region.

When the Dutch arrived in Indonesia, the Portuguese had long been in Banten. The English established afactoryin Banten, followed by the Dutch. The French and the Danish also came to trade in Banten. In the competition among European traders, the Dutch emerged victorious. The Portuguese left Banten in 1601 after their fleet was destroyed by the Dutch off the coast during theDutch–Portuguese War.[citation needed]

In 16th century, Chinese junk ships regularly traded with Jambi, Patani, Siam and Cambodia.[15]Local Muslim women who dealt in the cloth trade willingly married Han Chinese men in Palembang and Jambi and also local Muslim women in Banten married Han Chinese men. The Han Chinese men usually converted to Islam to please their Muslim wives.[16]

Although the Dutch won the war, they preserved theBanten Sultanate.The maritime sultanate relied on trade, and the pepper monopoly inLampungmade the Banten authorities intermediaries. The sultanate grew rapidly, becoming a commercial center.[17]As sea trade increased throughout the archipelago, Banten became a multi-ethnic region. Assisted by the British, Danish and Chinese, Banten traded withPersia,India,Siam,Vietnam,the Philippines,ChinaandJapan.[18]The reign of SultanAgeng Tirtayasawas the sultanate's height.[19]Under his reign, Banten had one of the strongest navies in the region, built to European standards with help from European shipbuilders and attracted Europeans to the sultanate.[20]To secure its shipping lanes, Banten sent its fleet toSukadana(the present-dayKetapang RegencyinWest Kalimantan) and conquered it in 1661.[21]Banten also tried to escape the pressure of theDutch East India Company(VOC), which had blockaded incoming merchant ships.[20]

A power struggle developed around 1680 betweenAgeng Tirtayasaand his son,Abu Nashar Abdul Qahar(also known as Sultan Haji). The disagreement was exploited by the VOC, who supported Haji and causing a civil war. Strengthening his position, Haji sent two envoys to meet KingCharles II of EnglandinLondonin 1682 to obtain support and weapons.[22]In the ensuing war, Ageng withdrew from his palace to Tirtayasa (present-dayTangerang); on 28 December 1682, the region was seized by Haji with Dutch assistance. Ageng and his other sons, Pangeran Purbaya and Syekh Yusuf fromMakassar,retreated to the southern Sunda interior. On 14 March 1683, Sultan Ageng was captured and imprisoned inBatavia.[citation needed]

The VOC continued to pursue and suppress Sultan Ageng's followers, led by Prince Purbaya and Sheikh Yusuf. On 5 May 1683, the VOC sent LieutenantUntung Surapatiand his Balinese troops, joining forces led by VOC Lieutenant Johannes Maurits van Happel to subdue thePamotan[id]andDayeuhluhurregions; on 14 December 1683, they captured Sheikh Yusuf.[23]Heavily outnumbered, Prince Purbaya surrendered. Surapati was ordered by Captain Johan Ruisj to pick up Purbaya and bring him to Batavia. They met with VOC forces led by Willem Kuffeler, but a dispute between them destroyed Kuffeler's forces; Surapati and his followers became fugitives from the VOC.[24]

Aerial view of the town of Banten
François Valentijn's painting of Banten in 1694

Lampung was given to the VOC on 12 March 1682 by Sultan Haji as compensation for the company's support, and a 22 August 1682 letter gave the VOC the province's pepper monopoly.[25]The sultanate also had to reimburse the VOC for losses caused by the war.[26]After Sultan Haji's death in 1687, the VOC's influence in the sultanate began to increase; the appointment of a new sultan required the approval of the governor-general in Batavia. Sultan Abu Fadhl Muhammad Yahya ruled for about three years before he was replaced by his brother, Pangeran Adipati (Sultan Abul Mahasin Muhammad Zainul Abidin). The civil war in Banten left instability for the next government, due to dissatisfaction with the VOC's interference in local affairs.[21]Popular resistance peaked again at the end of the reign of Sultan Abul Fathi Muhammad Syifa Zainul Arifin. The sultan sought VOC assistance against the rebellion, and Banten became avassal stateof the company in 1752.[27]

