Bardere
Bardere
باردير Bardhere | |
|---|---|
City | |
 A section of Bardere City | |
  Bardere باردير Location within Somalia  Bardere باردير Location within the Horn of Africa  Bardere باردير Location within Africa | |
| Coordinates:2°20′N42°17′E/ 2.333°N 42.283°E | |
| Country |  Somalia |
| State |  Jubaland |
| Region | Gedo |
| District | Bardhere |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor |
| • Bardere District Commissioner | Mohamed Wali Qorax |
| Area | |
| • City | 6,853 sq mi (17,748 km2) |
| • Land | 6 sq mi (15 km2) |
| • Water | 5 sq mi (5 km2) 8% |
| • Urban | 6 sq mi (15 km2) |
| • Metro | 17 sq mi (45 km2) |
| • | 6 sq mi (15 km2) |
| Elevation | 551 ft (168 m) |
| Population (755,000)[1] | |
| • Estimate () | 755,500 |
| • Density | 70/sq mi (26/km2) |
| 2021 estimate | |
| Time zone | UTC+3(EAT) |
Bardere(Arabic:باردير,Somali:Bardhere,Italian:Bardera) also known asBardera,is a city inJubalandState ofSomalia.It is the second largest and most populous city inJubalandwithKismayobeing the largest and most densely populated city in the region.[2]Bardere sits on theJubbaRiver around 250 km west of the city ofBaidoaand is in a highland area with fertile soil.[3]
Etymology
[edit]Bardera is an important agricultural centre living up to its name Bar meaning “palm tree”, and Dhere meaning “tall” a reference to the ubiquitous palm trees that have grown expansively in the area.[4]
The river banks are lined by beautiful palm trees and so are the farms of this town that lies at an intersection of all major roads that links Somalia to Elwak and Mandera in Kenya, Kismayo, Baidoa, Barawe and Dinsoor within Somalia.[5][6]
History
[edit]Medieval
[edit]During the Middle Ages, Bardera and its surrounding area was part of theAjuran Empirethat governed much of southernSomaliaand easternEthiopia,with its domain extending fromHobyoin the north, toQelafoin the west, toKismayoin the south.[7]Bardera was one of the most important cities in theJubbariver during theAjuranperiod. It was an agricultural and commercial center. Known as a centre for Islamic scholarship, it also had roads that connected theBenadirports built by Ajuran. Bardhere provided many goods to the coastal provinces and many merchants across the region came to Bardera for trade.[8][9]
Early Modern
[edit]
Bardera continued its agricultural and commercial legacy underGeledi Sultanaterule where it was surrounded by acitadeland with increased link between the coast and interior, both the Benadir ports and Bardera flourished with the city serving as the key ivory hub in the southern part of theHorn.[10][11]
In the 1830s, a new militant extremist group rose in thecitadelof Bardera, overlooking theJubba River,and began imposing their interpretation ofIslamon the surrounding regions, including the coastal city ofBarawa,which they subdued and captured in 1840. In response, SultanYusuf Mahamudgathered his armies into a coalition and marched towards Bardera. The citadel was besieged and then burned to the ground, solidifying Sultan Yusuf's paramount authority in southernSomaliafollowing hisConquest of Bardera.[12] Following the defeat of the Bardera recovered and remained relatively quiet until the eventual end of the Geledi Sultanate and subsequent incorporation intoItalian Somaliland.[13]
Modern
[edit]After independence in 1960, the city was made the center of the officialBardera District.Bardera became the first place in Somalia were onions were grown commercially. This production began to increase rapidly but eventually fell off in the 1980s due to failed agricultural policies of the Somali government. The actual quality soil is in a narrow strip on either side of the river where pumps can feed private farms. Other produce such as sorghum can be found in Markabley/Hayranta although still in the district. German Explorer Carl Von Der Decken was killed at this same site in 1860, remnants of his wrecked ship still remain.[14]
Economy
[edit]The economy of Bardera is largely agriculture-based. Animal husbandry also figures prominently, with livestock kept for meat, milk and butter.[15][16][17]
Agriculture
There are two types of farming which exist in Bardera area: Irrigated farming and seasonal farming.
