Bay leaf

Not to be confused withBasil.

Bay laurel leaves (Laurus nobilis)

Indian bay leafCinnamomum tamala

Indonesian bay leafSyzygium polyanthum

Thebay leafis anaromaticleaf commonly used as aherbin cooking. It can be used whole, either dried or fresh, in which case it is removed from the dish before consumption, or less commonly used in ground form. The flavor that a bay leaf imparts to a dish has not been universally agreed upon, but many agree it is a subtle addition.

Bay leaves come from various plants and are used for their distinctive flavor and fragrance. The most common source is the bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). Other types includeCalifornia bay laurel,Indian bay leaf,West Indian bay laurel,andMexican bay laurel.Bay leaves contain essential oils, such aseucalyptol,terpenes,andmethyleugenol,which contribute to their taste and aroma.

Bay leaves are used in variouscuisinesaround the world, includingIndian,Filipino,European,andCaribbean.They are typically used in soups, stews, meat, seafood, and vegetable dishes. The leaves should be removed from the cooked food before eating as they can be abrasive in thedigestive tract.

Bay leaves are used as aninsect repellentin pantries and as an active ingredient inkilling jarsforentomology.InEastern Orthodoxyliturgy, they are used to symbolizeJesus' destruction of Hadesand freeing of the dead.

While some visually similar plants have poisonous leaves, bay leaves are not toxic and can be eaten without harm. However, they remain stiff even after cooking and may pose a choking hazard or cause harm to thedigestive tractif swallowed whole or in large pieces. Canadian food and drug regulations set specific standards for bay leaves, including limits on ash content, moisture levels, and essential oil content.

Sources

Bay leaves come from several plants, such as:

• Bay laurel(Laurus nobilis,Lauraceae). Fresh or dried bay leaves are used in cooking for their distinctive flavour and fragrance. The leaves should be removed from the cooked food before eating (seesafetysection below). The leaves are often used to flavour soups, stews,braisesandpâtésin many countries. The fresh leaves are very mild and do not develop their full flavour until several weeks after picking and drying.
• California bay leaf. The leaf of the California bay tree (Umbellularia californica,Lauraceae), also known as California laurel, Oregon myrtle, and pepperwood, is similar to the Mediterranean bay laurel but contains the toxinumbellulone,which can causemethemoglobinemia.
• Indian bay leaf or malabathrum (Cinnamomum tamala,Lauraceae) differs from bay laurel leaves, which are shorter and light- to medium-green in colour, with one large vein down the length of the leaf. Indian bay leaves are about twice as long and wider, usuallyolive greenin colour, and have three veins running the length of the leaf. Culinarily, Indian bay leaves are quite different, having a fragrance and taste similar tocinnamon (cassia)bark, but milder.
• Indonesian bay leaf or Indonesian laurel (salamleaf,Syzygium polyanthum,Myrtaceae) is not commonly found outsideIndonesia;this herb is applied to meat and, less often, to rice and to vegetables.
• West Indianbay leaf, the leaf of the West Indian bay tree (Pimenta racemosa,Myrtaceae) is used culinarily (especially in Caribbean cuisine) and to produce thecolognecalledbay rum.
• Mexican bay leaf (Litsea glaucescens,Lauraceae).

Chemical constituents

The leaves of the European / Mediterranean plantLaurus nobiliscontain about 1.3% essential oils (ol. lauri folii), consisting of 45%eucalyptol,12% otherterpenes,8-12% terpinyl acetate, 3–4%sesquiterpenes,3%methyleugenol,and other α- and β-pinenes,phellandrene,linalool,geraniol,terpineol,and also containlauric acid.

Taste and aroma

If eaten whole,Laurus nobilisbay leaves arepungentand have a sharp, bitter taste. As with many spices and flavourings, the fragrance of the bay leaf is more noticeable than its taste. When the leaf is dried, the aroma is herbal, slightly floral, and somewhat similar tooreganoandthyme.Myrcene,a component of many essential oils used in perfumery, can be extracted from this bay leaf. They also containeugenol.

