Black mecca
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Ablack mecca,in theUnited States,is a city to whichAfrican Americans,particularly singles, professionals, and middle-class families,[1]are drawn to live, due to some or all of the following factors:
- superior economic opportunities for black people, often as assessed by the presence of a large black upper-middle and upper class
- black businesses and political power in a city
- leading black educational institutions in a city
- a city's leading role in black history, arts, music, food, and other cultures
- harmonious black-white race relations in a city
New York City,in particularHarlem,was referred to as a black mecca during theHarlem Renaissanceof the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and still is as of today.[2][3][4]Atlantahas also adopted the name and has been referred to as a black mecca since the 1970s, whileBlack Enterprisehas referred toHoustonas the emerging equivalent.[5]
Atlanta[edit]
Atlanta has been widely noted as a black mecca since the 1970s.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
In 1971,Ebonymagazine called Atlanta the "black mecca of the South", because "black folks have more, live better, accomplish more and deal with whites more effectively than they do anywhere else in the South—or North".[14]Ebonyillustrated as evidence of "mecca" status Atlanta's high black home ownership, theAtlanta University Center(the nation's largest consortium ofhistorically black colleges (HBCUs)), Atlanta's civil rights heritage, black business ownership, black-owned restaurants, the civic leadership of the black clergy, black fraternal organizations, and black political power in City Hall, while it also acknowledged the poverty which a large percentage of Atlanta's black population endured.
In 1974, Atlanta became the first major southern city to elect an African American mayor. Since 1974, everyAtlanta mayorhas been African American and mostly graduates ofHBCUs.[15][16]
In 1983,Atlantamagazine said that Atlanta's reputation as a black mecca was "deserved because it is true" because "the metro area now has the highest proportion of middle-income African-Americans of any city in the country".[17] A 1997Ebonymagazine article illustrated Atlanta's status as "the new mecca" (and the "land of milk and honey" for blacks) because a poll of the magazine's 100 most influential African Americans voted Atlanta overall the best city for blacks, possessed the most employment opportunities for blacks, it was American's "most diverse city", and was the city with the best schools and most affordable housing for blacks.[12]A 2002 article in the same magazine reconfirmed Atlanta as "the new black mecca" and "the go-to city for blacks."[18]
In 2009, the Associated Press characterized Atlanta's status as a black mecca by black political power in its City Hall.[13]
A 2015 report showed that theAtlanta areahad the greatest numerical gain in new black residents than any metropolitan area in the U.S., according to an analysis of census data.[19]
In 2018,Forbesmagazine ranked Atlanta tied for the #1 city in the U.S. (along with the Washington, D.C. area) for where African-Americans are doing the best economically.[20][21]
In 2019,USA Todaynamed Atlanta the nation's black tech capital. Atlanta attracts the most black professionals in the tech industry.[22]
Historically Black colleges in Atlanta[edit]
Atlanta is the home of the oldest and largest consortium ofhistorically black institutionsin the nation. TheAtlanta University Centerconsists ofClark Atlanta University,Spelman College,Morehouse Collegeand theMorehouse School of Medicine.The consortium structure allows for students to cross-register at the other institutions in order to attain a broader collegiate experience.[23]
The first college founded by African-Americans inGeorgia,Morris Brown College,is based in Atlanta.[24]
TheAtlanta Student Movementwas an organization formed in the 1960s by students enrolled in Atlanta's historically black colleges that focused on dismantlingsystemic racismand oppression of African-Americans. Their courageous efforts led to fairer treatment and better opportunities for African-Americans in the Atlanta area.[25]
Black educational attainment[edit]
According to a 2018 study, 30.7% of blacks in the Atlanta metro area have earned at least abachelor's degreewhich is above the national black average of 21.8%.[26][27]
Black entertainment mecca[edit]
In 2011 in aNew York Timesarticle with the short title "Atlanta Emerges as a Black Entertainment Mecca", comedianCedric the Entertainer,who hosted that year'sSoul Train Music Awards,said Atlanta had always been a black mecca and continues to be one, with respect to the black musical talent in the city.[28][29]
In 2019,Tyler Perryopened the 330-acreTyler Perry Studioswhich is the largest film production studio in the nation and the first major film production studio owned by an African-American.[30]
Black entrepreneurship[edit]
