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Bernardo Provenzano

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Bernardo Provenzano
Provenzano in 1959
Born(1933-01-31)31 January 1933
Corleone,Sicily,Kingdom of Italy
Died13 July 2016(2016-07-13)(aged 83)
Milan,Italy
Other names"Binnu u tratturi"(Bernie the tractor)
"Zio Binnu"(Uncle Bernie)
"Il ragioniere"(The accountant)
OccupationMafia boss
Criminal statusDeceased
(imprisoned from 2006)
Children2
AllegianceCorleonesi
Conviction(s)Mafia association
multiple murder
Criminal chargeMafia association
multiple murders
PenaltyLife imprisonment

Bernardo Provenzano(Italian pronunciation:[berˈnardoprovenˈtsaːno];31 January 1933 – 13 July 2016)[1]was an Italianmobsterand chief of theSicilian Mafiaclan known as theCorleonesi,a Mafia faction that originated in the town ofCorleone,andde factothe boss of bosses ( "ilcapo dei capi"). His nickname wasBinnu u tratturi(Sicilianfor "Bernie the tractor" ) because, in the words of oneinformant,"he mows people down".[2]Another nickname wasil ragioniere( "the accountant" ), due to his apparently subtle and low-key approach to running his crime empire, at least in contrast to some of his more violent predecessors.[2][3]

Provenzano was part of theCorleonesi Mafia clanwho backed mob bossLuciano Leggioin the ambush and murder ofMichele Navarrain the late 1950s. In 1963, Provenzano became a fugitive after a failed hit. Provenzano also participated in theViale Lazio massacrein the late 1960s.Salvatore Riinasucceeded Leggio in the mid-1970s, and Provenzano became the second-in-command of the Corleonesi. Provenzano took the reins after Riina andBagarella's arrests, but the three had already been sentenced to lifein absentiain the late 1980s as part of theMaxi Trialand in the 1990s for the two high-profile bombings (theCapaci massacreandVia D'Amelio massacre) that killed prosecutorsGiovanni FalconeandPaolo Borsellino.After 43 years living as a fugitive, he was captured in 2006, and subjected to the stringentArticle 41-bis prison regimeuntil his death on 13 July 2016.

Early years[edit]

Provenzano was born the third of seven children on 31 January 1933, inCorleone,Sicily, to farmers Angelo Provenzano and Giovanna Rigoglioso.[4]It was during this period that a series of illegal activities began, especiallycattle raidingand the theft of foodstuffs. In August 1958, Provenzano was one of the 14 gunmen who backed mob bossLuciano Leggioin the ambush and murder ofMichele Navarra.[2][3]Leggio subsequently became the head of the Family. Over the next five years, Provenzano helped Leggio hunt down and kill many of Navarra's surviving supporters. In September 1963, Provenzano became a fugitive after the failed killing of one of Navarra's men – at this point, he was not running from the police but from a Mafia vendetta. Leggio said of Provenzano: "He shoots like an angel but has the brains of a chicken".[5][6]On 10 September 1963, an arrest warrant was issued against Provenzano for the murder of one of Navarra's men.[5]

Provenzano participated in theViale Lazio massacreon 10 December 1969: the killing ofMichele Cavataiofor his role in theFirst Mafia War.The attack nearly went wrong, as Cavataio was able to shoot to deathCalogero Bagarella,before Provenzano killed him with aBeretta 38/Asubmachine gun and earned himself a reputation as a Mafia killer with the attack.[7]However, according toGaetano Grado,one of the participants who turned government witness later, it was Provenzano who botched the attack, shooting too early.[8]

Leggio was captured by police in 1974, andSalvatore Riinawas effectively left in charge.[9]Provenzano became the second-in-command of theCorleonesi,Riina's right-hand man.[2][3]

Fugitive and later years[edit]

In 1981, Provenzano and Riina unleashed the so-calledSecond Mafia War,with which they eliminated rival bosses and established a new "Commission",composed only ofcapomandamenti;[10]during the meetings of the "Commission", Provenzano participated in the decisions and the organization of numerous murders as an influential exponent of the district of Corleone[11][12]and repeatedly protected, with intimidation, the political career of Vito Ciancimino, the main political referent of the Corleonesi.[13][14][15]