Uses

In Indian cuisine, bay laurel leaves are sometimes used in place ofIndian bay leaf,although they have a different flavour. They are most often used in rice dishes likebiryaniand as an ingredient ingaram masala.Bay leaves are calledtezpattā(तेज़पत्ता,in Hindi), Tejpātā (তেজপাতা) in Bengali, তেজ পাত in Assamese and usually rendered into English as Tej Patta.

In the Philippines, dried bay laurel leaves are used in several Filipino dishes, such asmenudo,beef pares,andadobo.

Bay leaves were used for flavouring by the ancient Greeks.They are a fixture in the cooking of many European cuisines (particularly those of the Mediterranean), as well as in the Americas. They are used in soups, stews, brines, meat, seafood, vegetable dishes, and sauces. The leaves also flavour many classic French and Italian dishes. The leaves are most often used whole (sometimes in abouquet garni) and removed before serving (they can be abrasive in the digestive tract). Thai and Laotian cuisine employs bay leaf (Thai:ใบกระวาน,bai kra wān) in a few Arab-influenced dishes, notablymassaman curry.

Bay leaves can also be crushed or ground before cooking. Crushed bay leaves impart more fragrance than whole leaves, but are more difficult to remove and thus they are often used in amuslinbag ortea infuser.Ground bay laurel may be substituted for whole leaves and does not need to be removed, but it is much stronger.

Bay leavesare also used in the making of jerk chicken in the Caribbean Islands. The bay leaves are soaked and placed on the cool side of the grill. Pimento sticks are placed on top of the leaves, and the chicken is placed on top and smoked. The leaves are also added whole to soups, stews, and otherCaribbeandishes.

Bay leaves can also be used scattered in apantryto repelmeal moths,flies,and cockroaches.Mediouni-Ben Jemaa and Tersim 2011 find theessential oilto be usable as aninsect repellent.

Bay leaves have been used inentomologyas the active ingredient inkilling jars.The crushed, fresh, young leaves are put into the jar under a layer of paper. The vapors they release kill insects slowly but effectively and keep the specimens relaxed and easy to mount. The leaves discourage the growth of molds. They are not effective for killing large beetles and similar specimens, but insects that have been killed in a cyanide killing jar can be transferred to a laurel jar to await mounting.There is confusion in the literature about whetherLaurus nobilisis a source of cyanide to any practical extent, but there is no evidence that cyanide is relevant to its value in killing jars. It certainly is rich in various essential oil components that could incapacitate insects in high concentrations; such compounds include1,8-cineole,alpha-terpinyl acetate, andmethyl eugenol.It also is unclear to what extent the alleged effect of cyanide released by the crushed leaves has been mis-attributed toLaurus nobilisin confusion with the unrelatedPrunus laurocerasus,the so-called cherry laurel, which certainly does contain dangerous concentrations of cyanogenic glycosidestogether with the enzymes to generate thehydrogen cyanidefrom the glycocides if the leaf is physically damaged.

Bay leaves are used inEastern Orthodoxyliturgy. To markJesus' destruction of Hades and freeing of the dead, parishioners throw bay leaves and flowers into the air, letting them flutter to the ground.

Safety

Some members of the laurel family, as well as the unrelated but visually similarmountain laurelandcherry laurel,have leaves that are poisonous to humans and livestock.While these plants are not sold anywhere for culinary use, their visual similarity to bay leaves has led to the oft-repeated belief that bay leaves should be removed from food after cooking because they are poisonous. This is not true; bay leaves may be eaten without toxic effect. However, they remain unpleasantly stiff even after thorough cooking, and if swallowed whole or in large pieces they may pose a risk of harming the digestive tract or causing choking.Thus, most recipes that use bay leaves will recommend their removal after the cooking process has finished.

Canadian food and drug regulations

The Canadian government requires that the bay leaves contain no more than 4.5% totalashmaterial, with a maximum of 0.5% of which isinsolubleinhydrochloric acid.To be considered dried, they must contain 7% moisture or less. The oil content cannot be less than 1 milliliter per 100 grams of the spice.