Bit-Amukkani

Bit-Amukani(in the Aramaic Assur Ostracon ʾwkn; Assyrian^mA-muk-ka-nu;Babylonian^diBit U-ka-a-ni,^diU-ka-nu; lit. House of Amukani)was a tribe, proto-state founded byChaldeansin southernMesopotamiawhich stretched from southeast of Nippur to the area ofUruk.^[1]It is considered^{[by whom?]}as one of the most powerfulChaldeantribes, next toBīt-IakinandBīt-Dakkūri.

As early as 732. B.C.E. it was ruled by princeUkinzer(also known asMukin-zeriorNabu-mukin-zeri) who became a king ofBabylonin 732. B.C.E. instead ofNabu-shum-ukin IIwhom he superseded.^[2]Later,Tiglath-pileser IIIdevastated Bit-Amukani for the second time and defeated Mukin-zeri.^[2]Shalmaneser III(856-824) inscriptions note that two Chaldean leaders (Mušallim-Marduk of Bīt-Amukāni and Adīnu of Bīt-Dakkūri) carried silver, gold, tin, bronze, elephant tusks, elephant skins, ebony andsissoowood(or meskannu-wood) as a tribute to the King ofAssyria.

Though unconfirmed statement, the economy of Bīt-Amūkāni probably relied on producing dates.

Tiglath-pileser IIIdescribed his genocide of Bit-Amukani with words: "the land Bit-Amukani I threshed as with a threshing instrument. I took all of its people (and) its property to Assyria." AlthoughTiglath-pileser III's writings testify about conflict with Bīt-Amūkāni, Bīt-Amūkāni never went extinct but actually remained important through laterBabylonianhistory.

Sennacherib's inscriptions note that Bit-Amukani consisted of 39 walled cities and 350 villages.^[3]Its capital was Sapia (AssyrianSapīyaorŠapīya).

List of Bīt-Amūkāni leaders


Name^[4]	Reign	Comments
Mušallim-Marduk	somewhere during Shalmaneser III	gave tribute to Shalmaneser III in 850
(Nabû-)mukīn-zēri, king	731–729	deposed by Tiglath-pileser III; besieged in Šapīya, but not captured father of Šuma-ukīn
Ea-zēra-(i)qīša	673 > time of Ashurbanipal	held hostage in Assyria during rebellion of 652–648; his mother was Humbušte (or Humbuštu); assured loyalty of Bit Amukani to Ashurbanipal
?Kudurru	ca. rebellion of 652–648?	position in tribe uncertain, according to Lipinski governor of Uruk;^[5]probably was not Bit-Amukanean, but rather installed by Ashurbanipal

References

^Zadok, Ran (1985).On West Semites in Babylonia during the Chaldean and Achaemenian Periods: An Onomastic Study.pp. 58–62.
^^a ^bTadmor, Hayim (2011).The royal inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744-727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726-722 BC), kings of Assyria.Yamada, Shigeo., Novotny, Jamie R. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. p. 18.ISBN 978-1-57506-657-8.OCLC 774282690.
^Younger, K. Lawson Jr. (2016).A political history of the Arameans: from their origins to the end of their polities.Atlanta. p. 676.ISBN 978-1-58983-128-5.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Frame, Grant."The Political History and Historical Geography of the Aramean, Chaldean, and Arab Tribes in Babylonia in the Neo-Assyrian Period".{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
^Lipinski, Edward(31 December 2000).Aramaeans: Ancient History, Culture.Peeters Publishers. p. 435.ISBN 978-90-429-0859-8.

[1] Zadok, Ran (1985).On West Semites in Babylonia during the Chaldean and Achaemenian Periods: An Onomastic Study.pp. 58–62.

[:0-2] Tadmor, Hayim (2011).The royal inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744-727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726-722 BC), kings of Assyria.Yamada, Shigeo., Novotny, Jamie R. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. p. 18.ISBN 978-1-57506-657-8.OCLC 774282690.

[3] Younger, K. Lawson Jr. (2016).A political history of the Arameans: from their origins to the end of their polities.Atlanta. p. 676.ISBN 978-1-58983-128-5.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[4] Frame, Grant."The Political History and Historical Geography of the Aramean, Chaldean, and Arab Tribes in Babylonia in the Neo-Assyrian Period".{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)

[5] Lipinski, Edward(31 December 2000).Aramaeans: Ancient History, Culture.Peeters Publishers. p. 435.ISBN 978-90-429-0859-8.

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