In 1808, at the peak of theNapoleonic Wars,Governor-generalHerman Willem Daendelsordered the construction of theGreat Post Roadto defend Java from British attack.[28]Daendels ordered the sultan of Banten to move his capital toAnyerand provide labor to build a port inUjung Kulon.The sultan defied Daendels' order, and Daendels ordered an attack on Banten and the destruction of Surosowan Palace. The sultan and his family were held in the palace before their imprisonment in Fort Speelwijk. Sultan Abul Nashar Muhammad Ishaq Zainulmutaqin was then exiled to Batavia. On 22 November 1808, Daendels announced from hisSerangheadquarters that the sultanate had been absorbed into theDutch East Indies.[29]The sultanate was abolished in 1813 by the British after theinvasion of Java.[30]That year, Sultan Muhammad bin Muhammad Muhyiddin Zainussalihin was disarmed and forced to abdicate byThomas Stamford Raffles;this ended the sultanate. After the British returned Java to the Dutch in 1814 as part of theAnglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814,Banten became aresidentie(residency) of the Dutch East Indies.[8]

Japanese occupation and independence

[edit]
A large group of young men
Rōmushaafter their liberation by the Dutch. Thousands of labourers died during the construction of the Saketi–Bayah railway under Japanese occupation.

Japaninvaded the East Indies,expelling the Dutch, and occupied Banten in March 1942. During theirthree years of occupation,the Japanese built theSaketi–Bayah railwayin southernLebakto transportbrown coalfrom the Bayah mines. The project involved a workforce of about 1,000rōmusha(local forced labourers) and a few engineers and technicians (mainly Dutch), supervised by the Japanese.[31]The rōmusha working in the mines were taken fromCentralandEast Java,the railway rōmusha were primarily from Banten. The construction took 12 million human days over 14 months.[32]Working conditions were harsh due to food shortages, lack of medical care, and the tropical climate.[33]Casualties are estimated at 20,000 to 60,000, not including mine workers.[31]

AfterJapan surrenderedin August 1945, the Dutch East Indiesdeclared independenceas the Republic of Indonesia. This was opposed by the returning Dutch, resulting in theIndonesian war of independence.During the war, Banten remained under Indonesian control. On 26 February 1948, the State of West Java (Indonesian:Negara Jawa Barat,Sundanese:Negara Jawa Kulon) was established; on 24 April 1948, it was renamedPasundan.Pasundan became afederal stateof theUnited States of Indonesiain 1949, and was incorporated into theRepublic of Indonesiaon 11 March 1950.[34]

After Indonesian independence, Banten became part of the province ofWest Java.Separatist sentiment led to the creation of the province of Banten in 2000.[35]

Geography

[edit]
Seashore under an orange-and-blue sky
Tanjung Lesungbeach,Pandegelang Regency
Trees submerged in water
Mangrove forest inUjung Kulon National Park

Banten lies between 5°7'50 "and 7°1'11" south latitude and 105°1'11 "and 106°7'12" east longitude.[36]The province has a land area of 9,352.77 km2(3,611.12 sq mi).[37]

It is near theSunda Strait's sea lanes, which linkAustraliaandNew ZealandwithSoutheast Asia.Banten also linksJavaand Sumatra. The region has a number of industries; its seaports handle overflow cargo from the seaport inJakarta,[38]and are intended to be an alternative to thePort of Singapore.[39]

Its location on the western tip of Java makes Banten the gateway to Java,Sumatraand the adjacent areas of Jakarta, Indonesia's capital. Bordering theJava Seaon the north, theSunda Straiton the west and theIndian Oceanon the south, the province has abundant marine resources.[40]

The land area includes some 81 offshore islands (large enough to have names) of which 50 are in Pandeglang Regency, 4 in Lebak Regency, 9 in Serang Regency, 5 in Cilegon City and 11 in Tangerang Regency.

Topography

[edit]
Rugged green landscape by the sea
Sawarna Banten Green View, Lebak Regency
Lowlands, with mountains in the background under a cloudy sky
Rawa Danau, Serang Regency

The province ranges in altitude from sea level to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Banten is primarily lowland (below 50 metres above sea level) inCilegon,Tangerang,Pandeglang Regency,and most ofSerang Regency.The centralLebakand Pandeglang Regencies range from 201 to 2,000 m (659 to 6,562 ft), and the eastern Lebak Regency ranges in altitude from 501 to 2,000 m (1,644 to 6,562 ft) at the summit ofMount Halimun.

Banten'sgeomorphologygenerally consists of lowlands and sloping and steep hills.[41]The lowlands are generally in the north and south.

