Black billionaires

Black billionairesare individuals who are of predominantlyAfricanancestry with anet worthof at leastUS$1 billion.

According to the 2023Forbesranking of the world's billionaires, Nigerian business magnateAliko Dangotehad a net worth of $13.2 billion and was the world's richest black man.^[1]

Other billionaires of African descent on the 2021Forbeslist included Nigerian businessmanMike Adenugawith $6.1 billion, American investorRobert Smithwith $11.8 billion, American businessmanDavid Stewardwith $12.8 billion, American media mogulOprah Winfreywith $2.7 billion, South African gold magnatePatrice Motsepewith $3.0 billion, ZimbabweStrive Masiyiwawith $2.1 billion, Barbadian music artist/entrepreneurRihannawith $1.7 billion,^[2]American rapperJay-Zwith $2.5 billion, sports executiveMichael Jordanwith $1.6 billion, Jamaican-Canadian businessmanMichael Lee-Chinwith $1.6 billion, Nigerian businessmanAbdul Samad Rabiuwith $1.6 billion, Nigerian businesswomanFolorunsho Alakijawith $1.1 billion,Mo Ibrahimof the United Kingdom with $1.8 billion, American athleteTiger Woodswith $1 billion, and American media mogulTyler Perrywith $1 billion.^[3]

From 2001 to 2003, Forbes listed American television network executiveBob Johnsonas a billionaire,^[4]but dropped him after his fortune was split in his divorce.^[5]He returned to theForbesBillionaire list in 2007 with a net worth of $1.1 billion. In 2008 Johnson's wealth dropped again, this time to approximately $1.0 billion,^[6]and by 2009 he fell off the list again. Nigerian petroleum executiveFemi Otedolabriefly emerged as a billionaire in 2009 but did not remain one in subsequent years. He returned to the list in the company of a fellow Nigerian, sugar tycoonAbdul Samad Rabiu,in 2016, but both were dropped from the rankings the following year.^[7]Otedola re-emerged as a billionaire in 2024.^{[citation needed]}

Multiracialbillionaires with significant African ancestry have been identified over the years.Saudi ArabianbillionaireMohammed Al Amoudi,ofHadhramiYemeni and Ethiopian descent, has been on theForbesbillionaire list since 2002 and in 2012 had a net worth of $12.5 billion.^[8]Michael Lee-Chinof Canada, who isJamaicanofChineseandBlackancestry, was on the list from 2001 to 2010 but dropped off in 2011.^[9]Isabel dos Santosis of both Angolan and Russian ancestry.Alex Karp,US$ 4.1 billion as of 2024. He is the co-founder, and CEO ofPalantir Technologies,has an African-American mother.^[10]Rihannais of bothGuyaneseandIrish descent.^[11]^[12]

Of all the above-mentioned billionaires identified byForbes,only Oprah Winfrey qualified forForbes2009's list of the world's 20 most powerful billionaires, a list which considered not only wealth, but also market sway and political clout. Winfrey was considered especially powerful because of her influence on Americanconsumer choicesand her pivotal role inBarack Obama's successful 2008 U.S. presidential campaign.^[13]

List of Black billionaires

(Wealth valuations byForbesmagazine)

