Barbary macaques in Gibraltar

"Rock ape" redirects here. For the British military slang, seeRAF Regiment.

This young Barbary macaque is part of a group of 25 to 70 individuals from several different monkey families in Gibraltar.

Originally from theAtlas Mountainsand theRifMountains ofMorocco,theBarbary macaquepopulation inGibraltaris the only wild monkey population on theEuropean continent.Although most Barbary monkey populations inAfricaare experiencing decline due to hunting anddeforestation,the Gibraltar population is increasing. As of 2020,some 300 animals in five troops occupy the Upper Rock area of theGibraltar Nature Reserve,though they make occasional forays into the town.As they are a tailless species, they are also known locally as Barbaryapesor rock apes, despite being classified asmonkeys(Macaca sylvanus). Spanish speakers simply refer to them asmonos(English:monkeys) when conversing in Spanish, although English is the native language as the area is a British overseas territory.

Origin

A Barbary macaque sitting on a fence at theGibraltar Cable Cartop station.

The name Barbary refers to theBerber PeopleofNorth Africawho, since the beginning of history, had ties with the animals surrounding their region, as the Barbary macaques. The macaque population had also been present on theRock of Gibraltarlong before Gibraltar was captured by the British in 1704 and according to records, since prior to reconquest of Gibraltar from the Muslims. It was during the Islamic period where a purported introduction may have taken place.In his workHistoria de la Muy Noble y Más Leal Ciudad de Gibraltar(History of the Very Noble and Most Loyal City of Gibraltar), written between 1605 and 1610,Alonso Hernández del Portillo,the firstchroniclerof Gibraltar, wrote:

"But now let us speak of other and living producers which in spite of the asperity of the rock still maintain themselves in the mountain, there are monkeys, who may be called the true owners, with possession from time immemorial, always tenacious of the dominion, living for the most part on the eastern side in high and inaccessible chasms."

In hisHistory of Gibraltar(1782),Ignacio López de Ayala,a Spanish historian like Portillo, wrote of the monkeys:

"Neither the incursions of Moor, the Spaniards nor the English, nor cannon nor bomb of either have been able to dislodge them."

Repeated introduction of animals and the lack of reliable data concerning founders of the Gibraltar macaque population has obscured their origin. The fact that all extant Gibraltarian mtDNA haplotypes were also found in North Africa, combined with the lack of fossil evidence ofM. sylvanusin Gibraltar at the end of the last glaciation, greatly diminishes the possibility that the Gibraltar macaques represent or include any remnant of the original European population, a possibility which can nevertheless not be excluded.Indeed, it had been earlier suggested that the original Gibraltar macaques were a remnant of populations that had spread throughout Southern Europeduring thePliocene,up to 5.5 million years ago.TheMacaca sylvanusspecies is listed as endangered by theIUCN Red Listand is declining. About 75% of the total population is found in the Middle Atlas Mountains.

During thePleistocene,this species inhabited a greater area around the Mediterranean coasts and Europe. Duringwarm interglacialsit reached as far north as Germany and Britain, while retreating to southernglacial refugiaduringcold periods.During thelast glacial period,the species decreased to extinction in theIberian Peninsula30,000 years ago.The species' disappearance from Europe in the latest Pleistocene, as opposed to its survival during earlier glacial periods, is not fully understood, but is assumed to be due to climatic deterioration and associated vegetation change, perhaps in combination with human pressure. Generally, it coincided with the extinction of other primarily large mammals, such as thehippopotamus(Hippopotamus amphibius) andnarrow-nosed rhinoceros(Stephanorhinus hemitoechus)

Tourism

Although the Barbary macaques form part oftourism in Gibraltar,direct contact with them (as shown in this photograph) is strongly discouraged.

The Gibraltar Barbary macaques are considered by many to be the toptourist attractionin Gibraltar. The most popular troop is that ofQueen's Gateat the Ape's Den, where people can get especially close to the monkeys. They will often approach and sometimes climb onto people, as they are used to human interaction. Nevertheless, they are still wild animals and will bite if frightened or annoyed.

Macaques with achocolate barwrapper, having stolen it from a tourist's bag in July 2016.

Deliberately feeding the macaques in Gibraltar is now an offence punishable bylaw.Anyone caught feeding the monkeys is liable to befinedup to £4,000.

Military care

Sgt.Alfred Holmesalongside two Barbary macaques, looking down on the city of Gibraltar.

Gibraltar's Barbary macaque population was under the care of theBritish Armyand later theGibraltar Regimentfrom 1915 to 1991, who carefully controlled a population that initially consisted of a single troop. The 'Keeper of the Apes' would keep the official records, maintaining an up-to-date register for each ape, listing their births and names and supervising their diet, which they drew officially every week. The food allowance of fruit, vegetables and nuts was included in the budget, set by the War Office at £4 a month in 1944.They would humorously announce births in the 'Gibraltar Chronicle':— "Rock Apes. Births: To Phyllis, wife of Tony, at the Upper Rock, on 30th June 1942— a child. Both doing well." much to the delight of readers.They were named aftergovernors,brigadiersand high-ranking officers. Any ill or injured monkey needing surgery or any other form of medical attention was taken to Royal Naval Hospital Gibraltar and received the same treatment as would an enlisted service man. When UK-based infantry units were withdrawn and garrison duty was left to the Gibraltar Regiment, theGovernment of Gibraltartook over responsibility for the monkeys.

