Bogd Khan

Bogd Khan
Bogd Khan
8thJebtsundamba Khutughtu
	Tenure; 1870–1924
Preceded by	Agvaanchoyjivanchugperenlaijamts
Succeeded by	Jambalnamdolchoyjijantsan
Khagan of Mongolia
	Reign; 29 December 1911 – 20 May 1924
Preceded by	Sando(asAmbanofOuter Mongolia)
Succeeded by	Navaandorjiin Jadambaa(asChairman of the State Great Khural)
Personal details
Born	Agwaanl Uwsanchoizhiniam Danzan Wanchüg; c. 1869; Lhasa,Qing China
Died	20 May 1924(aged 54–55); Niyslel Khüree,Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
Spouse(s)	Tsendiin Dondogdulam (m.1902; died 1923); Genepil (m.1923)
Children	Luvsanjambyn Mördorj(adopted)

Bogd Khan^[a]^[b](c. 1869– 20 May 1924) was the khan of theBogd Khaganatefrom 1911 to 1924, following the state'sde factoindependence from theQing dynastyof China after theXinhai Revolution.Born inTibet,he was the third most important person in theTibetan Buddhisthierarchy as the 8thJebtsundamba Khutuktu,below only theDalai LamaandPanchen Lama,and therefore also known as the "Bogdo Lama". He was the spiritual leader of Outer Mongolia's Tibetan Buddhism. His wifeTsendiin Dondogdulam,the Ekh Dagina ('DakiniMother'), was believed to be a manifestation ofWhite Tara.

Life

The future Bogd Khan was born in 1869 in the area of Lhasa, in a family of a Tibetan official.^[1]He was born asAgvaan Luvsan Choijinnyam Danzan Vanchüg.His father, Gonchigtseren, was an accountant at the12th Dalai Lama's court.^[2]The boy was officially recognized as the new incarnation of theBogd GegeninPotalain the presence of the13th Dalai Lamaand thePanchen Lama.^[3]The new Bogd Gegen arrived inUrga,the capital ofOuter Mongolia,in 1874. After this he lived only in Mongolia.^[4]

As a result, from his young years the 8th Bogd Gegen was the subject of intrigues of Qing officials in Urga. Later he became the subject ofpropagandacampaigns organised by MongolianCommunists,which attacked him by alleging that he was a prolific poisoner, apaedophile,and alibertine,which was later repeated inbelles-lettresand other non-scientific literature (e.g. James Palmer). However, analysis of documents stored in Mongolian and Russian archives does not confirm these statements.^[5]^[6]

As a monk, the Bogd had limited access to physical means of imposing power, though some enemies were executed forblasphemy.The Polish travellerFerdinand Ossendowskirecorded that he knew "every thought, every movement of the Princes and Khans, the slightest conspiracy against him, and the offender is usually kindly invited toUrga,from where he does not return alive.^[7]Ossendowski's claims for his acquaintance with the Bogd Gegen were not confirmed by comparative analysis of his book and manuscripts.^[8]

By the spring of 1911, some prominent Mongolian nobles including PrinceTögs-Ochiryn Namnansürenpersuaded the Jebstundamba Khutukhtu to convene a meeting of nobles and ecclesiastical officials to discuss independence. The Khutukhtu consented. To avoid suspicion, he used as a pretext the occasion of a religious festival, at which time the assembled leaders would discuss the need to reapportion taxes among the khoshuuns. The meeting occurred on July 10 and the Mongolians discussed independence. The assembly became deadlocked, some arguing for complete, others for partial, resistance. Eighteen nobles decided to take matters into their hands. Meeting secretly in the hills outside of Urga, they decided that Mongolia must declare its independence. They then persuaded the Khutuktu to send a delegation of three prominent representatives—a secular noble, an ecclesiastic, and a lay official —to Russia for assistance. The particular composition of the delegation—a noble, a cleric, and a commoner—may have been intended to invest the mission with a sense of national consensus.

On December 1, the Provisional Government of Khalkha issued a general proclamation announcing the establishment of a theocracy under the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu. On December 29, the Khutuktu was formally installed as the Bogd Khan of the new Mongolian state.

The Bogd Gegen lost his power when Chinese governance was restored in 1919. The Tusiyetu Khan Aimak's Prince Darchin Ch'in Wang was a supporter of Chinese rule while his younger brother Tsewang was a supporter ofUngern-Sternberg.^[9]When Baron Ungern's forces failed to seize Urga in his 1920 invasion, the Bogd was placed under house arrest; then he became a puppet of Ungern shortly before he took Urga in 1921.^[10]After therevolution in 1921led byDamdin Sükhbaatar,the Bogd Khan was allowed to stay on the throne in a limited monarchy until his death in 1924,^[11]^[12]a year after that of his wife.