According to a 2015 study byNerdWallet,theAtlanta areais home to about 2.1 million black owned businesses which is the highest in the nation.[31][32]
Established in 2005, the Atlanta Black Chamber of Commerce is dedicated to supporting and connecting black entrepreneurs in the Atlanta area.[33]Established in 2019, Atlanta's Russell Center for Innovation & Entrepreneurship is America's largest center dedicated to empowering black entrepreneurs and small businesses.[34]
Black homeownership[edit]
In February 2023, theAtlanta area'sBlack homeownershiprate of 53% was above the U.S. Black homeownership average rate of 45%. The Atlanta area's Black homeownership rate jumped five percentage points during the worst months of theCOVID pandemicwhen mortgage interest rates were at or near historic lows and student loans were paused. The Black homeownership rate in the Atlanta area increased more than any other race in the same area between 2020 and 2022.[35][36][37][38][39]
Mecca for Black LGBT people[edit]
In 2005,The New York Timesreported that Atlanta had become a mecca forBlack LGBT people,noting that within the African-American community in the U.S., in which some consider being gay was slightly less accepted than in society as a whole, Atlanta formed a reputation for being a progressive place of tolerance with its "too busy to hate" mantra.[40][41]Atlanta is also widely noted for its annualAtlanta Black Pridecelebration.[42]An earlier 2004 article in theAtlanta Journal-Constitutionalso documented Atlanta as a "hub" or "mecca" for black gays.[43][44]
Criticism[edit]
Atlanta's status as a "mecca" for blacks has always been questioned, or the concept of a "mecca" refuted altogether, due to the endemic high levels of black poverty that exist alongside black success.[8]In 1997 theChicago Tribunepublished an article titled "Atlanta's image as a black mecca losing luster". The loss in "luster" was because of a reality that too many blacks weren't coming close to financial success, but rather "caught up in a vicious cycle of poverty, crime and homelessness". The city had among the highest crime rates in the nation (mostly black on black crime) and many low performing predominately black public schools. And despite 20+ years of mostly black city leadership, the reality was those elected leaders were unable to solve or improve problems plaguing the Black community in the city.[45][46]
As of 2020, Blacks are the fastest declining racial group within the city limits of Atlanta. The African-American population went from 67% in 1980 to 47% in 2020. For the first time in decades, the city is no longer majority Black and the rate of new Blacks settling in the city is significantly lower than in years past mainly due to rising inflation and cost of living in the city. Since the 1990s, the fastest growth of African-Americans in Georgia have been in suburban cities around Atlanta.[47][48][49]
As of 2020, with more than 1,500 people newly diagnosed withHIV/AIDS in Atlantaeach year, it ranks among the highest rates in the world.[50]The high rate is comparable toThird WorldAfrican countries.[51]Black residents make up the majority (~75%) of new infections each year in the city.[52][53][54]
DespiteAtlanta Public Schools(APS) having mostly Black leadership and a spending per student amount about double the Georgia school district average, a 2020 study showed that Black APS students have one of the nation's worst academic achievement gaps when compared to their white APS peers.[55][56]
In 2022, theAtlanta Journal Constitutionpublished an article stating Atlanta has the highest income inequality gap in the U.S. between Black and white residents. According to the article, within Atlanta's city limits the median income for a Black family was $28,000 and $84,000 for a white family.[57]
In 2023,Axiospublished an article that explained despite the recent rare jump in Black homeownership in the Atlanta area, the Black homeownership rate is still about 25 percentage points below whites in the same area and about 13 percentage points below the national average.[36]Also, Atlanta has the 5th highest mortgage delinquency rate in the nation, the majority involving Black residents.[58]
Also in 2023, the Atlanta Journal Constitution published an article stating only 7.4% of the registered business in the Atlanta area were Black-owned. Although the percentage is the highest in the nation for any U.S. metropolitan area, it is still considered low in comparison to the Atlanta area's Black population.[59]
Harlem[edit]
Harlem renaissance[edit]
HarleminNew York Citywas widely noted as a black mecca during the 1920s and 1930s. In March 1925 the leading magazineSurvey Graphicproduced an issue entitled "Harlem: Mecca of the New Negro"[4]that was devoted to the African-American literary and artistic movement now known as the "Harlem Renaissance".Alain Locke guest-edited this issue. Much of the material appears in his 1925 anthology"The New Negro."[2][3]In 1965, author Seth Scheiner published the bookNegro Mecca; A History of the Negro in New York City, 1865-1920.[60]