Officers in charge

• Lt Bill Parkerof the Royal Artillery (1944 – unknown)
• Major W O Skeltonof the Royal Artillery (circa1951)
• Gunner WilfredPortlockof the Royal Artillery Regiment (circa1940 - 1960)
• SgtAlfred Holmesof the Gibraltar Regiment (circa1958 –circa1986)
• Cpl. Ernest Asquezof the Gibraltar Regiment (circa1986 – 1991)

Royal visit

On 11 May 1954, Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh visited the ape packs while on a visit to Gibraltar. A photograph captured the Queen feeding a Barbary ape while the Duke of Edinburgh stood next to battle-dressed ape-keeper Gunner Wilfred Portlock.

Management

The most popular troop of macaques is based at the Ape's Den area within theGibraltar Nature Reserve.

The macaques receive a daily supply of fresh fruit and vegetables including, oranges, apples, potatoes, onions, carrots and cabbage to supplement their natural food resources.

The monkeys are currently managed by theGibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society(GONHS), and veterinarian expertise is provided by the Gibraltar Veterinary Clinic. The macaques receive a daily supply of fresh water and vegetables, fruit and seeds as supplement to natural food resources (leaves, olives, roots, seeds and flowers). The animals are caught on a regular basis to check their health status. Additionally, body size, weight and several other measurements are taken. Finally, the animals are given atattoonumber and amicrochipas a means of identification. But tattoos are not the only way to recognise individual macaques; many of them have particular marks, scars or spots which can be used as distinguishing features. All monkeys are photographed and the pictures and individual characteristics are catalogued. Cataloguing work is carried out by the GONHS. The GONHS also does collaborative studies with the Scientific Institute of Rabat-Agdal University (Morocco), theUniversity of Notre Dame(Indiana,United States), theUniversity of Vienna(Austria), theGerman Primate Centre(Germany) and theUniversity of Zurich(Switzerland).

Once every year, a census is conducted to provide data and to monitor reproductive success of the whole population. These demographic data are important for the management of the population generally, andfertilityregulation in selected individuals, specifically. Since Barbary macaque females reproduce well, the population on Gibraltar is steadily increasing, which in turn puts pressure on the limitedhabitat.Animal population controlis therefore an essential part of the effective management of the population.In 2008 a small group of macaques that had permanently relocated to theCatalan Bayarea were culled. In 2012 theGovernment Ministerfor Health and the Environment Dr.John Cortesstated that the Government was investigating the possibility of reintroducing over a hundred macaques to their natural habitat inNorth Africa.

In October 2014, the Government of Gibraltar announced that it would export 30 of the monkeys to asafari parkin Scotland. This caused a journalist spin that they were sent to Scotland for being especially "disruptive".By 2017, the monkeys at theBlair Drummond Safari ParknearStirlingwere doing well and the first births were being registered.

Legend

A popular belief holds that as long as Gibraltar Barbary macaques exist on Gibraltar, theterritorywillremain under British rule.In 1942 (during World War II), after the population dwindled to just seven monkeys,UK Prime MinisterWinston Churchillordered their numbers be replenished immediately from forest fragments in both Morocco andAlgeriabecause of this traditional belief.

In another story, the Gibraltar Barbary macaques enteredthe Rockvia a subterranean passage betweenLower St. Michael's Caveand Morocco.

In popular culture

In an 1887 satire byJules Verne,the SpaniardGil Braltarinvades the rock with a macaque troop after disguising himself as one of them.

• The Gibraltar Barbary macaque is portrayed on theGibraltar pound'sfive-pence coinsince 1988 and on the tercentenary edition onepennycoin since 2004.
• They are featured in the 2007 novelThe Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' NestbyStieg Larsson.
• The Gibraltar Barbary macaques are also central to the plot ofPaul Gallico's1962 comedic novelScruffyand the 1962 British comedy filmOperation Snatch,both set during WWII when their numbers were dwindling.
• James Bond (Timothy Dalton) is startled by one in the pre-credit sequence of the 1987 filmThe Living Daylightsduring a training exercise on Gibraltar. Several more are seen watching and getting out of the way of Bond's struggle with an assassin on a burning munitions truck as it speeds through the tourist zone.
• They are part of a flashback sequence inThe Atlantis Geneby A.G. Riddle.

See also

• List of mammals in Gibraltar
• Ravens of the Tower of London

External links

• Media related toMacaca sylvanus in Gibraltarat Wikimedia Commons
• Media related toMacaca sylvanusat Wikimedia Commons
• Data related toBarbary macaqueat Wikispecies
• Frances D. Burton: The Integration of Biology and Behavior in the Socialization of Macaca sylvana of Gibraltar