After his death

The government took control of the Bogd Khan's seal after his death according to the 26 November 1924Constitution of the Mongolian People's Republic.^[13]

It was proposed thatZhang Zuolin's domain (the Chinese "Three Eastern Provinces") take Outer Mongolia under its administration by the Bogda Khan and Bodo in 1922 after pro-Soviet Mongolian Communists seized control of Outer Mongolia.^[9]

After his death, the Mongolian Revolutionary government, led by followers of the Soviet Communists, declared that no more reincarnations were to be found and established theMongolian People's Republic.However, rumors about a reincarnation of the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu appeared in northern Mongolia in that same year.^[14]No traditional determination of the supposed incarnation was conducted. Another rumor appeared in 1925. In November 1926 the 3rd Great Khural of Mongolian People's Republic approved a special resolution that searches for reincarnations of the Bogd Gegen should not be allowed.^[6]A final prohibition was approved by the 7th Congress of theMongolian People's Revolutionary Partyand the 5thPeople's Great Khuralin 1928.^[15]

Nevertheless, the next reincarnation of Bogd Gegen was found in Tibet as a boy born in 1932 in Lhasa. This was not announced until thecollapse of the USSRanddemocratic revolutionin Mongolia. The9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtuwas formally enthroned inDharamsalabyTenzin Gyatso,the 14thDalai Lamain 1991, and inUlaanbaatarin 1999.^{[citation needed]}

TheGreen Palace,Yellow Palace,Brown Palaceand White Palace were the four main residences in Urga, the capital. The Green Palace has been preserved and is a tourist attraction in Ulaanbaatar.

Notes

^Mongolian:Богд хаан,romanized:Bogd haan,ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ,pronounced[ˈpɔqə̆tˈχaːɴ];Chinese:Bác khắc đa hãn
^Fully known asБогд Живзундамба Агваанлувсанчойжинямданзанванчүг,Bogd Zhiwzundamba Agwaanluwsanchoizhiniamdanzanwanchüg,Mongolian pronunciation:[ˈpɔqə̆tˈt͡ɕiw̹t͡soɴtəmpəaɢˌw̹aːɴɮow̹səɴˈt͡ɕʰœɛ̯t͡ɕiɲʲæmtəɴt͡səɴw̹əɴt͡ɕʰuk]

References

Citations

^Soninbayar, Sh. and Punsaldulam, B. (composers) 2009. Mongolyn Tusgaar Togtnol Oyuun Sanaany Ikh Unirdagch VIII Bogd Jevzundamba Khutagt. Ulaanbaatar, p. 12.
^Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010).Historical Dictionary of Mongolia.Scarecrow Press. p. 364.ISBN 9780810861916.
^Knyazev, N.N. "The Legendary Baron". In:Legendarnyi Baron: Neizvestnye Stranitsy Grazhdanskoi Voiny.Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, 2004,ISBN 5-87317-175-0p. 67
^Tornovsky, M.G. "Events in Mongolia-Khalkha in 1920–1921". In:Legendarnyi Baron: Neizvestnye Stranitsy Grazhdanskoi Voiny.Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, 2004,ISBN 5-87317-175-0p. 181
^Batsaikhan, O.Bogdo Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, the last King of Mongolia.Ulaanbaatar: Admon Publ., 2008,ISBN 978-99929-0-464-0.
^^a ^bKuzmin, S.L. and Oyuunchimeg, J.The Great Khan of Mongolia, the 8th Bogd Gegeen.Aziya i Afrika Segodnya (Moscow, Russian Acad. Sci. Publ.), 2009, no. 1, pp. 59–64.
^Ferdinand Ossedowski,Beasts, Men and Gods(New York, E.P. Dutton & Co., 1922), 293.
^Kuzmin, S.L., Rejt, L.J. Notes by F.A. Ossendowski as a source on the history of Mongolia. – Oriens (Moscow, Russian Acad. Sci. Publ.), 2008, no. 5, pp. 97–110.
^^a ^bOwen Lattimore; Sh Nachukdorji (1955).Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia.Brill Archive. pp. 171–. GGKEY:4D2GY636WK5.
^Kuzmin, S.L.The History of Baron Ungern. An Experience of Reconstruction.Moscow: KMK Sci. Press.,ISBN 978-5-87317-692-2pp. 325–357
^Mark Juergensmeyer (2008).Global Rebellion: Religious Challenges to the Secular State, from Christian Militias to al Qaeda.University of California Press. pp.139–.ISBN 978-0-520-93476-4.bogda khan.
^Mark Juergensmeyer (1993).The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State.University of California Press. pp. 118–.ISBN 978-0-520-91501-5.
^A. P. Samest Blaustein; Jay Adrian Sigler; Benjamin R. Beede (1977).Independence documents of the world. 2.Brill Archive. pp. 482–.ISBN 0-379-00795-9.
^Bawden C.R.The Modern History of Mongolia, 1968, Praeger publishers, New York, pp. 261–263
^Purevjav, S. and Dashjamts, D. BNMAU-d Sum, Khiid, Lam Naryn Asuudlyg Shiidverlesen Ni. Ulaanbaatar: Ulsyn Khevleliin Khereg Erkhlekh Khoroo Publ.

Sources

Palmer, James (2009).The Bloody White Baron.Basic Books.ISBN 978-0-465-01448-4.

