Beatus vir

For the choral work, seeBeatus Vir (Górecki).

Beatus initial, f.4, start of Psalm 1 in the 10th-century Anglo-SaxonRamsey Psalter

Beatus vir takes up the whole page in the 9th-centuryLudwig Psalter.

TheTree of JesseBeatus initialin theGorleston Psalter,c. 1310, bordered by the royal arms ofEnglandandFrance(fol. 8r)

Beatus vir(Ecclesiastical Latin:[beˈatusˈvir];"Blessed is the man... ")are the first words in the LatinVulgate Bibleof bothPsalm 1andPsalm 112(in the general modern numbering; it is Psalm 111 in the GreekSeptuagintand the Vulgate). In each case, the words are used to refer to frequent and significant uses of these psalms in art, although the two psalms are prominent in different fields, art in the case of Psalm 1 and music in the case of Psalm 112. Inpsaltermanuscripts, theinitialletter B of Beatus is often rendered prominently as aBeatus initial.

Altogether the phrase occurs 14 times in the Vulgate text, eight times in theBook of Psalms,and four times in the rest of theOld Testament,but no uses in theNew Testament.

Psalm 1 in art

Psalm 1naturally begins the text of theBook of Psalms.Inilluminated manuscriptpsaltersthis start was traditionally marked by a large Beatus initial for the B of Beatus, and the two opening words are often much larger than the rest of the text. Between them these often take up a whole page. Beatus initials have been significant in the development of manuscript painting, as the location of several developments in the use ofinitialsas the focus of painting. As the "initialpar excellenceit stimulated the ornamentalizing impulse of the medieval artist to ever-increasing heights of fantasy ".The 10th-century Anglo-SaxonRamsey Psalterinitial illustrated here is the first known to use the "lion mask" on the bar of the "B".

In psalters of the Early and High Middle Ages there were often similarly large initials at the start ofPsalm 52( "Q" for "Quid gloriaris" ) andPsalm 102( "D" for "Domine" ),marking traditional groupings of the psalms. Other divisions of text produced different groupings, of eight or ten groups, but all had a group beginning at Psalm 1.Often these initials were the only major illumination in the manuscript, as in theStowe Psalter.In bibles the first letter of each book was also enlarged and illuminated in grand manuscripts, producing more beatus initials.

KingDavidwas regarded as the author of the psalms, and many initials included depictions of him, so serving also asauthor portraits;the rounded compartments of the letter "B" often allowed two scenes to be shown. Greatly enlarged beatus initials go back as least as far as theCorbie Psalter,made atCorbie Abbeysoon after 800. There were probablyInsularexamples but none have survived.The Corbie example contains two large figures within a letter shape filled with geometric motifs, mostlyinterlace,but for some centuries after it is ornament that dominates, with largeplant scrollstaking over from geometric ornament. Figures returned during the 11th century.In some elaborate later initials more scenes were shown, allowingtypologicalcomparisons between the Old and New Testaments.In some psalters after about 1200, especially English ones including both theGorleston Psalter(illustrated) andWindmill Psalter,very large "B" s allowed room for aTree of Jesse,which included David.

Incipit of Psalm 1

Vulgate

1. Beatus vir qui non abiit in consilio impiorum, et in via peccatorum non stetit, et in cathedra pestilentiae non sedit;
2. sed in lege Domini voluntas ejus, et in lege ejus meditabitur die ac nocte.

King James Version

1. Blessed is the man that walketh not in the counsel of the ungodly, nor standeth in the way of sinners, nor sitteth in the seat of the scornful.
2. But his delight is in the law of the Lord; and in his law doth he meditate day and night.

Psalm 112 in music

Psalm 112has been included in various places in WesternChristian liturgy,especially in the context ofvespers,and has been popular for musical settings, which are generally known by their opening words,Beatus vir.A database of psalm settings by Italian composers of the 17th and 18th centuries lists 81 settings of Psalm 112.

Today probably the best known isClaudio Monteverdi's setting of 1640, SV 268, from hisSelva morale e spirituale,also known as the Vespers of 1640. This piece is still often performed by itself, and has been described as "one of the most attractive and inspired settings of theSelva moraleand one of the few sacred works of Monteverdi’s later years that has become widely known. "

Other examples include:

• Antonio Vivaldi(1678–1741), Beatus vir (RV597), the better known of his three settings, one now lost; RV598 is the other.
• Mozart'sVesperae de Dominica(K. 321), third movement, alsoVesperae solennes de confessore(K. 339).
• Beatus vir, ZWV 75, 76, and 77, byJan Dismas Zelenka,
• Beatus vir, MH 410, MH 398, byMichael Haydn,
• Beatus vir, Seibel 26, 27, and 28 byJohann David Heinichen
• Beatus Vir, Opus 38, byHenryk Górecki
• Beatus Vir byNiccolo Jommelli
• Beatus Vir, Op. 19: IV Salmi concerti by Isabella Leonarda
• Beatus Vir, byFrançois Giroust(1777)

Other settings include those byGiammateo Asola,Marc-Antoine Charpentier,6 settings 1670 - 1690 (H.175, H.154, H.199, H.208, H.221, H.224),Michel-Richard Delalande,Charles-Hubert GervaisandJohann Adolf Hasse.

Incipit of Psalm 112

Vulgate

1. Alleluja, reversionis Aggaei et Zachariae. Beatus vir qui timet Dominum: in mandatis ejus volet nimis.
2. Potens in terra erit semen ejus; generatio rectorum benedicetur.

King James Version

1. Praise ye the Lord. Blessed is the man that feareth the Lord, that delighteth greatly in his commandments.
2. His seed shall be mighty upon earth: the generation of the upright shall be blessed.

Settings of other psalms

Psalm 1 has been given many settings, though none are now well-known.Beatus Vir (Gorecki),Opus 38, subtitled Psalm for baritone, large mixed chorus and grand orchestra, is a setting of texts from various psalms byHenryk Góreckifrom 1979, commissioned byPope John Paul II.Neither Psalm 1 nor 112 are used, and the title comes from part ofPsalm 33.

Pieces called Beatus vir are catalogued byMarc-Antoine Charpentier(6 settings: H.175, H.154, H.199, H.208, H.221, H.224 (Ps. 112), 376 (different text),Stanislao Mattei,Félicien Davidand many others.

Verses from Psalms 1-3 (compiled together under the title 'Blessed is the man') form part of the OrthodoxAll-Night Vigil,and as such settings of these verses are found in settings of the service, including those byPyotr Ilyich TchaikovskyandSergei Rachmaninov.

See also

• Latin Psalters
• Vulgate

Sources

• Calkins, Robert G.Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages.1983, Cornell University Press,ISBN0500233756
• Otto Pächt,Book Illumination in the Middle Ages(trans fr German), 1986, Harvey Miller Publishers, London,ISBN0199210608