In 1993 after Riina's arrest, in a meeting at Villabate it was decided that both Bernardo Provenzano andLeoluca Bagarellawould take charge of holding Corleone's mandate together.[16]But afterBagarella's arrest in 1995, Provenzano took the reins of the Corleonesi and all of Cosa Nostra; however, he had already been sentenced tolifein absentiain 1987 at theMaxi Trial.[17]

In 1997 and 1999 respectively, Provenzano was given life sentences for the 1992 murders of anti-mafia magistrates Falcone and Borsellino.[18][19][20]

Evasion and capture[edit]

Comparison between the last photofit, performed in 2005, and a photo taken after his capture in 2006

Provenzano frowned upon the use of telephones, and issued orders and communications (even to his family) through small, hand-delivered notes calledpizzini.[3][21]Many of the notes from Provenzano that police have intercepted sign off with religious blessings, such as one that concluded "May the Lord bless and protect you".[3]According to mob godmother-turned-informant Giuseppina Vitale, Provenzano had appeared at a 1992 Cosa Nostra summit meeting dressed in the purple robes of aCatholicbishop.[22] Religious behaviour and language progressively became the prominent features of Provenzano's figure. For example, Provenzano systematically underlined verses from the Bible and took notes of relevant passages to be threaded in hispizzinithrough otherwise routine instructions regarding daily business matters. He also recurrently thanked 'Our Lord Jesus Christ', and referred to 'The Divine Providence' and 'Our beloved Lord', expressing the hope that 'He might help us to do the right things'. In particular, the expressionCon il volere di Dio(With God's will), to date has been counted 43 times, and it often appears more than once in the same piece of communication.[23]

Provenzano used a version of theCaesar cipher,used byJulius Caesarin wartime communications.[24]The Caesar code involves shifting each letter of the alphabet forward three places; Provenzano'spizzinicode did the same, then replaced letters with numbers indicating their position in the alphabet.[24]For example, one reported note by Provenzano read "I met 512151522 191212154 and we agreed that we will see each other after the holidays...". This name was decoded as "Binnu Riina".[24]

In October 2003, Provenzano was driven to France, allegedly byVillabatemobster Salvatore Troia, to undergoprostatesurgery at a private clinic nearMarseille.[25]Provenzano was also provided with fake travel and medical records, under the name of Salvatore Troia's father, Gaspare Troia, a Sicilian baker.[26]Mario Cusimano, another Villabate mobster who was later arrested, began to collaborate with police in 2005, and revealed to the investigators that the identity card used by Provenzano to go to Marseille had been stamped by Francesco Campanella, former president of the municipal council of Villabate,[27]and in September 2005, Campanella also began to collaborate with police who confirmed that he was the one who had stamped the document.[28][29]TheItalian State Policewere able to create aphotofitof Provenzano based on the descriptions of informants, as well as doctors and nurses at the Marseilles clinic where Provenzano was admitted for surgery.[30]

On 25 January 2005, police raided various homes in Sicily and arrested 46 Mafia suspects believed to be helping Provenzano elude the authorities.[31]Although they did not catch the elusive Mafia boss himself, investigators nonetheless unearthed evidence that the 72-year-old Provenzano was still very much alive and in control of the Mafia, in the form of his cryptic handwritten notes, his preferred method of giving orders to his men. Two months later, another raid took place. It resulted in the capture of over 80 Mafiosi, though Provenzano was not one of them.[32]

Provenzano had been a fugitive from the law since 1963.[33]Until his arrest, the only known photographs of him were taken during the 1950s; the last known photo was taken in 1959: a serious youth with greased hair wearing a suit for a saint's festival.[5]Provenzano was finally captured on 11 April 2006, by the Italian police near his home town,Corleone.[34]A spokesman for the Palermo police, Agent Daniele Macaluso, said Provenzano had been arrested during the morning near Corleone, 60 km south of Palermo and was being driven back to the Sicilian capital.[2][35][36]The police were able to pinpoint Provenzano's exact location by the simplest of connections; they tracked a delivery of clean laundry from his family to his farmhouse hide-out.[37]

