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Barton Swing Aqueduct

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Barton Swing Aqueduct
The aqueduct in the closed position
Coordinates53°28′29″N2°21′08″W/ 53.4748°N 2.3521°W/53.4748; -2.3521
OS grid referenceSJ767976
CarriesBridgewater Canal
CrossesManchester Ship Canal
LocaleBarton upon Irwell
Characteristics
Total length330 feet (101 m)
Traversable?Onlynarrowboats
TowpathsNone
No.of spansTwo (Central Pivot)
History
DesignerSirEdward Leader Williams
Construction end1893
Opened1894
Listed Building– Grade II*
Official nameBarton Bridge, Barton Aqueduct and Control Tower
Designated29 June 1987
Reference no.1356522
Location
Map

TheBarton Swing Aqueductis a moveablenavigable aqueductinBarton upon Irwell,Greater Manchester,England. It carries theBridgewater Canalacross theManchester Ship Canal.The swinging action allows large vessels using the ship canal to pass through and smaller craft, bothnarrowboatsand broad-beam barges, to cross over the top. The aqueduct, the first and only swing aqueduct in the world,[1]is a Grade II*listed building,[2]and considered a major feat of Victoriancivil engineering.[2][3]Designed by SirEdward Leader Williamsand built byAndrew Handyside and CompanyofDerby,theswing bridgeopened in 1894 and remains in regular use.[4]

History

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The Barton Swing Aqueduct is a direct replacement for the earlierBarton Aqueduct,a masonry structure crossing theRiver Irwelland completed in 1761. The construction of theManchester Ship Canalin the 1890s necessitated the replacement of this structure, as the height of ships using the new ship canal was too great to pass under the old aqueduct.[5]An alternative scheme involving the use of a doublelock flightwas rejected, because of the need to conserve water in theBridgewater Canalabove.[6]

The new aqueduct was designed by SirEdward Leader Williams,[2]engineer to the Manchester Ship Canal Company, and was built by Andrew Handyside and Company ofDerby.The first barge crossed the new aqueduct on 21 August 1893, and it opened to commercial traffic on 1 January 1894.[7]Williams was also involved with theAnderton Boat Lift,another moving canal structure in the region.

Construction

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Construction work began in 1890, with the demolition of a Roman Catholic school on the south bank of the ship canal. The scale of the operation meant that the course of the River Irwell had to be temporarily diverted around the site, so that the central island could be built on dry land.[8]

Operation

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The aqueduct is a form of swing bridge. When closed, it allows canal traffic to pass along the Bridgewater Canal. When large vessels need to pass along the ship canal underneath, the 1,450-tonne (1,430-long-ton; 1,600-short-ton)[3]and 330-foot (100 m) long iron trough[5]is rotated 90 degrees on a pivot mounted on a small purpose-built island.Gatesat each end of the trough retain around 800 tonnes of water; additional gates on each bank retain water in their adjacent stretches of canal.[3]The aqueduct originally had a suspended towpath along its length, about 9 feet (2.7 m) above the water level of the Bridgewater Canal, which has now been removed.[9]

The structure is adjacent to, and upstream of, theBarton Road Swing Bridge.Both bridges are operated from a brick control tower on an island in the centre of the ship canal. When in the open position, the aqueduct and road bridge line up along the length of the island, allowing ships to traverse each side.[6][10]To avoid the risk of collision, the aqueduct is opened half an hour before traffic on the Manchester Ship Canal is scheduled to pass.[11]

Turning mechanism

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The turning mechanism built into the central island consists of a 27-foot (8.2 m) race plate embedded in granite blocks. Sixty-four tapered cast iron rollers sat on top of the race plate, held in position by a spider ring. On top of that an upper race plate supports the aqueduct and its circular gear rack, which was powered by a hydraulic engine manufactured by Sir W. G. Armstrong Mitchell of Newcastle.

To reduce the pressure on the turning mechanism, a hydraulic press was installed in the pivot. When water was admitted to the press it took up to half the weight. So successful was this system of hydraulic assistance that Leader Williams retrofitted it to several road swing bridges being built over the Ship Canal including the ones at Stockton Heath and Knutsford Road inWarrington.

The weight of the structure meant that the design was pushing the limits of the possible. This became clear when the sixty-four 35.5 cm (14 inches) mean diameter hollow cast-iron rollers started to deform. By 1927 the structure had dropped by 8.89 cm (3+1⁄2inches). In 1928 the iron rollers were replaced with steel and since then the bridge has dropped by only 2.4mm (3/32-inch). Once the iron rollers were replaced the hydraulic press assistance was dispensed with.[12]

Hydraulic power was originally supplied by steam from twoLancashire boilershoused in a pumping station on theEcclesbank of the ship canal;[13]a service culvert beneath the bed of the canal conveyed the water under pressure to the control tower on the island.[14]In 1939 the original hydraulic engines were replaced by a pair of radial three-cylinder engines manufactured by the Hydraulic Engineering Company of Chester, and the following year a power house was built on the island to house two electrically driven pumps. The old steam pumping station was demolished after the Second World War.[9]

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  • The original Barton Aqueduct, shortly before its demolition in 1893[15]
    The originalBarton Aqueduct,shortly before its demolition in 1893[15]
  • The swing aqueduct in open position. At this point transit through the Manchester Ship Canal is possible.
    The swing aqueduct in open position. At this point transit through the Manchester Ship Canal is possible.
  • The swing aqueduct in the closed position, showing the Bridgewater Canal crossing over the Ship Canal. The Barton Road Swing Bridge is on the right.
    The swing aqueduct in the closed position, showing the Bridgewater Canal crossing over the Ship Canal. The Barton Road Swing Bridge is on the right.
  • Two barriers are extended across the Bridgewater Canal before the bridge is swung. Here the inner barrier is only extended part way.
    Two barriers are extended across the Bridgewater Canal before the bridge is swung. Here the inner barrier is only extended part way.

See also

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References

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Notes

  1. ^ "Northwest firsts – facts and figures",Industrial Powerhouse, 2009, archived fromthe originalon 3 August 2012,retrieved5 September2010
  2. ^abc Historic England,"Barton Swing Aqueduct (1356522)",National Heritage List for England,retrieved20 January2008
  3. ^abc"Facts and Figures",Manchester Ship Canal,archived fromthe originalon 5 November 2007,retrieved1 October2007
  4. ^"Barton Swing Aqueduct".Engineering Timelines.Retrieved28 January2017.
  5. ^abNevell (1997),p. 135
  6. ^abRyall (2000),p. 686
  7. ^ The Manchester Ship Canal: a brief history.(PDF),Clydeport.co.uk, archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 September 2008,retrieved20 January2008
  8. ^Atkinson (2002),pp. 27–28
  9. ^abAtkinson (2002),p. 45
  10. ^ "Barton Swing Aqueduct",The Tourist Engineer, 15 June 2008, archived fromthe originalon 17 September 2008,retrieved20 January2010
  11. ^Fisher (2013),p. 236
  12. ^"The register (2016)".
  13. ^Atkinson (2002),pp. 41–42.
  14. ^Atkinson (2002),p. 44
  15. ^Atkinson (2002),p. 36

Bibliography

Further reading

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  • Cossons, Neil (1987),The BP Book of Industrial Archaeology,David & Charles
  • Fletcher, John C. (1992),The History and Operation of Barton Swing Aqueduct,John & Margaret Fletcher,ISBN978-0-9519058-0-7
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