Year	Black billionaires	Bi/Multiracial billionaires with Black ancestry	All billionaires
2001	1:Bob Johnson,$1.6 billion	1:Michael Lee-Chin,$1 billion^[14]	538; Richest:Bill Gates,$114 billion
2002	1:Bob Johnson,$1 billion	2: Mohammad Al Amoudi,$1.5 billion Michael Lee-Chin,$1.1 billion^[15]	497; Richest:Bill Gates,$52.8 billion
2003	2: Bob Johnson,$1.2 billion Oprah Winfrey,$1 billion^[16]	2: Mohammad Al Amoudi,$1.5 billion Michael Lee-Chin,$1.4 billion^[17]	476; Richest:Bill Gates,$40.7 billion
2004	1:Oprah Winfrey,$1.1 billion	2: Michael Lee-Chin,$2.4 billion Mohammad Al Amoudi,$1.4 billion^[18]	587; Richest:Bill Gates,$46.6 billion
2005	1:Oprah Winfrey,$1.3 billion	2: Michael Lee-Chin,$2.5 billion Mohammad Al Amoud,$2.5 billion	691; Richest:Bill Gates,$46.5 billion
2006	1:Oprah Winfrey,$1.4 billion	2: Mohammad Al Amoudi,$6.9 billion Michael Lee-Chin,$2.1 billion^[19]	793; Richest:Bill Gates,$50 billion
2007	2: Oprah Winfrey,$1.5 billion Bob Johnson,$1.1 billion^[20]	2: Mohammad Al Amoudi,$8 billion Michael Lee-Chin,$1.6 billion^[21]	946; Richest:Bill Gates,$56 billion
2008	5: Aliko Dangote,$3.3 billion Oprah Winfrey,$2.5 billion^[22] Mo Ibrahim,$2.5 billion^[23] Patrice Motsepe,$2.4 billion^[24] Bob Johnson,$1 billion^[6]	2: Mohammad Al Amoudi,$9 billion Michael Lee-Chin,$1.8 billion^[25]	1,125; Richest:Warren Buffett,$62 billion
2009	5: Oprah Winfrey,$2.7 billion Aliko Dangote,$2.5 billion Mo Ibrahim,$2 billion Femi Otedola,$1.6 billion Patrice Motsepe,$1.3 billion	2: Mohammad Al Amoudi,$9 billion Michael Lee-Chin,$1 billion^[26]	793; Richest:Bill Gates,$40 billion
2010	3: Oprah Winfrey,$2.4 billion Patrice Motsepe,$2.3 billion Mo Ibrahim,$2 billion	2: Mohammad Al Amoudi,$10 billion Michael Lee-Chin,$1 billion^[27]	1,011; Richest:Carlos Slim Helu& family, $53.5 billion^[28]
2011	5: Aliko Dangote,$13.8 billion^[29] Patrice Motsepe,$3.3 billion Oprah Winfrey,$2.7 billion Mike Adenuga,$2 billion^[29] Mo Ibrahim,$1.8 billion^[30]	1:Mohammad Al Amoudi,$12.3 billion	1,210; Richest:Carlos Slim Helu& family, $74 billion
2012^[31]	5: Aliko Dangote,$11.2 billion^[29] Mike Adenuga,$4.3 billion^[29] Patrice Motsepe,$2.7 billion Oprah Winfrey,$2.7 billion Mo Ibrahim,$1.1 billion^[30]	1:Mohammad Al Amoudi,$12.3 billion	1,210; Richest:Carlos Slim Helu& family, $74 billion
2013	5: Aliko Dangote,$16.1 billion^[29] Mike Adenuga,$4.7 billion Patrice Motsepe,$2.9 billion Oprah Winfrey,$2.8 billion Mo Ibrahim,$1.1 billion^[30]	2: Mohammad Al Amoudi,$13.5 billion Isabel dos Santos,$2 billion	1,426; Richest:Carlos Slim Helu& family, $73 billion
2014	7: Aliko Dangote,$25 billion^[32] Mike Adenuga,$4.6 billion^[33] Oprah Winfrey,$2.9 billion Patrice Motsepe,$2.9 billion Florunsho Alakija,$2.5 billion Abdul Samad Rabiu,$1.2 billion Mo Ibrahim,$1.1 billion^[30]	2: Mohammad Al Amoudi,$15.3 billion Isabel Dos Santos,$3.7 billion	1,645; Richest:Bill Gates,$76 billion
2016	11: Aliko Dangote,$15.4 billion^[34] Mike Adenuga,$10 billion^[35] Robert Smith,$4.4 billion Oprah Winfrey,$3.1 billion Femi Otedola,$1.85 billion Strive Masiyiwa,$1.8 billion Folorunsho Alakija,$1.55 billion Patrice Motsepe,$1.15 billion Michael Jordan,$1.14 billion Abdul Samad Rabiu,$1.1 billion Mo Ibrahim,$1.07 billion^[36]	2: Mohammed Al-Amoudi,$8.3 billion Isabel Dos Santos,$3.1 billion	1,810; Richest:Bill Gates,$75 billion
