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United States Board on Geographic Names

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United States Board on Geographic Names
Board overview
FormedSeptember 4, 1890;133 years ago(1890-09-04)
Board executives
  • Marcus Allsup, Chair
  • Mike Tischler, Vice-Chair
Websitewww.usgs.gov/us-board-on-geographic-namesEdit this at Wikidata

TheUnited States Board on Geographic Names(BGN) is afederalbody operating under theUnited States Secretary of the Interior.The purpose of the board is to establish and maintain uniform usage ofgeographicnames throughout thefederal government of the United States.[1]Nevertheless, its rulings and policies have been controversial from time to time.

History[edit]

On January 8, 1890,Thomas Corwin Mendenhall,superintendent of theUnited States Coast and Geodetic SurveyOffice, wrote to 10 noted geographers "to suggest the organization of a Board made up of representatives from the different Government services interested, to which may be referred any disputed question of geographical orthography."[2]PresidentBenjamin Harrisonsignedexecutive order28[3]on September 4, 1890, establishing theBoard on Geographical Names.[3]"To this Board shall be referred all unsettled questions concerning geographic names. The decisions of the Board are to be accepted [by federal departments] as the standard authority for such matters."[2][3]The board was given authority to resolve all unsettled questions concerning geographic names. Decisions of the board were accepted as binding by all departments and agencies of thefederal government.

The board has since undergone several name changes.[4]In 1934, it was transferred to theDepartment of the Interior.[4]

The Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names was established in 1943 as the Special Committee on Antarctic Names (SCAN).[5]In 1963, the Advisory Committee on Undersea Features was started for standardization of names of undersea features.[6][7]

Its present form derives from a 1947 law, Public Law 80-242.

Operation[edit]

The 1969 BGN publicationDecisions on Geographic Names in the United Statesstated the agency's chief purpose as:

[Names are] submitted for decisions to the Board on Geographical names by individuals, private organizations, or government agencies. It is the Board's responsibility to render formal decisions on new names, proposed changes in names, and names which are in conflict. [The decisions] define the spellings and applications of the names for use on maps and other publications of Federal agencies[4]

The board has developed principles, policies, and procedures governing the use of domestic and foreign geographic names, including underseas.[6]The BGN also deals with names of geographical features inAntarcticavia itsAdvisory Committee on Antarctic Names.

TheGeographic Names Information System,developed by the BGN in cooperation with theUS Geological Survey,includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps which confirm the feature or place name are cited. Variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded.

The BGN has members from six federal departments as well as theCentral Intelligence Agency,theUS Government Publishing Office,theLibrary of Congress,and theUS Postal Service.The BGN rules on hundreds of naming decisions annually and stores over two million geographical records in its databases at geonames.usgs.gov. State and local governments and private mapping organizations usually follow the BGN's decisions.

The BGN has an executive committee and two permanent committees with full authority: the 10- to 15-member Domestic Names Committee and the 8- to 10-member Foreign Names Committee. Both comprise government employees only. Each maintains its own database.[2]

The BGN does not create place names but responds to proposals for names from federal agencies; state, local, and tribal governments; and the public. Any person or organization, public or private, may make inquiries or request the board to render formal decisions on proposed new names, proposed name changes, or names that are in conflict. Generally, the BGN defers federal name use to comply with local usage. There are a few exceptions. For example, in rare cases where a locally used name is very offensive, the BGN may decide against adoption of the local name for federal use.[8]

Special situations[edit]

The BGN does not translate terms, but instead accurately uses foreign names in the Roman alphabet. For non-Roman languages, the BGN usestransliterationsystems or creates them for less well-known languages.[2]

The BGN does not recognize the use of thepossessiveapostropheand has only granted an exception five times during its history,[9]including one forMartha's Vineyard,Massachusetts.[10][11]

In federal mapping and names collection efforts, there is often a phase lag where a delay occurs in adoption of a locally used name. Sometimes the delay is several decades. Volunteers in the Earth Science Corps are used to assist the US Geological Survey in collecting names of geographic features.[citation needed]

Other authorities[edit]

  • TheUnited States Census Bureaudefinescensus designated places,which are a subset of locations in the Geographic Names Information System.
  • The names of post offices have historically been used to back up claims about the name of a community. US Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, thePostal Servicedefines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such asboulevard(BLVD) andstreet(ST), and secondary identifiers such assuite(STE).

Publications[edit]

The BGN currently publishes names on its website. In the past, the BGN issued its decisions in various publications under different titles at different intervals with various information included.[4]In 1933, the BGN published a significant consolidated report of all decisions from 1890 to 1932 in itsSixth Report of the United States Geographic Board 1890–1932.[12]For many years, the BGN published a quarterly report under the titleDecisions on Geographic Names.[4]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^"The United States Board on Geographic Names: Getting the Facts Straight"(PDF).United States Board on Geographic Names. November 2016.Retrieved27 September2020.
  2. ^abcdBerlin, Jeremy (September 15, 2015)."Who Decides What Names Go on a Map?".National Geographic News.Archived fromthe originalon 2015-09-20.Retrieved2015-09-19.
  3. ^abcExec. Order No. 28(September 4, 1890; inen)President of the United States of America.Retrieved on 16 July 2017.The full text ofExecutive Order 28at Wikisource
  4. ^abcdeTopping, Mary, comp.,Approved Place Names in Virginia: An Index to Virginia Names Approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names through 1969(Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1971), v–vi.
  5. ^Meredith F. Burrill (1990).1890–1990, a Century of Service: United States Board on Geographic Names.U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
  6. ^ab"Advisory Committee on Undersea Features"Archived2013-05-11 at theWayback MachineAccessed 2013-10-18
  7. ^"Annual Report To the Secretary of the Interior Fiscal Year 2014"(PDF).Geonames.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2017-08-02.Retrieved20 February2019.
  8. ^Donald J. Orth and Roger L. Payne (2003)."Principles, Policies, and Procedures"(PDF).United States Board on Geographic Names and Domestic Geographic Names. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on January 8, 2016.RetrievedJuly 7,2009.
  9. ^Apart from Martha's Vineyard: Carlos Elmer'sJoshuaView, Arizona; Clarke's Mountain, Oregon; Ike's Point, New Jersey; and John E's Pond, Rhode Island."Gardens".QI.Season 7. Episode 1. November 26, 2009.(BBC Television)
  10. ^Newman, Barry (2013-05-16)."Theres a Question Mark Hanging Over the Apostrophes Future".Wall Street Journal.ISSN0099-9660.Retrieved2020-12-14.
  11. ^"Obscure federal rule erased apostrophes from place names".Las Vegas Review-Journal.2018-02-06.Retrieved2020-12-14.
  12. ^"Sixth report of the United States Geographic Board: 1890 to 1932".U.S. Government Printing Office. 1933.Retrieved17 August2021.

Bibliography[edit]

  • U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division,Digital Gazetteer: Users Manual,(Reston, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey, 1994).
  • Report: "Countries, Dependencies, Areas Of Special Sovereignty, And Their Principal Administrative Divisions", Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS 10-4.
  • Report: "Principles, Policies, and Procedures: Domestic Geographic Names", U.S. Board of Geographic Names, 1997.
  • U.S. Postal Service Publication 28,November 2000.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names&oldid=1201082772"