The 2001 bookHarlemworlddocumented that the concept of Harlem as a black mecca at that time (i.e. seven decades after the Harlem Renaissance) was still present among many residents - a concept that was "history-laden" or even quasi-mythical.[61][62]
Mecca for West African Muslim immigrants[edit]
Black Mecca: The African Muslims of Harlemwas also the title of a 2010 book byTemple Universityprofessor Zain Abdullah aboutMuslimWest African immigrantsin New York City, using "Mecca" not only in the generic sense of "a place that people are drawn to" but also playing on the original meaning ofMeccaas the Muslim holy city.[63]
Houston[edit]
In 2016,Black EnterprisecalledHoustontheSouth’s"next great Black business Mecca".[64]The Houston metropolitan area boasts an accomplished and strategically networked community of African American entrepreneurs, executives, and business leaders as any city in the country. Houston also claims one of the most robust and effective business development and advocacy organizations in the country. The Greater Houston Black Chamber of Commerce, founded in 1935 as Houston's first black civic organization and currently led by Chairwoman Courtney Johnson Rose, is the go-to source for business development and strategic partnership opportunities, as well as education, capital, and contacts for entrepreneurs. Mayor Sylvester Turner, the city's second and current black mayor (elected in 2016). It is worth noting that it was during the mayoral term of Lee Brown (1998-2004), Houston's first African American mayor, that the city was named No. 1 on Black Enterprise's list of Top Cities for African Americans to Live, Work, and Play, edging out perennial black business meccas, including Atlanta, Harlem, and Washington, D.C.[64]Houston has long been known as a popular destination for Black and African Americans due to the city's well-established and influential Black or African American community.[65]Houston has an overall lower cost of living than Atlanta, Harlem, Washington, D.C., Chicago, and most other major cities in the U.S. which is an additional draw for many African Americans.[66]The Houston area is home to thelargest African American communitywest of the Mississippi River.[67][68][69]
Historically Black colleges in Houston[edit]
TheHouston areais the only metropolitan area in the nation to have more than one HBCU with over 8,000 enrolled students.Texas Southern Universityis one of the largest and most comprehensive HBCUs in the nation.Prairie View A&M University,based circa 30 miles northwest of Houston, is also one of the largest HBCUs in the nation and the second oldest public university in the state.[70][71]
Houston's first Sit-in on March 4, 1960was organized and led by Texas Southern University students. The Sit-in eventually led to normalizingdesegregationof Houston businesses.[72]
Black educational attainment[edit]
According to a 2018 study, 27.5% of blacks in the Houston metro area have earned at least abachelor's degreewhich is above the national black average of 21.8%.[26][27]
Houston hip hop[edit]
TheHouston hip hopscene is highly influential and has a unique sound that is recognized worldwide. In particular,chopped and screwedcreated byDJ Screwin the 1990s, is a staple in Houston's hip-hop scene. In 2005,MTVnamed Houston the new rap capital of the South.[73]
Southern Hip Hopartists such asMegan Thee Stallion,Travis Scott,Scarface,Sauce Walka,Bun B,Don Toliver,Slim Thug,Kirko Bangz,Lil' Keke,Z-Ro,Pimp C,Big Hawk,Mike Jones,Boss Hogg Outlawz,Lil' Troy,andGeto Boysare some popular hip-hop artists from Houston. RapperDrake,one of the world's best selling music artists, stated he was highly influenced by Houston's Black culture and music.[74][75][76]In May 2021, rap legend50 Centmoved to Houston[77]
Houston R&B[edit]
Houston is well-known for producing several top-sellingR&Btalent. Some notables includeBeyonce,Lizzo,Kelly Rowland,Letoya Luckett,Destiny's Child,Solange Knowles,Normani,H-Town,Ideal,Brooke Valentine,andJennifer Holliday.[citation needed]
Houston Black Brunch and Nightlife culture[edit]
Houston's Black brunch and nightlife culture have grown to become highly prominent in the United States.[78]Social mediahas played a major role in brunch and nightlife in the city becoming a top destination for Black adults around the world (especiallyNigerians).[79][80][81][82]Unlike most cities, Houston offers many popular restaurants, bars, lounges, clubs, and events that culturally caters to Black adults.[83][84][85]
Black entrepreneurship[edit]
Houston is ranked as one of the best U.S. cities for Black professional growth and achievement.[86]Houston is home to a number of successful entrepreneurs and established Black owned businesses that contribute to the thriving economy of the city.[87]The only Black-owned bank in Texas, Unity National Bank, is based in Houston. The Greater Houston Black Chamber (GHBC) is a notable forum in Houston that provides a collaborative network of African-American owned businesses, entrepreneurs, and professionals.