After his arrest[edit]

After his arrest, he was held at the maximum security prison inTerni,and subjected to theArticle 41-bis prison regime.[38]After one year, he was transferred to a prison inNovarawhere he tried several times to communicate throughpizzini.[39][40]TheMinistry of Justicethen decided to apply "special surveillance" on Provenzano.[39]

In total, Provenzano was given 20 life sentences plus 49 years and one month, and solitary confinement for 33 years and six months.[41]

After the arrest of Provenzano,Salvatore Lo PiccoloandMatteo Messina Denarowere thought to be the new leaders ofCosa Nostra.[42][43]However, about 350pizziniwere found at Provenzano's hide-out,[24]some of which had indicated that Provenzano's joint deputies in Palermo were Salvatore Lo Piccolo andAntonio Rotolo,capomandamentoofPagliarelli,a Corleonesi loyalist in the days of Totò Riina. In a message referring to an important decision for Cosa Nostra, Provenzano told Rotolo: "It's up to you, me and Lo Piccolo to decide this thing."[44]

Anti-Mafia prosecutorAntonio Ingroiaof theDirezione distrettuale antimafia(DDA) of Palermo said that it was unlikely that there would be an all-out war over who would fill Provenzano's shoes. "Right now I don't think that's probable," he said. Of the two possible successors, Ingroia thought Lo Piccolo was the more likely heir to the Mafia throne. "He's from Palermo, and that's still the most powerful Mafia stronghold", Ingroia said.[45]

Two months after Provenzano's arrest, on 20 June 2006, authorities issued 52 arrest warrants against the top echelon of Cosa Nostra in the city of Palermo (Operation Gotha). In November 2009, Massimo Ciancimino, the son of former mayor of PalermoVito Ciancimino,said that Provenzano had betrayed the whereabouts of Riina. Police sent Vito Ciancimino maps of Palermo. One of the maps was delivered to Provenzano, then a Mafia fugitive. Ciancimino said the map was returned by Provenzano who indicated the precise location of Riina's hiding place.[46][47]

On 19 March 2011, it was confirmed that Provenzano was suffering from bladder cancer, and he was transferred from Novara to a prison inParma;on 9 May 2012, he attemptedsuicideby putting his head in a plastic bag, with the aim of suffocation, but was foiled when it was observed by a prison police officer.[48]

On 9 April 2014, he was admitted into the San Paolo Hospital inMilan.[49]

List of trials[edit]

