Battle of Ayn al-Tamr
 |
32°33′58.0″N43°29′25.4″E/ 32.566111°N 43.490389°E
| Battle of Ayn al-Tamr | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part ofMuslim conquest of Persiaand Campaigns ofKhalid ibn al-Walid | |||||||
 Al-Razzaza Lakein Ain Al-Tamr | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Rashidun Caliphate |
Sasanian Empire[1] Arab Christians[2] | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Khalid ibn al-Walid |
Mihran Bahram-i Chubin(MIA) Aqqa ibn Qays ibn Bashir (POW), later executed  | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 500–800[Notes 1][6] | Unknown number, although it consisted of a "great" following ofArab Christiantribes andSassanian"mobile troops". At least tens of thousand[3] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown |
Entire field army executed Persian garrison defenders of the town slaughtered[4] | ||||||
TheBattle of Ayn al-Tamr(Arabic:معركة عين التمر) took place in modern-dayIraq(Mesopotamia) between the early MuslimArabforces and theSassaniansalong with their Arab Christian auxiliary forces. Ayn al-Tamr is located west ofAnbarand was a frontier post which had been established to aid the Sassanids.[7]
The Muslims underKhalid ibn al-Walid's command soundly defeated the Sassanian auxiliary force, which included large numbers of non-Muslim Arabs who broke earlier covenants with the Muslims.[8]According toWilliam Muir,Khalid ibn al-Walid captured the Arab Christian commander, Aqqa ibn Qays ibn Bashir, with his own hands,[9]which matched the accounts of both Ibn Atheer in hisUsd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah,andTabariin hisTarikh.[3][4]
Battle preparation
[edit]Before the battle,Khalid ibn al-Walidplacing his cavalry in both flanks, while he himself commanded the centre, surrounded by commando forces which surrounding him.[4][3]Khalid plan the flanks of the Muslim army to start skirmishes without launching a major attack to distract the flanks of the Arab Christian army, while the centre remained passive until Khaled gave his signal to launch the attack.[Notes 2]
While the coalition army are formed in the front of Ayn al-Tamr castle. Aqqa' were assigned to face Khalid with his soldiers while he is positioned in the centre. Meanwhile,Mihran Bahram-i Chubinand his Persian troops are waiting in the fortress[Notes 3].
Battle
[edit]The battle started immediately according to plan of Khalid, as the two cavalry force in the flank immediately moved and engaged the Sasanid coalition flanks, while Khalid himself and the centre of the army stayed behind.[4][3]This caused 'Aqqah surprised by the inactivity of the Muslim centre and decided to ignore Khalid while focusing on the flanks battle.[4][3]
As the Arab Christian forces were occupied by Muslim flanks, Suddenly, Khalid and his small bodyguards unis covering him in the centre galloped their horses swiftly towards Aqqa' position and caught the tens of thousand Arab Christian soldiers in surprise as they cannot react.[3]Khalid and his forces immediately reached Aqqa' and engaged him in duel. Ibn Athir recorded that Khalid "captured Aqqa' and carried him in his hands like small child",and returned with his guard soldiers to the Muslim camp.[3][Notes 4]
The entire Arab Christian forces shocked as they now realized their commander captured alive and paraded around, causing them to stopped fighting and immediately surrender entirely to the Muslim force[3][Notes 5]
Aftermath
[edit]The Muslim armies marched to the town garrison while parading their prisoners and lining them up in the front of defenders of the garrison and threaten to execute them if they did not surrender and open the gates.[5]The garrison defenders instead rejected the threat and fight behind the wall, which caused Khalid to immediately commanded all prisoners to be executed immediately, including Aqqa'[4]
Then Khalid instructed the entire forces to storm the city of Ayn al-Tamr and slaughter the Persian inside the garrison after they breached[5]
After the city has been subdued, somePersianshad hoped that the Muslim commander, Khalid ibn al-Walid, would be "like those Arabs who would raid [and withdraw].".[4]However, Khalid continued to press further against the Persians and their allies in the subsequentBattle of Dawmat al-Jandal,while he leave two of his deputy,Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimiand Abu Layla, to lead a separate forces in order to intercept another Persian-Arab Christians enemy coming from east, which led to theBattle of Husayd[5]
When the Muslim army conquered the town ofAyn al-Tamrthey found 40Arab Christianchoirboyswithin a monastery.[5]All of those 40 children were brought by the Muslim troops toMedina.[5]
Most of these choirboys are known as the ancestors of important figures of Islam in the later era, including:
- Nusair, the father ofMusa bin Nusayr,the supreme commander of the forces which later conquered Spain under the leadership ofTariq bin Ziyad,the second in command for Musa bin Nusayr.