Many medium- and small-scale farms near the river use water pumping machines. These motors irrigate the land with canals, and farmers plant crops.[18]
The majority of farmers use a low-tech farming method of farming during the two rainy seasons. Small operation farms are found throughoutJubaland,far away from the river banks where families plant sorghum, maize, and beans on any land that is suitable for farming.[19]
Mogadishu's fruit and vegetable market used to have a section containing Bardera's famous onion product. Since the start of the civil war in Somalia, produce from Bardera to large urban centers like Mogadishu, Kismayo, or Baidoa were diverted to Kenyan markets such as Wajir, Garissa, Mombasa, and Nairobi.[20]
Sorghum, corn or maize, different types of onions, beans, sesame, tobacco, and fruits such as bananas, watermelon, oranges, papayas, and mangoes, from Bardera farms reach markets as far as Djibouti, about 3,000 km away to the north of Somalia.[21]
Education
[edit]Bardera for ages was a center of higher learning, The city is famously associated with the study of Islamic jurisprudence.[22]
Bardera'sIslamiccenters attracted students seeking knowledge and teachers seeking employment used to come from across Somalia. Bardera has 20 elementary schools, seventeen primary and secondary schools.Bardera polytechnic collegewas founded in July 2008. This college was established to cover the higher education needs of the Bardera area community, which has been growing since the start of the 1990s.Bardera polytechnic colleges policy is give vocational training, real marketable skills for 16 to 60 age population.[23]
Juba Valley Agricultural Instituteis an academic institute within theBardera PolytechnicCollege in Bardera,Somalia.It is situated within the southernJubaland.[24]
Juba Valley Veterinary Instituteis a veterinary institute in Bardera,Somalia.The institute is part ofBardera Polytechnicspecialized schools and institutes within the college system.[25]
Both Juba Valley Agricultural Institute and Jubba Valley Veterinary institute were part of the second phase of development at Bardera Polytechnic.[26]
For centuries, students traveled from far distances and from all points on the Horn as a whole. Every Somali who came of age before the 1950s, knows the importance of Bardera as a religious education center.[27]
Later generations found different kind of class spaces atSomali National University(SNU), Lafole, Lafole Agricultural College and Sidam management training school.[28]
Geography
[edit]Bardera is situated 2-3 degrees latitude north of the equator and at a longitude of 42-43 degrees.
Climate
[edit]Bardera is characterized by warm weather and high humidity,[29]having ahot arid climate(Köppen climate classificationBWh) despite receiving around 380 millimetres or 15 inches of annual rainfall, owing to its extremely highpotential evapotranspiration.
| Climate data for Bardera | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 45.0 (113.0) |
45.0 (113.0) |
49.0 (120.2) |
46.0 (114.8) |
45.0 (113.0) |
46.0 (114.8) |
42.0 (107.6) |
39.0 (102.2) |
43.0 (109.4) |
44.0 (111.2) |
43.0 (109.4) |
43.0 (109.4) |
49.0 (120.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 38.2 (100.8) |
39.3 (102.7) |
41.4 (106.5) |
38.0 (100.4) |
35.6 (96.1) |
34.0 (93.2) |
32.5 (90.5) |
33.1 (91.6) |
34.9 (94.8) |
36.1 (97.0) |
35.9 (96.6) |
36.7 (98.1) |
36.3 (97.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 29.7 (85.5) |
30.6 (87.1) |
31.5 (88.7) |
30.4 (86.7) |
29.0 (84.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.8 (80.2) |
28.2 (82.8) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.8 (83.8) |
29.1 (84.4) |
29.0 (84.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 21.4 (70.5) |
22.0 (71.6) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
21.3 (70.3) |
20.4 (68.7) |
20.9 (69.6) |
21.5 (70.7) |
22.1 (71.8) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.8 (71.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 16.0 (60.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.0 (64.4) |
16.5 (61.7) |
15.0 (59.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
16.0 (60.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.0 (57.2) |
16.0 (60.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 6 (0.2) |
6 (0.2) |
22 (0.9) |
93 (3.7) |
55 (2.2) |
15 (0.6) |
25 (1.0) |
7 (0.3) |
6 (0.2) |
63 (2.5) |
57 (2.2) |
29 (1.1) |
384 (15.1) |
| Average rainy days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 43 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 63 | 61 | 61 | 69 | 72 | 71 | 69 | 70 | 69 | 73 | 72 | 69 | 68 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 285.2 | 262.7 | 291.4 | 228.0 | 235.6 | 207.0 | 186.0 | 226.3 | 231.0 | 213.9 | 219.0 | 254.2 | 2,840.3 |
| Mean dailysunshine hours | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 6.9 | 7.3 | 8.2 | 7.8 |
| Percentpossible sunshine | 80 | 80 | 73 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 64 | 55 | 64 | 73 | 64 |
| Source 1:Deutscher Wetterdienst[30] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Food and Agriculture Organization: Somalia Water and Land Management (percent sunshine)[31] | |||||||||||||
Photos
[edit]
Notable People
[edit]Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed,Former Prime minister of Somalia.
Sheikh Abukar Abdirahim,figh,hadith lecturer in maay dialect.
Sheikh Abdilow isaagow,poet in maay dialect.