  • In 1987, in theMaxi Trial,Provenzano was sentencedin absentiato life imprisonment together withSalvatore Riinaand 17 other mob bosses.[50]
  • In 1995, in the trial for the murder of Lieutenant Colonel Giuseppe Russo, Provenzano was sentenced in absentia to life imprisonment together with Salvatore Riina,Michele Grecoand Leoluca Bagarella.[51]
  • The same year, in the trial for the murders of the commissionersBeppe MontanaandAntonino Cassarà,he was also sentenced in absentia to life imprisonment together with Michele Greco, Bernardo Brusca,Francesco Madoniaand Salvatore Riina.[51]
  • The same year, in the trial for the murders ofPiersanti Mattarella,Pio La Torre,Rosario di SalvoandMichele Reina,in which he was given a further life sentence in absentia together with Michele Greco, Bernardo Brusca, Salvatore Riina,Giuseppe Calò,Francesco Madonia andNenè Geraci.[51]
  • The same year, in the trial for the murder of GeneralCarlo Alberto dalla Chiesa,Boris Giuliano,andPaolo Giaccone,Provenzano was sentenced to life imprisonment in absentia together with Salvatore Riina, Giuseppe Calò, Bernardo Brusca, Francesco Madonia, Nenè Geraci andFrancesco Spadaro.[52]
  • In 1997, in the trial for theCapaci massacrein which the judgeGiovanni Falcone,his wifeFrancesca Morvilloand their escort of Antonio Montinaro, Vito Schifani and Rocco Di Cillo, lost their lives, Provenzano was sentenced to life imprisonment in absentia together with the bosses Salvatore Riina,Pietro Aglieri,Bernardo Brusca, Giuseppe Calò,Raffaele Ganci,Nenè Geraci,Benedetto Spera,Nitto Santapaola,Salvatore Montalto,Giuseppe Graviano,Matteo Motisi.[53]
  • The same year, in the trial for the murder of JudgeCesare Terranova,Provenzano received another life sentence in absentia along with Michele Greco, Bernardo Brusca, Giuseppe Calò, Nenè Geraci, Francesco Madonia and Salvatore Riina.[54]
  • In 1999, Provenzano was sentenced to life imprisonment in absentia in the trial against those responsible for theVia D'Amelio massacre,in which the judge Paolo Borsellino and five of his escort men lost their lives; together with him the bosses Giuseppe "Piddu" Madonia, Nitto Santapaola, Giuseppe Calò, Giuseppe Farinella, Raffaele Ganci, Nino Giuffrè, Filippo Graviano, Michelangelo La Barbera, Giuseppe Montalto, Salvatore Montalto, Matteo Motisi, Salvatore Biondo, Cristoforo Cannella, Domenico Ganci and Stefano Ganci.[55][19]
  • In 2000, he was sentenced in absentia to life imprisonment together withGiuseppe Graviano,Leoluca Bagarella and Salvatore Riina for the 1993 bombings includingVia dei Georgofili,in Florence, Milan and Rome.[56]
  • In 2002, Provenzano was sentenced in absentia to life imprisonment for the murder of judgeRocco Chinnicitogether with the bosses Salvatore Riina, Raffaele Ganci, Antonino Madonia, Salvatore Buscemi, Nenè Geraci, Giuseppe Calò, Francesco Madonia, Salvatore and Giuseppe Montalto, Stefano Ganci and Vincenzo Galatolo.[57]
  • In 2003, Provenzano was sentenced in absentia to life imprisonment for the murder ofMario Francese.[58]
  • In 2009, he received another life sentence together with Salvatore Riina for the Viale Lazio massacre and the death ofMichele Cavataio.[59]

Family[edit]

Provenzano had been romantically linked to Saveria Benedetta Palazzolo, a woman from a Mafia family fromCinisi;the couple had two children, Angelo Provenzano and Francesco Paolo Provenzano.[60]Palazzolo and her children lived in hiding until 1992; then, in the spring of that year, they suddenly returned to Corleone.[61]

Angelo had been a tour guide in Palermo, speaking about Sicilian Mafia history.[62]Francesco Paolo graduated in 2005 with a doctorate in Modern Languages and Cultures at theUniversity of Palermo.[63]

Death[edit]

On 13 July 2016, Provenzano died aged 83 at San Paolo Hospital inMilanfrom complications from bladder cancer.[64]Refused a public funeral by the church and the Palermo police chief,[65]Provenzano wascrematedin Milan, and on 18 July his ashes were buried in his family tomb in a cemetery in his hometown of Corleone.[66]

In popular culture[edit]

  • Il fantasma di Corleone,a 2006 film byMarco Amenta;
  • L'ultimo dei Corleonesi,a 2007 film byAlberto Negrinwhere Provenzano is played by David Coco;
  • Scacco al re - La cattura di Provenzano,a 2007 documentary series;
  • Il Capo dei Capi,a 2007 TV series byEnzo Monteleoneand Alexis Sweet, where Provenzano is played by Salvatore Lazzaro;
  • L'ultimo padrino,a 2008 two-part television miniseries byMarco Risi,where Provenzano is played byMichele Placido.
  • Il cacciatore(Cacciatore: The Hunterin English) is an Italian television series (2018– ) based on the autobiographical bookCacciatore di mafiosiby magistrate Alfonso Sabella, in which Provenzano is one of the main Mafia targets.

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

Media related toBernardo Provenzanoat Wikimedia Commons

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