Bantu religion

AShonan'anga- a shaman and medicine man.

Bantu religionis the system ofbeliefsandlegendsof theBantu peopleofAfrica.Although Bantu peoples account for several hundred differentethnic groups,there is a high degree of homogeneity in Bantu cultures and customs, just as inBantu languages.Many Bantu cultures traditionally believed in a supreme god whose name is a variation ofNyambe/Nzambe.

The phrase "Bantu tradition" usually refers to the common, recurring themes that are found in all, or most, Bantu cultures acrossAfrica.

Traditional beliefs

See also:Nyambe

The traditional beliefs and practices of African people are highly diverse beliefs that include variousethnic religions.Generally, these traditions areoralrather thanscripturaland passed down from one generation to another through folk tales, songs, and festivals,include belief in an amount of higher and lower gods, sometimes including a supreme creator or force, belief in spirits,veneration of the dead,use ofmagicandtraditional African medicine.Most religions can be described asanimisticwith variouspolytheisticandpantheisticaspects.Animismbuilds the core concept of the Bantu religious traditions, similar to other traditional African religions. This includes the worship oftutelary deities,nature worship,ancestor worshipand the belief in anafterlife.While some religions adopted apantheisticworldview, most follow apolytheisticsystem with various gods, spirits and othersupernatural beings.Traditional African religions also have elements offetishism,shamanismandveneration of relics,and have a high complexity, comparable to JapaneseShintoorHinduism.

It is suggested that most ancient traditional African religions, like most other indigenousfolk religionsaround the world, were strictlypolytheisticand lacked the belief in monotheistic concepts, such as a single supreme creator god. Native African religions are centered onancestor veneration,the belief in aspirit world,supernatural beingsandfree will(unlike the later developed concept offaith). Deceased humans (and animals or important objects) still exist in the spirit world and can influence or interact with the physical world.Polytheismwas widespreaded in most of ancient African and other regions of the world, before the introduction of Islam, Christianity, andJudaism.High gods, along with other more specialized deities, ancestor spirits, territorial spirits, and beings, are a common theme among traditional African religions, highlighting the complex and advanced culture of ancient Africa.

Zulushaman and medicine women. Traditional African medicine is comparable withTraditional Chinese medicine,although much knowledge got lost after the introduction of Islam and Christianity.

Jacob Olupona,professor of indigenous African religions atHarvard University,described the Bantu mythology to be part of the many traditional African traditions, which are complexanimisticreligious traditions and beliefs of the African people before the Christian and Islamic colonization of Africa.Ancestor venerationhas always played a significant part in the traditional African cultures and may be considered as central to the African worldview. Ancestors (ancestral ghosts/spirits) are an integral part of reality. The ancestors are generally believed to reside in an ancestral realm (spiritworld), while some believe that the ancestors became equal in power to deities found in African traditions.

The defining line between deities and ancestors is often contested, but overall, ancestors are believed to occupy a higher level of existence than living human beings and are believed to be able to bestow either blessings or illness upon their living descendants. Ancestors can offer advice and bestow good fortune and honor to their living dependents, but they can also make demands, such as insisting that their shrines be properly maintained and propitiated. A belief in ancestors also testifies to the inclusive nature of traditional African spirituality by positing that deceased progenitors still play a role in the lives of their living descendants.

Olupona rejects the western/Islamic definition ofMonotheismand says that such concepts could not reflect the complex African traditions and are too simplistic. While some traditions have a supreme being (next to other deities), others have not. Monotheism does not reflect the multiplicity of ways that the traditional African spirituality has conceived of deities, gods, and spirit beings. He summarizes that traditional African religions are not only religions, but a worldview, a way of life.

The traditional ways of Bantu belief systems has been modified, to various degrees and in various ways, by the advent ofChristianity(orIslam), as the God of Christians and Muslims has been equated to the Bantu supreme deity.

Deities

The nature of the supreme and highest God of all gods and deities is often only vaguely defined or even lacking, although he may be associated with theSun,or theoldest of all ancestors,or have other specifications. Most names of various deities include the Bantu particleng(nk); some examples areNyambe(Bantu),Nzambi Mpungu(Bakongo),Nzambici(Bakongo),Mulungu(Wayao,Chewa,Akamba,Embuand others),uThixoorQamata(AmaXhosa),Unkulunkulu(AmaZulu),Gulu(Baganda),Muluku(Makua),Mungu(WaSwahili),Mukuru(OvaHereroandOvaHimba),Kibumba(Basoga),Imana(BanyarwandaandBarundi),Modimo(BasothoandBatswana),Ruhanga(BanyoroandBanyankole), andNgai(Akamba, Agikuyu, Aembu and other groups). In many traditions the gods are supposed to live in the skies; there are also traditions that locate them on some high mountain, for example theKirinyagamountain - Mt. Kenya, forKikuyu,Embupeople, which is comparable to other traditional religions around the world.