- Sirin, the other convert, was the father of the scholarIbn Sirinwho became one of the more celebrated Muslim theologians.
- Yassar, the grandfather of famous Abbasid historianIbn Ishaq
- Abu Amrah, the grandfather Abdallah ibn Abu Amrah, a famous poet of later era.[5]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^Phillip Khuri Hittimentioned from Baladhuri records from two sources, the first give estimation number between 500 and 600 men, while the second source gave stable report of 800 men[6]
- ^The strategy which Khalid planned before the battle has been explained in such details by Blankinship quotation of Tabari[4]
- ^Khalid Yahya Blankinship notes Tabari named the persian commanderMihran bin Bahram Chobin,which Blankinship translate it roughly as Mihran son of Chobin[4]
- ^William MuirandKhalid Yahya Blankinshipboth mentioned the capture of Aqqa' which personally done by Khalid ibn Walid which similar to Tabari narration. Muir mentioned Khalid caught Aqqa' by his own hands, while Blankinship notes the duel before Aqqa' capture, which he translate it straight from book ofTabari.[9][4]The capture of Aqqa by Khalid also cited byIbn Kathirin his book,Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya[10]
- ^The battle sequences mostly derived from Blankinship version of History of Tabari[4]
References
[edit]- ^Annals of the Early Caliphateby William Muir pg. 85
- ^Iraq After the Muslim Conquestby Michael G. Morony, pg 224
- ^abcdefghijIbn Atheer.
- ^abcdefghijklTabari 1993,p. 53-54.
- ^abcdefgTabari 1993,p. 55.
- ^abBaladhuri 2011,p. 169.
- ^The Caliph's Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empireby Mark Sykes
- ^The Book of Revenue: Kitab Al-Amwalby Abu 'Ubayd Al-Qasim Ibn Sallam, pg 194
- ^abMuir 1883,p. 62.
- ^Ibn Kathir 2002,p. 131-132.
Bibliography
[edit]- A.I. Akram,The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns,Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970)ISBN0-7101-0104-X.
- Baladhuri, Ahmad Bin Yahya Bin Jabir(2011).The Origins of the Islamic State Being a Translation from the Arabic Accompanied With Annotations, Geographic and Historic Notes of the Kitab Futuh Al-buldan(Phillip Kuri Hitti ed.). Cosimo, Incorporated. p. 169.ISBN9781616405342.Retrieved20 October2021.
- Ibn Atheer, Ali."Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah".Wikisource.Wikipedia.Retrieved20 October2021.
- Ibn Kathir, Abu al-Fiḍā ‘Imād Ad-Din Ismā‘īl ibn ‘Umar(2002).Al-bidayah wan nihayah masa Khulafa'ur Rasyidin(The Beginning to the End: era of Rashidun caliphate)(Abu Ihsan al-Atsari Indonesian ed.). Darul Haq.Retrieved23 October2021.
- Muir, William(1883).Annals of the Early Caliphate From Original Sources.Smith, Elder & Company. p. 85.Retrieved23 October2021.
- Sallam, Abu Ubayd (2003).The Book of Revenue.Garnet Publishing, Limited. p. 194.ISBN9781859641590.Retrieved20 October2021.
- Tabari, Muhammad Ibn Jarir(1993).The challenge to the empires(Khalid Yahya Blankinship ed.). State University of New York Press. pp. 53–54.ISBN9780791408513.Retrieved20 October2021.