Farah Hussein Sharmarke,Philosopher, Poet.
Fatimo Isaak Bihi,First Somali female ambassador, Ambassador to Geneva, Director of the African Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Abdi Farah Shirdon,Former Prime Minister of Somalia
Aden Ibrahim Aw Hirsi,Author, Somali Politician.
Ahmed Warsame,Head of the Somali Military Academy.
Abdulahi Sheik Ismael Fara-Tag,Former Head of Jubba valley alliance, Member of sen of upper house in Somalia, Former Vice President OfJubalandState of Somalia.
Mohamud Ali Magan,Somali Foreign Affairs, Consul General to United States Of America and Canada.
Ali shire Warsame,Somali Politician
References
[edit]- ^"Map of Baardheere (Bardera), Somalia, Africa - Collins Maps".Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-08.Retrieved2011-01-22.
- ^Jones, Seth (2016).Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency in Somalia Assessing the Campaign Against Al Shabaab.RAND corporation. p. 44.ISBN9780833094841.
- ^"FAO/GIEWS - WFP - SPECIAL REPORT on SOMALIA, 3 SEPTEMBER 1999".www.fao.org.
- ^"Somalia: Rapid food security assessment in Gedo region - The epicenter of the drought - Somalia | ReliefWeb".reliefweb.int.13 April 2006.Retrieved2022-05-30.
- ^"Baardhere Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History".forebears.io.Retrieved2022-05-30.
- ^"Bardhere oo laga qabsaday al-Shabaab".BBC News Somali(in Somali). 2015-07-22.Retrieved2022-05-30.
- ^Lee V. Cassanelli,The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900,(University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.102.
- ^Obba, Gufu (2014).Climate Change Adaptation in Africa.Routledge.ISBN9781317745914.
- ^Reese, S. S. (2008-01-01).Chapter Two. Religious History As Social History.Brill.ISBN978-90-474-4186-1.
- ^Loimeier, Roman (2013).Muslim Societies in Africa.Indiana University Press. p. 199.ISBN978-0-253-00788-9.Retrieved2014-02-15.
- ^Obba, Gufu (2014).Climate Change Adaptation in Africa.Routledge.ISBN9781317745914.
- ^Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s edited by J. F. Ade Ajayi Page 387
- ^Cassanelli, Lee Vincent (1973).The Benaadir Past: Essays in Southern Somali History.University Microfilms International. p. 149.
- ^Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003).Historical Dictionary of Somalia.Scarecrow Press. p. 53.ISBN9780810866041.Retrieved2014-02-15.
- ^"UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN SOMALIA II (UNOSOM II) - Background (Full text)".peacekeeping.un.org.Retrieved2022-06-06.
- ^Bardera Maternity HospitalArchived2010-01-02 at theWayback Machine
- ^"Bardera Town".Fortune of Africa Somalia.2013-09-02.Retrieved2022-06-06.
- ^"Cash-based assistance to support displaced families in Bardera - Somalia | ReliefWeb".reliefweb.int.24 November 2020.Retrieved2022-06-06.
- ^Eklöw, Karolina; Krampe, Florian (2019).Climate and environmental change in Somalia(Report). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. pp. 10–17.
- ^"Somalia: ACTED encourages a resilient agriculture against climate change".ACTED.2022-02-28.Retrieved2022-06-06.
- ^"Assessments | Assessment & Analysis Knowledge Management Platform".assessments.hpc.tools.Retrieved2022-06-06.
- ^Glavin, Chris (2017-02-13)."Education in Somalia | K12 Academics".www.k12academics.com.Retrieved2022-06-07.
- ^"Bardera Polytechnic | Academic Influence".academicinfluence.com.Retrieved2022-06-07.
- ^"Juba Valley Veterinary Institute".Mapio.net.Retrieved2022-06-07.
- ^"Juba Valley Veterinary Institute".Mapio.net.Retrieved2022-06-07.
- ^"DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUBA VALLEY: PRESENT SITUATION, POTENTIAL, PLANNING"(PDF).USAid. January 1985.Retrieved2013-10-05.
- ^"Secondary and Vocational Education Evaluation 2013-2015, in Gedo Region of Somalia".Norad.Retrieved2022-06-07.
- ^"Somali National University | Mogadishu, Somalia |".ResearchGate.Retrieved2022-06-07.
- ^"Bardera, Somalia — Geographical Names, map, geographic coordinates".geographic.org.Retrieved2022-06-07.
- ^ "Klimatafel von Bardera / Somalia"(PDF).Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst.Retrieved22 October2016.
- ^"Long term mean monthly sunshine fraction in Somalia".Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived fromthe originalon 5 October 2016.Retrieved4 November2016.
External links
[edit]
- Bardhere city portal(in Somali)