Beliefs by country

Cameroon

Among the Sawa ethnic groups of Cameroon, particularly theDuala,Bakweri,Malimba,Batanga,Bakoko,Orokopeople and related Sawa peoples,jengu(plural miengu) is a water spirit, among the Bakweri, the name is liengu (plural: maengu). In Bakoko, they are referred to as Bisima. Miengu are similar toMami Wataspirits. The miengu's appearance differs from people to people, but they are typically said to be beautiful,mermaid-like figures with long hair and beautiful gap-teeth. They live in rivers and the sea, and bring good fortune to those who worship them. They can also cure diseases and act as intermediaries between worshippers and the world of spirits. A Jengu cult is usually setup for worship of the Miengu.

Kongo

See also:Kongo religion

The Yowa/Dikenga Cosmogram

According to researcherMolefi Kete Asante,"Another important characteristic of Bakongo cosmology is the sun and its movements. The rising, peaking, setting, and absence of the sun provide the essential pattern for Bakongo religious culture. These" four moments of the sun "equate with the four stages of life: conception, birth, maturity, and death. For the Bakongo, everything transitions through these stages: planets, plants, animals, people, societies, and even ideas. This vital cycle is depicted by a circle with a cross inside. In this cosmogram or dikenga, the meeting point of the two lines of the cross is the most powerful point and where the person stands."

The Bakongo believe that in the beginning, there was only a circular void, calledmbûngi,with no life.Nzambi Mpungusummoned a spark of fire, orKalûnga,that grew until it filled thembûngi.When it grew too large, Kalûnga became a great force of energy and unleashed heated elements across space, forming the universe with the sun, stars, planets, etc. Because of this, kalûnga is seen as the origin of life and a force of motion. The Bakongo believe that life requires constant change and perpetual motion. Nzambi Mpunga is also referred to as Kalûnga, the God of change.Similarities between the Bakongo belief of Kalûnga and theBig Bang Theoryhave been studied.

The nature of Kalûnga is also spiritual. As Kalûnga filled mbûngi, it created an invisible line that divided the circle in half. The top half represents the physical world, orKu Nseke,while the bottom half represents the spiritual world of the ancestors, known asKu Mpèmba.TheKalûnga Lineseparates these two worlds, and all living things exists on one side or another. After creation, the line became like a river, carrying people between the worlds at birth and death. Then the process repeats and a person is reborn. Together, Kalûnga and the mbûngi circle form theYowaorDikengaCross.The four corners of the cross are believed to represent the four moments of the sun:Musoni Time,when the Kalûnga begot the universe;Kala Time,when biological life began;Tukula Time,when animals were created on Earth; andLuvemba Timewhen Manhûga, the ancestor of all humans, lived on Earth.

Relating to the creation of a Bakongo person, ormuntu,the four moments of the sun also play a role in their development.Musoni is the time when a muntu is conceived both in the spiritual realm and in the womb of a Bakongo woman. Kala is the time when a muntu is born into the physical world. This time is also seen as the rise of the sun. Tukula is the time of maturity, where a muntu learns to master all aspects of life from spirituality to purpose to personality. The last time is Luvemba, when a muntu physically dies and enters the spiritual world, or Nu Mpémba, with the ancestors, orbakulu.Because Bakongo people have a "dual soul-mind," ormwèla-ngindu,they are able to exist and live in both realms during the different moments of their lives. Even while in Nu Mpémba, a muntu still lives a full life as they prepare for Kala time once again.

Namibia

In some Bantu myths, thefirst manwas born from aplant:for example, he came from phragmites reeds in, and from a "Omumborombonga" tree inHereromythology. Other traditions have the first men came out of acaveor a hole in the ground.

It can be noted that, as is the case with many mythologies, Bantu mythologies about the creation of man are often limited to describing their own origins, rather than those of all of humanity. For example, most Bantu peoples that coexist withbushmendo not include these in their creation myths (i.e., bushmen, animals and the rest of humanity, to be a part of the eternal universe rather than a part of the specific group or people).

Death

The chameleon is aheraldofeternal lifein many Bantu mythologies

Most Bantu cultures have legends and myths about theorigin of death.According to one myth, a chameleon was sent to announce to men that they would never die. The chameleon went on his mission, but he walked slowly and stopped along the way to eat. Some time after the chameleon had left, alizardwent to announce to men that theywoulddie. Being much quicker than the chameleon, the lizard arrived first, thus establishing the mortal nature of man. The Baganda in central Uganda believe that Walumbe—one of the three sons of the god of heaven, who escaped heaven and was thrown into an abyss by his brother—still takes the souls of the Baganda.