Regnal titles
Bogd Khan Born:c. 1869Died:20 May 1924
Preceded by Khevt Yos Khan	Khagan of Mongolia 29 December 1911 – 1919 1921 – 20 May 1924	Vacant Republic declared
Religious titles
Preceded by Ngawang Chökyi Wongchuk Trinley Gyatsho	8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu 1870 – 20 May 1924	Vacant Title next held by Jampal Namdröl Chökyi Gyaltsen

[1] Mongolian:Богд хаан,romanized:Bogd haan,ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ,pronounced[ˈpɔqə̆tˈχaːɴ];Chinese:Bác khắc đa hãn

[2] Fully known asБогд Живзундамба Агваанлувсанчойжинямданзанванчүг,Bogd Zhiwzundamba Agwaanluwsanchoizhiniamdanzanwanchüg,Mongolian pronunciation:[ˈpɔqə̆tˈt͡ɕiw̹t͡soɴtəmpəaɢˌw̹aːɴɮow̹səɴˈt͡ɕʰœɛ̯t͡ɕiɲʲæmtəɴt͡səɴw̹əɴt͡ɕʰuk]

[3] Soninbayar, Sh. and Punsaldulam, B. (composers) 2009. Mongolyn Tusgaar Togtnol Oyuun Sanaany Ikh Unirdagch VIII Bogd Jevzundamba Khutagt. Ulaanbaatar, p. 12.

[4] Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010).Historical Dictionary of Mongolia.Scarecrow Press. p. 364.ISBN 9780810861916.

[5] Knyazev, N.N. "The Legendary Baron". In:Legendarnyi Baron: Neizvestnye Stranitsy Grazhdanskoi Voiny.Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, 2004,ISBN 5-87317-175-0p. 67

[6] Tornovsky, M.G. "Events in Mongolia-Khalkha in 1920–1921". In:Legendarnyi Baron: Neizvestnye Stranitsy Grazhdanskoi Voiny.Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, 2004,ISBN 5-87317-175-0p. 181

[7] Batsaikhan, O.Bogdo Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, the last King of Mongolia.Ulaanbaatar: Admon Publ., 2008,ISBN 978-99929-0-464-0.

[Kuzmin,_S.L_2009,_pp._59-64-8] Kuzmin, S.L. and Oyuunchimeg, J.The Great Khan of Mongolia, the 8th Bogd Gegeen.Aziya i Afrika Segodnya (Moscow, Russian Acad. Sci. Publ.), 2009, no. 1, pp. 59–64.

[9] Ferdinand Ossedowski,Beasts, Men and Gods(New York, E.P. Dutton & Co., 1922), 293.

[10] Kuzmin, S.L., Rejt, L.J. Notes by F.A. Ossendowski as a source on the history of Mongolia. – Oriens (Moscow, Russian Acad. Sci. Publ.), 2008, no. 5, pp. 97–110.

[LattimoreNachukdorji-11] Owen Lattimore; Sh Nachukdorji (1955).Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia.Brill Archive. pp. 171–. GGKEY:4D2GY636WK5.

[12] Kuzmin, S.L.The History of Baron Ungern. An Experience of Reconstruction.Moscow: KMK Sci. Press.,ISBN 978-5-87317-692-2pp. 325–357

[Juergensmeyer2008-13] Mark Juergensmeyer (2008).Global Rebellion: Religious Challenges to the Secular State, from Christian Militias to al Qaeda.University of California Press. pp.139–.ISBN 978-0-520-93476-4.bogda khan.

[Juergensmeyer1993-14] Mark Juergensmeyer (1993).The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State.University of California Press. pp. 118–.ISBN 978-0-520-91501-5.

[BlausteinSigler1977-15] A. P. Samest Blaustein; Jay Adrian Sigler; Benjamin R. Beede (1977).Independence documents of the world. 2.Brill Archive. pp. 482–.ISBN 0-379-00795-9.

[16] Bawden C.R.The Modern History of Mongolia, 1968, Praeger publishers, New York, pp. 261–263

[17] Purevjav, S. and Dashjamts, D. BNMAU-d Sum, Khiid, Lam Naryn Asuudlyg Shiidverlesen Ni. Ulaanbaatar: Ulsyn Khevleliin Khereg Erkhlekh Khoroo Publ.

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v t e Heads of state of Mongolia(List)
Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1924)	Bogd Khan Tserendorj*
Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)	Jadambaa Genden Damdinsüren Choibalsan Laagan Amar Dogsom vacant, 1939–40 Bumtsend Yanjmaa* Sambuu Dügersüren* Luvsan* Tsedenbal Jagvaral* Batmönkh Ochirbat
Mongolia (1992–present)	Ochirbat Bagabandi Enkhbayar Elbegdorj Battulga Khürelsükh
* indicate acting officeholders.

v t e Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
Zanabazar Luvsandambiydonmi Ishdambiynyam Luvsantüvdenvanchug Luvsanchültimjigmed Luvsantüvdenchoyjijaltsan Agvaanchoyjivanchugperenlaijamts Agvaanluvsanchoyjindanzanvaanchigbalsambuu (Bogd Khan) Jambalnamdolchoyjijantsan 10th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu		Bogd Khan, 8th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
Bogd Khanate of Mongolia Gandantegchinlen Monastery

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