The sloping hills have a minimum height of 50 m (160 ft) above sea level. Mount Gede, north of Cilegon, has an altitude of 553 m (1,814 ft) above sea level; there are also hills in the southern Serang Regency, in the Mancak and Waringin Kurung Districts. The southern Pandeglang Regency is also hilly. In eastern Lebak Regency, borderingBogor RegencyandSukabumi RegencyinWest Java,most of the region consists of steep hills of oldsedimentary rockinterspersed with igneous rocks such asgranite,granodiorite,dioriteandandesite.It also contains valuabletinandcopperdeposits.[42]

Climate

[edit]
See caption
Administrative map of Banten

Banten's climate is influenced by theSouthandEast Asian Monsoonsand the alternatingLa NiñaorEl Niño.During the rainy season, the weather is dominated by a west wind (fromSumatraand theIndian Oceansouth of theIndian subcontinent) joined by winds fromNorthern Asiacrossing theSouth China Sea.The dry season is dominated by an east wind which gives Banten severe droughts, especially on the northern coast during El Niño. Temperatures on the coast and in the hills range from 22 to 32 °C (72 to 90 °F), and temperatures in the mountains from 400 to 1,350 m (1,310 to 4,430 ft) above sea level range from 18 to 29 °C (64 to 84 °F).

The heaviest rainfall ranges from 2,712 to 3,670 mm (106.8 to 144.5 in) during the rainy season from September to May, covering half of the westernPandeglang Regency.Rainfall from 335 to 453 mm (13.2 to 17.8 in) covers half ofTangerang Regency,the northernSerang Regency,and the cities ofCilegonandTangerang.In the dry season (from April to December), the peak rainfall of 615 to 833 mm (24.2 to 32.8 in) covers half of the northern Serang and Tangerang Regencies and the cities of Cilegon and Tangerang. The lowest dry-season rainfall, 360 to 486 mm (14.2 to 19.1 in) from June to September, covers half of the southern Tangerang Regency and 15 percent of southeastern Serang Regency.

Government and administrative divisions

[edit]
Cities of Banten
Aerial view of a large city
The city ofSerangis the capital and administrative center of the province.
Open water under a blue sky
Cilegonis the westernmost city inJavaand the location of thePort of Merak,the gateway toSumatra.
A three-lane highway
Tangerang,a suburb of Jakarta
An arch and a palm tree near a shopping center
South Tangerangis another suburb of Jakarta.

Banten consists of fourregencies(kabupaten) and four autonomouscities(kota), listed below with their populations in the 2010[6]and 2020 censuses[5]and in official mid-2023 estimates.[1]The cities and regencies are subdivided into 155 districts (kecamatan) as at 2023, in turn sub-divided into 314urban villages(kelurahan) and 1,238 rural villages (desa).

Over half (54.48% in mid 2023) of the population lives in the northeast corner of the province on just 14.6% of its land area. This corner, which comprises Tangerang Regency, Tangerang City and South Tangerang City, is part of the Jakarta metropolitan area (Jabodetabek).

Kode
Wilayah 		Name of
City or
regency 		Capital Area
(km2) 		Pop'n
2010
census 		Pop'n
2020
census 		Pop'n
estimate
mid-2023 		HDI[43]2014
estimate
36.72 Cilegon 162.51 374,559 434,896 450,507 0.715 (high)
36.73 Serang 266.18 577,785 692,101 723,794 0.702 (high)
36.02 Lebak Regency Rangkasbitung 3,312.18 1,204,095 1,386,793 1,433,698 0.616 (medium)
36.01 Pandeglang Regency Pandeglang 2,746.81 1,149,610 1,272,687 1,312,766 0.620 (medium)
36.04 Serang Regency Ciruas 1,467.35 1,402,818 1,622,630 1,682,133 0.639 (medium)
Western Banten totals
 		7,955.03 4,708,867 5,409,107 5,602,898
36.74 South Tangerang 164.85 1,290,322 1,354,350 1,391,649 0.791 (high)
36.71 Tangerang 164.55 1,798,601 1,895,486 1,950,580 0.758 (high)
36.03 Tangerang Regency Tigaraksa 1,034.54 2,834,376 3,245,619 3,362,605 0.695 (medium)
Eastern Banten totals
(Greater Tangerang) 		1,363.94 5,923,299 6,495,455 6,704,834
Banten totals 9,318.97 10,632,166 11,904,562 12,307,732 0.698 (medium)