2019	12: Aliko Dangote,$10.4 billion^[37] Mike Adenuga,$9.2 billion^[38] Robert Smith,$5 billion David Steward,$3.9 billion Oprah Winfrey,$2.7 billion Strive Masiyiwa,$2.4 billion Patrice Motsepe,$2.3 billion Michael Jordan,$1.9 billion Abdul Samad Rabiu,$1.6 billion Folorunsho Alakija,$1.1 billion Mo Ibrahim,$1.1 billion Jay-Z,$1 billion	4: Mohammad Al-Amoudi,$8.6 billion^[39] Isabel Dos Santos,$2.3 billion Michael Lee-Chin,$1.9 billion Alex Karp,$1.3 billion	2,153; Richest:Jeff Bezos,$110 billion
2020	14: Aliko Dangote,$8.3 billion^[40] Mike Adenuga,$5.6 billion^[41] Robert Smith,$5 billion David Steward,$4 billion Abdul Samad Rabiu,$3.2 billion Oprah Winfrey,$2.7 billion Strive Masiyiwa,$2.4 billion Patrice Motsepe,$2.3 billion Michael Jordan,$2.1 billion Kanye West,$1.2 billion Folorunsho Alakija,$1.1 billion Mo Ibrahim,$1.1 billion Jay-Z,$1 billion Tyler Perry,$1 billion	4: Mohammad Al-Amoudi,$7.6 billion^[42] Alex Karp,$3 billion Isabel Dos Santos,$2.3 billion Michael Lee-Chin,$1.9 billion	2,095; Richest:Jeff Bezos,$113 billion
2021–2022	17: Aliko Dangote,$11.5 billion^[43] Mike Adenuga,$6.1 billion^[44] Robert Smith,$5 billion David Steward,$4 billion Abdul Samad Rabiu,$3.2 billion^[29] Oprah Winfrey,$2.7 billion Strive Masiyiwa,$2.4 billion Patrice Motsepe,$2.3 billion Kanye West,$2 billion Michael Jordan,$1.6 billion^[45] Tope Awotona, $1.4 billion^[46] Jay-Z,$1.4 billion Mo Ibrahim,$1.2 billion Tyler Perry,$1 billion LeBron James,$1 billion Sean Combs,$1 billion^[47] Magic Johnson,$1 billion	6: Mohammad Al-Amoudi,$5.45 billion^[48] Alex Karp,$1.1 billion Michael Lee-Chin,$1.9 billion Rihanna,$1.7 billion Isabel Dos Santos,$1.4 billion Tiger Woods,$1.0 billion	2,755; Richest:Elon Musk,$271.9 billion^[49]
2023	15: Aliko Dangote,$14.2 billion^[50] Abdul Samad Rabiu,$8.2 billion^[29] Robert Smith,$8 billion Mike Adenuga,$6.1 billion^[51] David Steward,$6 billion Patrice Motsepe,$2.7 billion Oprah Winfrey,$2.5 billion Michael Jordan,$2 billion^[45] Strive Masiyiwa,$1.9 billion Jay-Z,$2.5 billion Magic Johnson,$1.2 billion Mo Ibrahim,$1.2 billion Tope Awotona,$1.2 billion^[52] Tyler Perry,$1 billion LeBron James,$1 billion	5: Mohammad Al-Amoudi,$9.05 billion^[53] Michael Lee-Chin,$1.4 billion Rihanna,$1.4 billion Alex Karp,$1.3 billion Tiger Woods,$1.1 billion	2,540; Richest:Bernard Arnault& family, $211 billion^[54]
2024	15: Aliko Dangote,$13.5 billion^[55] Robert Smith,$11.8 billion David Steward,$12.8 billion Mike Adenuga,$6.9 billion^[56] Abdul Samad Rabiu,$5.9 billion^[29] Michael Jordan,$3.2 billion^[45] Oprah Winfrey,$2.8 billion Patrice Motsepe,$2.9 billion Jay-Z,$2.5 billion Strive Masiyiwa,$2.1 billion Adebayo Ogunlesi$1.7 billion Femi Otedola,$1.4 billion Tope Awotona,$1.4 billion^[57] Tyler Perry,$1.4 billion Mo Ibrahim,$1.3 billion LeBron James,$1.2 billion Magic Johnson,$1.2 billion	5: Mohammad Al-Amoudi,$9.43 billion^[58] Alex Karp,$4.2 billion Michael Lee-Chin,$1.4 billion Rihanna,$1.4 billion Tiger Woods,$1.3 billion	2,781; Richest:Bernard Arnault& family, $233 billion^[59]

