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Bastille Day

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the French national holiday. For other uses, seeBastille Day (disambiguation).
"Fête nationale française" redirects here. For other French language fêtes nationales, seeFête nationale.

Bastille Day
ThePatrouille de Francewith nineAlpha Jetsover theChamps-ÉlyséesinParisin 2017, during theBastille Day military parade
Also calledFrench National Day
(Fête nationale)
The Fourteenth of July
(Quatorze juillet)
Observed byFrance
TypeNational day
SignificanceCommemorates theStorming of the Bastilleon 14 July 1789,[1][2]and the unity of the French people at theFête de la Fédérationon 14 July 1790
CelebrationsMilitary parades,fireworks,concerts,balls
Date14 July
Next time14 July 2024(2024-07-14)
FrequencyAnnual

Bastille Dayis the common name given in English-speaking countries to thenational dayofFrance,which is celebrated on 14 July each year. In French, it is called theFête nationale française(French:[fɛtnɑsjɔnalfʁɑ̃sɛːz];'French National Celebration'); legally it is known asle 14 juillet(French:[ləkatɔʁz(ə)ʒɥijɛ];'the 14th of July').[3]

French National Day is the anniversary of theStorming of the Bastilleon 14 July 1789,[1][2]a major event of theFrench Revolution,[4]as well as theFête de la Fédérationthat celebrated the unity of the French people on 14 July 1790. Celebrations are held throughout France. One that has been reported as "the oldest and largestmilitary paradein Europe "[5]is held on 14 July on theChamps-Élyséesin Paris in front of thePresident of France,along with other French officials and foreign guests.[6][7]

History[edit]

External videos
Bastille Day 2023
YouTube logo
viaYouTube
video iconLive: Cérémonie du 14 juillet 2023(14 July 2023), byÉlysée Palace(inFrench)

In 1789, tensions rose in France between reformist and conservative factions as the country struggled to resolve an economic crisis. In May, theEstates Generallegislative assembly was revived, but members of theThird Estatebroke ranks, declaring themselves to be theNational Assemblyof the country, and on 20 June,vowed to write a constitutionfor the kingdom.

On 11 July,Jacques Necker,the finance minister ofLouis XVI,who was sympathetic to the Third Estate, was dismissed by the King, provoking an angry reaction among Parisians. Crowds formed, fearful of an attack by the royal army or by foreign regiments of mercenaries in the King's service and seeking to arm themselves. Early on 14 July, a crowd besieged theHôtel des Invalidesfor firearms, muskets, and cannons stored in its cellars.[8]That same day, another crowd stormed theBastille,a fortress-prison in Paris that had historically held people jailed on the basis oflettres de cachet(literally "signet letters" ), arbitrary royal indictments that could not be appealed and did not indicate the reason for the imprisonment, and was believed to hold a cache of ammunition and gunpowder. As it happened, at the time of the attack, the Bastille held only seven inmates, none of great political significance.[9]

The crowd was eventually reinforced by the mutinousRégiment des Gardes Françaises( "Regiment of French Guards" ), whose usual role was to protect public buildings. They proved a fair match for the fort's defenders, andGovernor de Launay,the commander of the Bastille, capitulated and opened the gates to avoid a mutual massacre. According to the official documents, about 200 attackers and just one defender died before the capitulation. However, possibly because of a misunderstanding, fighting resumed. In this second round of fighting, de Launay and seven other defenders were killed, as wasJacques de Flesselles,theprévôt des marchands( "provost of the merchants" ), the elected head of the city's guilds, who under the French monarchy had the responsibilities of a present-day mayor.[10]

Shortly after the storming of the Bastille, late in the evening of 4 August, after a very stormy session of theAssemblée constituante,feudalismwas abolished. On 26 August, theDeclaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen(Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen) was proclaimed.[11]

Fête de la Fédération[edit]

Main article:Fête de la Fédération
Fête de la Fédération,Musée de la Révolution française

As early as 1789, the year of the storming of the Bastille, preliminary designs for a national festival were underway. These designs were intended to strengthen the country's national identity through the celebration of the events of 14 July 1789.[12]One of the first designs was proposed by Clément Gonchon, a French textile worker, who presented his design for a festival celebrating the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille to the French city administration and the public on 9 December 1789.[13]There were other proposals and unofficial celebrations of 14 July 1789, but the official festival sponsored by the National Assembly was called the Fête de la Fédération.[14]