The province comprises three of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to thePeople's Representative Council.TheBanten I Electoral Districtconsists of the regencies of Pandeglang and Lebak, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council. TheBanten II Electoral Districtconsists of the regency of Serang, together with the cities of Ciligon and Serang, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council. TheBanten III Electoral Districtconsists of the regency of Tangerang, together with the cities of Tangerang and South Tangerang, and elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council.[44]

Regency capitals

[edit]

Under the Law No. 2 of 1993, Tangerang was incorporated as a city on 27 February 1993 from the Tangerang Regency, of which it had been the administrative capital. It was replaced by Cipasera.
Under the Law No. 15 of 1999, Cilegon was incorporated as a city on 20 April 1999 from the Serang Regency, of which it had been the administrative capital. It was replaced by Serang.
Under the Law No. 32 of 2007, Serang was incorporated as a city on 14 August 2007 from the Serang Regency, of which it had been the administrative capital. It was replaced by Ciruas.
Under the Law No. 51 of 2008, South Tangerang (formerly Cipasera) was incorporated as a city on 26 November 2008 from the Tangerang Regency, of which it had been the administrative capital. It was replaced by Tigaraksa.

Demographics

[edit]
Young men in blue headgear walking down a city street
Baduy peopleinSerangduring the Seba Baduy event

The 2006 population of Banten was 9,351,470, with 3,370,182 children (36.04 percent), 240,742 elderly people (2.57 percent), and the remaining 5,740,546 people aged between 15 and 64. It was Indonesia's fifth-most-populous province, afterWest Java,East Java,Central JavaandNorth Sumatra.By mid-2022, the estimated total had risen to 12,251,985.[45]

Ethnic groups

[edit]
Several couples dressed in red, black and green
MassBentengwedding ceremony

TheBantenese peopleare the largest group in the province, forming 47% of the total population. They mostly inhabit the central and southern part of the province. The origins of the Bantenese people; which are closely related to theBanten Sultanate,are different from theCirebonese peoplewhom are not part of theSundanese peoplenor theJavanese people(unless it is from the result of a mixture of two major cultures, namely Sundanese and Javanese). The Bantenese people along with theBaduy people(Kanekes) are essentially a subdivision of theSundanese peoplewhich occupies the former region of theBanten Sultanate(region of Bantam Residency after the abolishment and annexation by theDutch East Indies). Only after the formation of theBanten Provincedid people began to regard the Bantenese as a group of people with a culture and language of their own.[46]

Most of the north Banten population isJavanese.Most of the Javanese are migrants from central and eastern Java. TheBetawi peoplelive ingreater Jakarta,includingTangerang.Chinese Indonesiansmay also be found in urban areas, also primarily in the greater Jakarta area. TheBenteng Chinese(a subgroup of Chinese Indonesians) lives in Tangerang and the surrounding area, and are distinct from other Chinese Indonesians.[47][48][49]

Languages

[edit]
Colour-coded map
Linguistic map of Banten

The province's dominant language isSundanese.[50][51]Its indigenous people speak a dialect derived from archaic Sundanese, classified as informal in modern Sundanese.[52][53]

TheMataram Sultanatetried to control West Java, including Banten; the Sultanate of Banten defended its territory except for Banten. In the mountains and most of present-day Banten, the "loma" version of the Sundanese language is dominant; this version is considered "harsh" by people from Parahyangan.Banteneseis commonly spoken, especially in the southernPandeglangandLebak Regencies.[54]Near Serang and Cilegon, theJavaneseBanyumasan dialectis spoken by about 500,000 people.[55]In northern Tangerang,Betawiis spoken by Betawi immigrants.Indonesianis also widely spoken, especially by urban migrants from other parts of Indonesia. TheBaduy peoplespeak theBaduy language,also an archaic form of Sundanese.[56]

Religion

[edit]
Women in yellow playing green drums
Arampak bedugperformance at a Serang culinary festival

Most residents are Muslims (94.85% of population),[57]and the Banten Sultanate was one of the largest Islamic kingdoms on the island ofJava.The province also has other ethnicities and religions, including the Benteng Chinese community inTangerangand theBaduy peoplewho practiceSunda Wiwitanin Kanekes, Leuwidamar,Lebak Regency.