References

^Dolan, Kerry; Wang, Jennifer; Peterson-Withorn, Chase."Forbes World's Billionaires List: The Riches in 2021".Forbes.Retrieved5 August2021.
^Berg, Madeline."Fenty's Fortune: Rihanna Is Now Officially A Billionaire".Forbes.Retrieved2021-12-26.
^Nsehe, Mfonobong."The Black Billionaires 2019".Forbes.
^Pulley, Brett (October 8, 2001)."The Cable Capitalist".Forbes.RetrievedMay 11,2006.
^Regan, Michael P. (February 27, 2004)."Billionaires' ranks open to 'Harry Potter' author".Arizona Daily Star.Archived fromthe originalon July 19, 2009.RetrievedMay 11,2006.
^^a ^b"#1062 Robert Johnson".Forbes.March 5, 2008.
^Obusan, Claire."In Pictures: New Billionaires".Forbes.
^"#116 Mohammed Al Amoudi".Forbes.
^"Michael Lee-Chin".Forbes.
^"Alex Karp, unconventional purveyor of powerful surveillance tools".Forbes.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-12-11.Retrieved2020-10-14.
^Spivey, Lisa (Jan 2007). "Rihanna, The New Cover Girl".Los Angeles Sentinel.Vol. 72, no. 23. p. B.5.ISSN 0890-4340.
^Walker, Tim (October 31, 2011)."Rihanna: Out for revenge".The Independent.RetrievedMarch 28,2021.
^Bertoni, Steven."In Pictures: The World's Most Powerful Billionaires".Forbes.Retrieved2022-01-02.
^"Forbes.com: Forbes World's Richest People 2001".Forbes.October 28, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon October 28, 2006.RetrievedOctober 25,2017.
^"Forbes.com: Forbes World's Richest People 2002".Forbes.May 19, 2008. Archived fromthe originalon May 19, 2008.RetrievedOctober 25,2017.
^"Forbes.com: Forbes World's Richest People 2003".Forbes.January 1, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon January 1, 2011.RetrievedOctober 25,2017.
^"Forbes.com: Forbes World's Richest People 2003".Forbes.August 21, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon August 21, 2007.RetrievedOctober 25,2017.
^"Forbes.com: Forbes World's Richest People 2004".Forbes.April 28, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon April 28, 2006.RetrievedOctober 25,2017.
^"#365 Michael Lee-Chin".Forbes.
^"#840 Robert Johnson".Forbes.March 8, 2007.
^"#618 Michael Lee-Chin".Forbes.March 8, 2007.
^"#462 Oprah Winfrey".Forbes.March 5, 2008.
^"#462 Mohammed Ibrahim".Forbes.March 5, 2008.
^"#503 Patrice Motsepe".Forbes.March 5, 2008.
^"#677 Michael Lee-Chin".Forbes.March 5, 2008.
^"#701 Michael Lee-Chin - The World's Billionaires 2009".Forbes.March 11, 2009.
^"#937 Michael Lee-Chin".Forbes.March 10, 2010.
^Kroll, Luisa; Miller, Matthew (eds.)."The World's Billionaires".Forbes.Archived fromthe originalon September 18, 2012.RetrievedMarch 13,2011.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h"The Nation - Are Dangote and Adenuga truly Nigeria's richest men?".March 16, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon March 16, 2011.RetrievedOctober 25,2017.
^^a ^b ^c ^d"#1638 Mohammed Ibrahim".Forbes.com.RetrievedOctober 25,2017.
^Nsehe, Mfonobong (March 7, 2012)."The Black Billionaires 2012".Forbes.
^"Aliko Dangote - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.
^"Mike Adenuga - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.
^"Aliko Dangote - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.
^"Mike Adenuga - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.
^Nsehe, Mfonobong."The Black Billionaires 2016".Forbes.RetrievedJuly 21,2017.
^"Aliko Dangote - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.
^"Mike Adenuga - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.
^"Bloomberg Billionaires Index - Mohammed Al Amoudi".Bloomberg.Retrieved29 March2024.
^"Aliko Dangote - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.
^"Mike Adenuga - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.
^"Bloomberg Billionaires Index - Mohammed Al Amoudi".Bloomberg.Retrieved29 March2024.
^"Aliko Dangote - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.
^"Mike Adenuga - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.
^^a ^b ^c"Michael Jordan".Forbes.
^"Tope Awotona".Forbes.Retrieved2022-04-12.
^Paul, Larisha (October 28, 2022)."Diddy Replaces Ye, Joins Jay-Z in Billionaires Club on 2022 List of Wealthiest Hip-Hop Artists".Rolling Stone.RetrievedDecember 16,2022.
^"Bloomberg Billionaires Index - Mohammed Al Amoudi".Bloomberg.Retrieved29 March2024.
^"Elon Musk".Forbes.Retrieved2021-11-12.
^"Aliko Dangote - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.
^"Mike Adenuga - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.
^"Tope Awotona".Forbes.Retrieved2022-04-12.
^"Bloomberg Billionaires Index - Mohammed Al Amoudi".Bloomberg.Retrieved29 March2024.
^"Bernard Arnault".Forbes.Retrieved2024-02-16.
^"Aliko Dangote - Forbes profile".Retrieved7 April2024.
^"Mike Adenuga - Forbes profile".Retrieved7 January2024.
^"Tope Awotona".Forbes.Retrieved2024-04-07.
^"Bloomberg Billionaires Index - Mohammed Al Amoudi".Bloomberg.Retrieved7 April2024.
^"Bernard Arnault".Forbes.Retrieved2024-04-07.