TheFête de la Fédérationon 14 July 1790 was a celebration of the unity of the French nation during the French Revolution. The aim of this celebration, one year after theStorming of the Bastille,was to symbolize peace. The event took place on theChamp de Mars,which was located far outside of Paris at the time. The work needed to transform the Champ de Mars into a suitable location for the celebration was not on schedule to be completed in time. On the day recalled as the Journée des brouettes ( "The Day of the Wheelbarrow" ), thousands of Parisian citizens gathered together to finish the construction needed for the celebration.[15]

The day of the festival, the National Guard assembled and proceeded along the boulevard du Temple in the pouring rain, and were met by an estimated 260,000 Parisian citizens at the Champ de Mars.[16]Amasswas celebrated byTalleyrand,bishop of Autun.The popularGeneral Lafayette,as captain of the National Guard of Paris and a confidant of the king, took his oath to the constitution, followed by KingLouis XVI.After the end of the official celebration, the day ended in a huge four-day popular feast, and people celebrated with fireworks, as well as fine wine and running nude through the streets in order to display their freedom.[17]

Origin of the current celebration[edit]

Claude Monet,Rue Montorgueil, Paris, Festival of 30 June 1878

On 30 June 1878, a feast was officially arranged in Paris to honour the French Republic (the event was commemorated in a painting byClaude Monet).[18]On 14 July 1879, there was another feast, with a semi-official aspect. The day's events included a reception in the Chamber of Deputies, organised and presided over byLéon Gambetta[19](a military reviewer at Longchamp), and a Republican Feast in thePré Catelan.[20]All throughout France,Le Figarowrote, "people feasted much to honour the storming of the Bastille".[21]

In 1880, the government of theThird Republicwanted to revive the 14 July festival. The campaign for the reinstatement of the festival was sponsored by the notable politicianLéon Gambettaand scholarHenri Baudrillant.[22]On 21 May 1880,Benjamin Raspailproposed a law, signed by sixty-four members of government, to have "the Republic adopt 14 July as the day of an annual national festival". There were many disputes over which date to be remembered as the national holiday, including 4 August (the commemoration of theend of the feudal system), 5 May (when theEstates-Generalfirst assembled), 27 July (the fall ofRobespierre), and 21 January (the date ofLouis XVI's execution).[23]The government decided that the date of the holiday would be 14 July, but that was still somewhat problematic. The events of 14 July 1789 were illegal under the previous government, which contradicted the Third Republic's need to establish legal legitimacy.[24]French politicians also did not want the sole foundation of their national holiday to be rooted in a day of bloodshed and class-hatred as the day of storming the Bastille was. Instead, they based the establishment of the holiday as both the celebration of the Fête de la Fédération, a festival celebrating the anniversary of the Republic of France on 14 July 1789, and the storming of the Bastille.[25]The Assembly voted in favor of the proposal on 21 May, and 8 June. The law was approved on 27 and 29 June. The celebration was made official on 6 July 1880.[26]

In the debate leading up to the adoption of the holiday, SenatorHenri Martin,who wrote the National Day law,[25]addressed the chamber on 29 June 1880:

Do not forget that behind this 14 July, where victory of the new era over theAncien Régimewas bought by fighting, do not forget that after the day of 14 July 1789, there was the day of 14 July 1790 (...) This [latter] day cannot be blamed for having shed a drop of blood, for having divided the country. It was the consecration of the unity of France (...) If some of you might have scruples against the first 14 July, they certainly hold none against the second. Whatever difference which might part us, something hovers over them, it is the great images of national unity, which we all desire, for which we would all stand, willing to die if necessary.

— Henri Martin,1880[27]

Bastille Day military parade[edit]

Main article:Bastille Day military parade
Military parade during World War I

The Bastille Day military parade is the Frenchmilitary paradethat has been held in the morning, every year in Paris, since 1880. While previously held elsewhere within or near the capital city, since 1918 it has been held on theChamps-Élysées,with the participation of the Allies as represented in the Versailles Peace Conference, and with the exception of the period of German occupation from 1940 to 1944 (when the ceremony took place in London under the command of GeneralCharles de Gaulle); and 2020 when theCOVID-19 pandemicforced its cancellation.[28]The parade passes down the Champs-Élysées from theArc de Triompheto thePlace de la Concorde,where thePresident of the French Republic,his government and foreign ambassadors to France stand. This is a popular event in France, broadcast on French TV, and is the oldest and largest regular military parade in Europe.[6][7]

Smaller military parades are held in French garrison towns, includingToulonandBelfort,with local troops.[29]

Bastille Day celebrations in other countries[edit]

Belgium[edit]