Based on archaeological data, early Banten society was influenced by theHindu-BuddhistTarumanagara,SriwijayaandSunda Kingdoms.According to theBabad Banten,Sunan Gunung Jatiand Maulana Hasanuddin spread Islam extensively in the region.Maulana Yusufreportedly engaged inda'wahin the interior, and conqueredPakuan Pajajaran.

The sultan of Banten's genealogy reportedly traced back toMuhammad,and theulamaswere influential.TariqaSufismdeveloped in the region.

Culture

[edit]
Smiling young people in a contest
Selection of Kang Nong Banten in 2017. The finalists wear traditional Bantenese dress.

Banten's culture is based on Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam. It includes thepencak silatmartial arts, theSaman dance,andPalingtung[id].Religious sites include theGreat Mosque of Bantenand the Keramat Panjang Tomb.[citation needed]

TheBaduy peoplelive in central and southern Banten. The Inner Baduy tribes are native Sundanese who areopposed to modernizationin dress and lifestyle, and the Outer Baduy tribes are more open to modernization. The Baduy-Rawayan tribe lives in the Kendeng Cultural Heritage Mountains, an area of 5,101.85 ha (19.70 sq mi) spanning the Kanekes area, Leuwidamar District,Lebak Regency.Baduy villages are generally located on the Ciujung River in the Kendeng Mountains.[58]

Weapons

[edit]

Thegolok,similar to amachete,is Banten's traditional weapon. Formerly a self-defence weapon, it is now a martial-arts tool. The Baduy people use goloks for farming and forest hunting. Other traditional weapons include thekujang,kris,spear, sledgehammer, machete, sword and bow and arrow.

Traditional housing

[edit]

Traditional housing in Banten hasthatchedroofing, with floors made of split and poundedbamboo.This type of traditional house is still widely found in areas inhabited by the Kanekes and Baduy peoples.

Clothing

[edit]

Bantenese men traditionally wear closed-neck shirts and trousers belted withbatik,perhaps with a golok tucked into the belt. Bantenese women traditionally wear akebaya,decorated with a hand-crafted brooch at the waist. Hair is tied into a bun, and decorated with a flower.

Islamic architecture

[edit]

Three-level mosque architecture is symbolic oftariqaihsan(beauty) andsharia(law).[58]

Pencak silat

[edit]

Pencak silatis a group of martial arts, rooted inIndonesian culture,which reportedly existed throughout the archipelago since the seventh century. It began to be recorded when it was influenced by theulamasduring the spread of Islam in the 15th century. At that time, martial arts were taught with religious studies inpesantren(Islamic boarding schools). Religion and pencak silat became intertwined.Silatevolved from folk dancing, becoming part of the region's defense against invaders.

Banten is known for its warriors, who are proficient in the martial arts.[58]Debus(fromArabic:دَبُّوس,romanized:dabbūs) is a Bantenese martial art which was developed during the 16th century.[59]

Transport

[edit]

Banten is in westernJava.In 2006, 249.246 km (155 mi) of its national roads were in good condition; 214.314 km (133 mi) were in fair condition, and 26.840 km (16.7 mi) were in poor condition. At the end of that year, 203.67 km (127 mi) of Banten's 889.01 km (552 mi) provincial road network were in good condition; 380.02 km (236 mi) were in fair condition, and 305.320 km (190 mi) were in poor condition. The province's national roads are congested; provincial roads have less traffic, and congestion is generally localized.

Rail transport is declining; 48 percent of Banten's 305.9 km (190.1 mi) rail network was operational in 2005, with an average of 22 passenger trains and 16 freight trains per day. Most lines weresingle-track,and the main line was the 141.6 km (88.0 mi)Merak-Tanah Abang,Tangerang-Duri, Cilegon-Cigading line, andSoekarno–Hatta Airport Rail LinkservingManggarai-Soetta Airportalong with theSkytrain.ThenJakarta MRTPhase 3 with Balaraja to Cikarang, will be construction in 2024.[60][61]

Soekarno–Hatta International Airportis Indonesia's main national airport. Other airports include the general-aviationPondok Cabe Airportin South Tangerang,Budiarto Airportin Tangerang (for training), andGorda AirportinSerang(used by theIndonesian Air Force).