[1] Dolan, Kerry; Wang, Jennifer; Peterson-Withorn, Chase."Forbes World's Billionaires List: The Riches in 2021".Forbes.Retrieved5 August2021.

[2] Berg, Madeline."Fenty's Fortune: Rihanna Is Now Officially A Billionaire".Forbes.Retrieved2021-12-26.

[3] Nsehe, Mfonobong."The Black Billionaires 2019".Forbes.

[4] Pulley, Brett (October 8, 2001)."The Cable Capitalist".Forbes.RetrievedMay 11,2006.

[5] Regan, Michael P. (February 27, 2004)."Billionaires' ranks open to 'Harry Potter' author".Arizona Daily Star.Archived fromthe originalon July 19, 2009.RetrievedMay 11,2006.

[#1062_Robert_Johnson-6] "#1062 Robert Johnson".Forbes.March 5, 2008.

[7] Obusan, Claire."In Pictures: New Billionaires".Forbes.

[8] "#116 Mohammed Al Amoudi".Forbes.

[9] "Michael Lee-Chin".Forbes.

[10] "Alex Karp, unconventional purveyor of powerful surveillance tools".Forbes.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-12-11.Retrieved2020-10-14.

[11] Spivey, Lisa (Jan 2007). "Rihanna, The New Cover Girl".Los Angeles Sentinel.Vol. 72, no. 23. p. B.5.ISSN 0890-4340.

[12] Walker, Tim (October 31, 2011)."Rihanna: Out for revenge".The Independent.RetrievedMarch 28,2021.

[13] Bertoni, Steven."In Pictures: The World's Most Powerful Billionaires".Forbes.Retrieved2022-01-02.

[14] "Forbes.com: Forbes World's Richest People 2001".Forbes.October 28, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon October 28, 2006.RetrievedOctober 25,2017.