Liègecelebrates Bastille Day each year since the end of theFirst World War,as Liège was decorated by theLégion d'Honneurfor its unexpected resistance during theBattle of Liège.[30]The city also hosts a fireworks show outside of Congress Hall. Specifically in Liège, celebrations of Bastille Day have been known to be bigger than the celebrations of the Belgian National holiday.[31]Around 35,000 people gather to celebrate Bastille Day. There is a traditional festival dance of the French consul that draws large crowds, and many unofficial events over the city celebrate the relationship between France and the city of Liège.[32]

Canada[edit]

Vancouver,British Columbiaholds a celebration featuring exhibits, food and entertainment.[33]The Toronto Bastille Day festival is also celebrated inToronto,Ontario.The festival is organized by theFrench-Canadiancommunity in Toronto and sponsored by the Consulate General of France. The celebration includes music, performances, sport competitions, and a French Market. At the end of the festival, there is also a traditional French bal populaire.[34]

Czech Republic[edit]

Since 2008,Praguehas hosted a French market "Le marché du 14 juillet"(" Fourteenth of July Market ") offering traditional French food and wine as well as music. The market takes place onKampa Island,it is usually between 11 and 14 July.[35]It acts as an event that marks the relinquish of the EU presidency from France to the Czech Republic. Traditional selections of French produce, including cheese, wine, meat, bread and pastries, are provided by the market. Throughout the event, live music is played in the evenings, with lanterns lighting up the square at night.[36]

Denmark[edit]

The amusement parkTivolicelebrates Bastille Day.[37]

Bastille Day fireworks inBudapest,Hungary

Hungary[edit]

Budapest's two-day celebration is sponsored by theInstitut de France.[38]The festival is hosted along theDanube River,with streets filled with music and dancing. There are also local markets dedicated to French foods and wine, mixed with some traditional Hungarian specialties. At the end of the celebration, a fireworks show is held on the river banks.[39]

India[edit]

Bastille Day is celebrated with great festivity inPondicherry,a former French colony.[40][41]

Ireland[edit]

The Embassy of France in Ireland organizes several events aroundDublin,CorkandLimerickfor Bastille Day; including evenings of French music and tasting of French food. Many members of the French community in Ireland take part in the festivities.[42]Events in Dublin include live entertainment, speciality menus on French cuisine, and screenings of popular French films.[43]

New Zealand[edit]

TheAucklandsuburb ofRemuerahosts an annual French-themed Bastille Day street festival.[44]Visitors enjoy mimes, dancers, music, as well as French foods and drinks. The budding relationship between the two countries, with the establishment of a Maori garden in France and exchange of their analyses of cave art, resulted in the creation of an official reception at the Residence of France. There is also an event in Wellington for the French community held at the Residence of France.[36]

South Africa[edit]

Franschhoek's weekend festival[45]has been celebrated since 1993. (Franschhoek, or 'French Corner,' is situated in theWestern Cape.) As South Africa's gourmet capital, French food, wine and other entertainment is provided throughout the festival. The French Consulate in South Africa also celebrates their national holiday with a party for the French community.[36]Activities also include dressing up in different items of French clothing.[46]

French Polynesia[edit]

Following colonial rule,Franceannexed a large portion of what is nowFrench Polynesia.Under French rule,Tahitianswere permitted to participate in sport, singing, and dancing competitions one day a year: Bastille Day.[47]The single day of celebration evolved into the major Heiva i Tahiti festival inPapeeteTahiti, where traditional events such as canoe races, tattooing, and fire walks are held. The singing and dancing competitions continue with music composed with traditional instruments such as the nasal flute and ukulele.[36]

United Kingdom[edit]

Within the UK,Londonhas a large French contingent, and celebrates Bastille Day at various locations across the city includingBattersea Park,Camden TownandKentish Town.[48]Live entertainment is performed atCanary Wharf,with weeklong performances of French theatre at the Lion and Unicorn Theatre in Kentish Town. Restaurants feature cabarets and special menus across the city, and other celebrations include garden parties and sports tournaments. There is also a large event at the Bankside and Borough Market, where there is live music, street performers, and traditional French games played.[36]

United States[edit]

The United States has over 20 cities that conduct annual celebrations of Bastille Day. The different cities celebrate with many French staples such as food, music, games, and sometimes the recreation of famous French landmarks.[49]