Economy

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Banten GDP share by sector (2022)[62]

Agriculture (5.09%)
Manufacturing (30.47%)
Other Industrial (14.58%)
Service (49.86%)

Banten's 2006 population totaled 9,351,470, with 36.04 percent children, 2.57 percent elderly, and the remainder 15 to 64 years old. The province's 2005 Gross Regional Domestic Product (GDP) was primarily from the manufacturing industry sector (49.75 percent), followed by the trade, hotel and restaurant sector (17.13 percent), transportation and communication (8.58 percent), and agriculture (8.53 percent). Industry had 23.11 percent of jobs, followed by agriculture (21.14 percent), trade (20.84 percent) and transportation and communication (9.5 percent). The northern part of the province is more economically developed than the southern part.

It is strategically located betweenJavaandSumatra.Most investment is inTangerang,South Tangerangand the rest of the north because of their infrastructure and proximity toJakarta.Infrastructure in southern Banten lags behind that of the north, and Banten's development policies have prioritised growth over equality inPandeglangandLebakregencies; investors choose areas with existing infrastructure to ensure competitiveness.

Tourism

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Two large buildings with a number of visitors
The Great Mosque of Banten
Ujung Kulon National Parkin 2014
A martial-arts performance with several men
Bantenesemen during adebusperformance

Ujung Kulon National Parkis a national park and nature preserve which includes the island ofPanaitan.Its highest point is Mount Honje. Species protected in the park include the Javan rhino, deer, antelope, buffalo, several primate species, wild boar, jungle cat, sloth, and several species of birds. It can be reached via Labuan in Pandeglang Regency or by boat. The park has telecommunications networks, electricity, clean water, accommodations, information centers, travel guides, and transportation facilities. In 1991, it became a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site.[63]

Pulau Dua, covering about 30 ha (74 acres) near Serang, is known for its ocean coral, fish and of birds. Between April and August each year, it is visited by about 40,000 birds from 60 species from Australia, Asia and Africa. Originally an island, sedimentation has joined it to mainland Java.

Tanjung Lesung Beach, in the Panimbang district of western Pandeglang Regency, covers about 150 ha (370 acres). A proposedspecial economic zonein 2012, the Tanjung Lesung SEZ became operational on 23 February 2015.

BXSea Bintaro Jaya In South Tangerang City The largest aquarium and exotic tourist attraction in Southeast Asia, The location is at Bintaro Jaya Xchange 2 Mall, 21km from Jakarta Using the Jakarta - Serpong Toll Road and the JORR toll road Operating Since 15 December 2023.

Cuisine

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Five banana leaves, filled with coconut milk and a sauce, on a plate
Jojorong,a food originating in Pandeglang. Made with rice flour, brown sugar, coconut milk andpandanleaves, it is served in a bowl made of banana leaves.

Rabeg[id]is a Bantenese food similar to goat or curriedrawon.Found inSerang Regency,it is believed to have originated in theArabian Peninsulaand was brought by Arab traders during thespread of Islam in Indonesia.[64]Other Bantenese foods includenasi sumsum(from Serang Regency, made of white rice and buffalo-bone marrow), mahbub,shark fin soup,milkfishand ducksatays,duck soup,laksaTangerang,rice vermicelli,beef jerky andemping.

Sports

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Football

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There are multiple football clubs based in Banten. Each of them usually represent each one of Banten's regencies and cities. Two clubs are currently playing inLiga 1,Persita TangerangandDewa United,both play atIndomilk ArenainTangerang regency.The rest are playing in the lower division of Indonesian football, namelyPersikota Tangerangwhich represented thecity of Tangerangwith its home base at theBenteng StadiumandPersic Cilegonbased atKrakatau Steel StadiuminCilegonplaying inLiga 3whilePerserang Serang(with its home ground atMaulana Yusuf Stadium) playing inLiga 2.

Motorsports

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In 2009, theLippo Village International Formula Circuitwas built in a bid to host theA1 Grand Prix.The series was removed from the schedule, and the track was used for local motorsports before it was dismantled for theLippo Villageexpansion; the paddock area was reclaimed byPelita Harapan University.A replacement street circuit, BSD City Grand Prix, was built inBSD Cityfor local motorsports.

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Further reading

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[edit]
Wikisourcehas the text of the1911Encyclopædia Britannicaarticle "Bantam".
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forBanten.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banten&oldid=1252668567"