[15] "Forbes.com: Forbes World's Richest People 2002".Forbes.May 19, 2008. Archived fromthe originalon May 19, 2008.RetrievedOctober 25,2017.

[16] "Forbes.com: Forbes World's Richest People 2003".Forbes.January 1, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon January 1, 2011.RetrievedOctober 25,2017.

[17] "Forbes.com: Forbes World's Richest People 2003".Forbes.August 21, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon August 21, 2007.RetrievedOctober 25,2017.

[18] "Forbes.com: Forbes World's Richest People 2004".Forbes.April 28, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon April 28, 2006.RetrievedOctober 25,2017.

[19] "#365 Michael Lee-Chin".Forbes.

[20] "#840 Robert Johnson".Forbes.March 8, 2007.

[21] "#618 Michael Lee-Chin".Forbes.March 8, 2007.

[22] "#462 Oprah Winfrey".Forbes.March 5, 2008.

[23] "#462 Mohammed Ibrahim".Forbes.March 5, 2008.

[24] "#503 Patrice Motsepe".Forbes.March 5, 2008.

[25] "#677 Michael Lee-Chin".Forbes.March 5, 2008.

[26] "#701 Michael Lee-Chin - The World's Billionaires 2009".Forbes.March 11, 2009.

[27] "#937 Michael Lee-Chin".Forbes.March 10, 2010.

[28] Kroll, Luisa; Miller, Matthew (eds.)."The World's Billionaires".Forbes.Archived fromthe originalon September 18, 2012.RetrievedMarch 13,2011.

[thenationonlineng.net-29] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h"The Nation - Are Dangote and Adenuga truly Nigeria's richest men?".March 16, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon March 16, 2011.RetrievedOctober 25,2017.

[forbes.com-30] "#1638 Mohammed Ibrahim".Forbes.com.RetrievedOctober 25,2017.

[Nsehe-31] Nsehe, Mfonobong (March 7, 2012)."The Black Billionaires 2012".Forbes.

[32] "Aliko Dangote - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.

[33] "Mike Adenuga - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.

[34] "Aliko Dangote - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.

[35] "Mike Adenuga - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.

[36] Nsehe, Mfonobong."The Black Billionaires 2016".Forbes.RetrievedJuly 21,2017.

[37] "Aliko Dangote - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.

[38] "Mike Adenuga - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.

[39] "Bloomberg Billionaires Index - Mohammed Al Amoudi".Bloomberg.Retrieved29 March2024.

[40] "Aliko Dangote - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.

[41] "Mike Adenuga - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.

[42] "Bloomberg Billionaires Index - Mohammed Al Amoudi".Bloomberg.Retrieved29 March2024.

[43] "Aliko Dangote - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.

[44] "Mike Adenuga - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.

[auto1-45] "Michael Jordan".Forbes.

[46] "Tope Awotona".Forbes.Retrieved2022-04-12.

[47] Paul, Larisha (October 28, 2022)."Diddy Replaces Ye, Joins Jay-Z in Billionaires Club on 2022 List of Wealthiest Hip-Hop Artists".Rolling Stone.RetrievedDecember 16,2022.

[48] "Bloomberg Billionaires Index - Mohammed Al Amoudi".Bloomberg.Retrieved29 March2024.

[49] "Elon Musk".Forbes.Retrieved2021-11-12.

[50] "Aliko Dangote - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.

[51] "Mike Adenuga - Forbes profile".Retrieved1 January2023.

[52] "Tope Awotona".Forbes.Retrieved2022-04-12.

[53] "Bloomberg Billionaires Index - Mohammed Al Amoudi".Bloomberg.Retrieved29 March2024.

[54] "Bernard Arnault".Forbes.Retrieved2024-02-16.

[55] "Aliko Dangote - Forbes profile".Retrieved7 April2024.

[56] "Mike Adenuga - Forbes profile".Retrieved7 January2024.

[57] "Tope Awotona".Forbes.Retrieved2024-04-07.

[58] "Bloomberg Billionaires Index - Mohammed Al Amoudi".Bloomberg.Retrieved7 April2024.

[59] "Bernard Arnault".Forbes.Retrieved2024-04-07.

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