Northeastern States

Baltimore,Maryland,has a large Bastille Day celebration each year at Petit Louis in the Roland Park area of Baltimore.Bostonhas a celebration annually, hosted by the French Cultural Center for 40 years. The street festival occurs in Boston'sBack Bayneighborhood, near the Cultural Center's headquarters. The celebration includesfrancophonemusical performers, dancing, andFrench cuisine.[50]New York Cityhas numerous Bastille Day celebrations each July, includingBastille Day on 60th Streethosted by theFrench Institute Alliance Françaisebetween Fifth and Lexington Avenues on the Upper East Side ofManhattan,[51]Bastille Day on Smith Street inBrooklyn,and Bastille Day inTribeca.There is also the annual Bastille Day Ball, taking place since 1924.[49]Philadelphia's Bastille Day, held atEastern State Penitentiary,involvesMarie Antoinettethrowing locally manufacturedTastykakesat the Parisianmilitia,as well as a re-enactment of the storming of the Bastille.[50](This Philadelphia tradition ended in 2018.[52]) In Newport, Rhode Island, the annual Bastille Day celebration is organized by the local chapter of the Alliance Française. It takes place at King Park in Newport at the monument memorializing the accomplishments of the General Comte de Rochambeau whose 6,000 to 7,000 French forces landed in Newport on 11 July 1780. Their assistance in the defeat of the English in the War of Independence is well documented and is proof of the special relationship between France and the United States.[53]InWashington D.C.,food, music, and auction events are sponsored by theEmbassy of France.There is also a French Festival within the city, where families can meet period entertainment groups set during the time of the French Revolution. Restaurants host parties serving traditional French food.[49]

Southern States

InDallas,Texas,the Bastille Day celebration, "Bastille On Bishop", began in 2010 and is held annually in theBishop Arts Districtof theNorth Oak Cliffneighborhood, southwest ofdowntownjust across theTrinity River.Dallas' French roots are tied to the short lived socialist Utopian communityLa Réunion,formed in 1855 and incorporated into the City of Dallas in 1860.[54]Miami's celebration is organized by "French & Famous" in partnership with the French American Chamber of Commerce, the Union des Français de l'Etranger and many French brands. The event gathers over 1,000 attendees to celebrate "La Fête Nationale". The location and theme change every year. In 2017, the theme was "Guinguette Party" and attracted 1,200 francophiles at The River Yacht Club.[55]New Orleans,Louisiana,has multiple celebrations, the largest in the historicFrench Quarter.[56]InAustin, Texas,the Alliance Française d’Austin usually conducts a family-friendly Bastille Day party at theFrench Legation,the home of the French representative to theRepublic of Texasfrom 1841 to 1845.[57]

Midwestern States

Chicago,Illinois,has hosted a variety of Bastille Day celebrations in a number of locations in the city, includingNavy PierandOz Park.The recent incarnations have been sponsored in part by the Chicago branch of the French-American Chamber of Commerce and by theFrench Consulate-Generalin Chicago.[58]Milwaukee's four-day street festival begins with a "Storming of the Bastille" with a 43-foot replica of theEiffel Tower.[59]Minneapolis,Minnesota,has a celebration with wine, French food, pastries, a flea market, circus performers and bands. Also in the Twin Cities area, the local chapter of theAlliance Françaisehas hosted an annual event for years at varying locations with a competition for the "BestBaguetteof theTwin Cities."[60][61]Montgomery, Ohio,has a celebration with wine, beer, local restaurants' fare, pastries, games and bands.[62]St. Louis,Missouri,has annual festivals in theSoulardneighborhood, the former French village ofCarondelet, Missouri,and in theBenton Parkneighborhood.The Chatillon-DeMenil Mansionin the Benton Park neighborhood, holds an annual Bastille Day festival with reenactments of the beheading ofMarie AntoinetteandLouis XVI,traditional dancing, and artillery demonstrations. Carondelet also began hosting an annualsaloon crawlto celebrate Bastille Day in 2017.[63]TheSoulardneighborhood inSt. Louis,Missouricelebrates its unique French heritage with special events including a parade, which honors thepeasantswho rejected themonarchy.The parade includes a 'gathering of themob,' a walking andgolf cartparade, and a mockbeheadingof theKingandQueen.[64]

Western States

Portland, Oregon,has celebrated Bastille Day with crowds up to 8,000, in public festivals at various public parks, since 2001. The event is coordinated by the Alliance Française of Portland.[65]Seattle's Bastille Day celebration, held at theSeattle Center,involves performances, picnics, wine and shopping.[66]Sacramento, California,conducts annual "waiter races" in the midtown restaurant and shopping district, with a street festival.[67]

One-time celebrations[edit]

Bronze relief of a memorial dedicated to Bastille Day.

Incidents during Bastille Day[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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    July 12
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    The people now armed themselves with such weapons as they could find in Armourer's shops and private houses, and with bludgeons, and were roaming all night through all parts of the city without any decided and practicable object.
    July 13
    ...A Committee of magistrates and electors of the city are appointed, by their bodies, to take upon them its government.
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