Traditional African religions generally believe in anafterlifeseen in the way most of the tribes conduct their burials. Practices like burying the dead at midday so they could make it to the other world before night were common but have been left majorly to the rural areas. Some tribes carried out ceremonies where they would send the dead with messages to the other world.

Ancestors were believed to be in direct communication with the gods and sacrifices were made to them to plead on behalf of the people. Ancient Bantu religious beliefs have been left to undeveloped or rural areas. In some countries medicine men, the priests of ancient Africa, are looked at with scorn. This is attributed to the influence of religions like Islam and Christianity that prohibit witchcraft.

Ancestor worshipis an important basic concept in most African religions. Some African religions adopted different views through the influence of religions like Christianity and Islam.

Spirits

In most African cultures, including Bantu cultures,veneration of the deadplays a prominent role. The spirits of the dead are believed to linger around and influence the world of the living. This spiritual existence is usually not considered eternal; the spirits of the dead live on as long as there is someone who remembers them. As a consequence, kings and heroes, who are celebrated byoral tradition,live for centuries, while the spirit of common people may vanish in the turn of a few generations.

The dead communicate with the living in different ways; for example, they talk to them indreams,sendomens,or can be addressed by specially giftedseers.If they take any visible shape, it is often that of some animal (most likely asnake,abirdor amantis).

The living, through clairvoyants and seers, may address the dead in order to receive advice or ask for favours. If a spirit takes offence in something done by a living person, he may causeillnessor misfortune to that person; in that case, a clairvoyant may help that person to amend his mistake and pacify the angry dead.Catastrophes,such asfamineorwar,may be the consequence of serious misbehavior of the whole community.

As is the case with other mythologies, Bantu cultures often locate the world of the dead underground. Many Bantu cultures have myths and legends about living people that somehow manages to enter the world of the dead (kuzimuinSwahili); this may happen by chance to someone who is trying to hunt aporcupineor other animal inside itsburrow.Some legends are about heroes who willingly enter the underground world in some kind ofquest;examples areMpobe(inBagandamythology) andUncama(Zulu mythology).

While Bantu cultures also believe in other spirits than those of the dead (for example, spirits of nature such as "Mwenembago", "the lord of the forest", inZaramomythology), these play a much lesser role. In many cases, they were originally the spirits of dead people.

One finds here and there traces of belief in a race of Heaven dwellers distinct from ordinary mortals. For instance, they are sometimes said to have tails.

Mythology

Creatures

Bantu mythologies often includemonsters,referred to asamazimuinisiZuluandChewa languageandmadimo,madimu,zimwiin other languages. InEnglishtranslations of Bantu legends these words are often translated into "ogre"or most commonly" (Spirits) ", as one of the most distinctive traits of such monsters is that of beingman-eaters.They can sometimestake on the appearanceof men or animals (for example, theChagaliving by theKilimanjarohave tales of a monster withleopardlooks) and sometimes can cast spells on men and transform them into animals. A specific type of monsters is that of raised, mutilated dead (bearing a surface resemblance to western culture'szombies) such as theumkovuof Zulu tradition and thendondochaof theYao people.

Folktales

The traditional culture of most Bantu peoples includes severalfablesabout personified, talking animals.

The prominent character of Bantu fables is thehare,a symbol of skill and cunning. Its mainantagonistis the sneaky and deceptivehyena.Lionandelephantusually represent brute force. Even more clever than the hare is theturtle,who beats its enemies with its patience and strong will. This symbology is, of course, subject to local variations. In areas where the hare is unknown (for example, along theCongo River), its role is often taken by theantelope.InSothoculture the hare is replaced by ajackal,maybe due to the influence ofKhoisanculture, where the jackal is also a symbol of astuteness while the hare is seen as stupid. Zulus have stories about hares, but in some cases theferrettakes on the role of the smartprotagonist.

Diaspora in the Americas

Bantu religion, particularlyreligionpracticed by the Bakongo people, was brought to the Americas via theAtlantic slave trade.The spiritual traditions and religions that have preserved Kongo traditions includeHoodoo,Palo Monte,Lumbalú,Kumina,Haitian Vodou,Candomblé Bantu,and Venezuelan Yuyu.

See also

• Kongo religion
• Maasai religion
• Zulu religion

References

• Patricia Ann Lynch,African Mythology A to Z,Infobase Publishing.
• Alice Werner,Myths and Legends of the Bantu(1933). Available online here[1].