Mecca for Nigerian immigrants[edit]
A significant number of African immigrants call Houston home. In addition, Houston has the largestNigerian immigrant population in the U.S.with many of these Nigerians being highly educated and holding postgraduate degrees. Houston's large oil and gas industry and level of humidity are very similar to Nigeria. Also the Houston area is home to many high quality public and private schools which is another draw for people of Nigerian descent. The Houston area has many African-owned stores, restaurants, supermarkets, organizations, and events.[88]
Criticism[edit]
Some challenge Houston's status as a "Black Mecca" because Black people never made up the majority. The Black percentage of the population has stayed in the 20s since the 1970s.[89]Some reports have named Houston the most racially diverse city in the U.S. which means every race is strongly represented.[90]
The Houston area is not known for having many prominent middle-class and upper-middle-class predominately Black neighborhoods compared to a few other heavily Black metropolitan areas.[91]Although Houston has a large Black population,[92]middle-class and upper-middle-class Blacks in the Houston area often live in more racially diverse neighborhoods where they sometimes make up a notable percentage but not over 50%.[93]
Despite Houston ranking as one of the top cities for Black entrepreneurs, only 3.3% of Houston area registered businesses are Black-owned.[94]According toLendingTree,there are 3,586 Black-owned businesses out of 108,772 total businesses in Houston. That's 3.3% while Black Americans make up 22.4% of Houston's population.[94]
Other U.S. cities and statistics[edit]
OnlyAtlanta,Chicago,Harlem,Houston,andWashington, D.C.,are, over time and in multiple sources, mentioned as black meccas.[95][96][97][98]
Comparison of black-majority cities at the time of the 2010 US Census:
| City | Black population, 2010[99] | Black-owned firms, 2007[100] | Black median household income, 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Detroit | 82.7% | 64.2% | $26,759 |
| Baltimore | 63.7% | 34.6% | $37,225 |
| Memphis | 63.3% | 38.2% | $31,490 |
| New Orleans | 60.2% | 28.9% | $25,324 |
| Baton Rouge | 54.5% | 30.4% | $30,188 |
| Atlanta | 54% | 30.9% | $29,107 |
| Cleveland | 53.3% | 26.6% | $20,910 |
| Newark | 52.4% | 35.3% | $28,275 |
| Washington | 50.7% | 28.2% | $37,891 |
| Richmond | 50.6% | 20.9% | $25,355 |
Canadian cities[edit]
In the 1850s, the city ofChatham, Ontariowas referred to as the "Black Mecca of Canada", as a final stop on theUnderground Railroad.[101]A museum in the city, the Black Mecca Museum, still bears this name.[102]The small city was home to a number ofblack churchesand business, withBlack Canadiansmaking up 1/3 of the city's population and controlling a significant portion of the city's political power. NearbyDresdenandBuxtonwere home to thousands of land-owning black residents.[103]The 2021 documentary,The North Star: Finding Black Meccaexplores this chapter of Chatham's history.[104][105]
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