Bolete
Aboleteis a type ofmushroom,orfungalfruiting body.It can be identified thanks to a uniquecap.On the underside of the cap there is usually a spongy surface withpores,instead of thegillstypical of mushrooms. A similar pore surface is found inpolypores,but these species generally have a different physical structure from boletes, and have different microscopic characteristics than boletes. Many polypores have much firmer, often woody, flesh.
"Bolete" is the Englishcommon namefor fungus species with caps that have this appearance.
Some, but not all boletes bruise blue.[1]
Taxonomy
[edit]The boletes are classified in the orderBoletales.However, not all members of the order Boletales are boletes. Themicromorphologyandmolecular phylogenyof the order Boletales have established that it also contains manygilled,puffball,and other fruit body shapes. Examples of these fungi includeCroogomphus,Gomphidius,Phylloporus,Paxillus,Tapinella,Hygrophoropsis,[2]andScleroderma.[3]
The genusBoletuswas originally broadly defined and described byCarl Linnaeusin 1753, containing all pored mushrooms.[4]Since then, gradually other genera have been defined, such asTylopilusbyKarstenin 1881[5],and old names such asLeccinumandSuillusresurrected or redefined.
Recently, the genusBoletushas been split up even more, creating new genera, such asXerocomellus[6]andCaloboletus.[7]
Ecology
[edit]Most boletes aremycorrhizaland are generally found in woodlands.[8]There is also a parasitic bolete,Pseudoboletus parasiticus,which grows onScleroderma citrinum.[9][10]Another parasitic bolete isBuchwaldoboletus lignicola,which is a parasite toPhaeolus schweinitzii,the dyer's polypore.[11]
Boletes are susceptible to infection by the fungusHypomyces chrysospermus,also known as the bolete eater.[12][13]
Edibility
[edit]Many boletes, such as the porcini(Boletus edulis),are edible and considered a delicacy.[13]However, other boletes, such asSuillusandXerocomellusare considered edible, but not choice.[13][14]Some boletes, such asCaloboletusandTylopilusare too bitter to eat.[13][2]Other boletes, such as ones in theRubroboletusgenus, such as Satan's bolete (Rubroboletus satanas) are dangerously poisonous.[2]Most poisonous boletes have red pores.[15]
External links
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Biggane, Eric (2015-07-30)."Identifying Boletus Mushrooms".Wild Food UK.Retrieved2024-07-15.
- ^abcSchwarz, Christian; Siegel, Noah (2016).Mushrooms of the redwood coast: a comprehensive guide to the fungi of coastal northern California.Berkeley: Ten Speed Press.ISBN978-1-60774-817-5.
- ^"The Genus Scleroderma (MushroomExpert.Com)".www.mushroomexpert.com.Retrieved2024-07-15.
- ^Prasher, I.B (2015).Wood-rotting non-gilled Agaricomycetes of Himalayas.Springer.ISBN9789401798563.
- ^"Tylopilus felleus, Bitter Bolete mushroom".www.first-nature.com.Retrieved2024-07-15.
- ^"CZECH MYCOLOGY Czech Mycology 60(1): 29–62Xerocomuss. l. in the light of the present state of knowledge. - abstract ".www.czechmycology.org.Retrieved2024-07-15.
- ^Vizzini A. (10 June 2014)."Nomenclatural novelties"(PDF).Index Fungorum(146): 1–2.ISSN2049-2375.
- ^"The Boletes (MushroomExpert.Com)".www.mushroomexpert.com.Retrieved2024-07-15.
- ^"Parasitic Bolete | NatureSpot".www.naturespot.org.uk.Retrieved2024-07-15.
- ^"Pseudoboletus parasiticus (MushroomExpert.Com)".www.mushroomexpert.com.Retrieved2024-07-15.
- ^Initiative, The Global Fungal Red List."Buchwaldoboletus lignicola".redlist.info.Retrieved2024-07-15.
- ^"Hypomyces chrysospermus (MushroomExpert.Com)".www.mushroomexpert.com.Retrieved2024-07-15.
- ^abcdArora, David (1986).Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi(2nd ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press.ISBN978-0-89815-170-1.
- ^Stevens, Michael Wood & Fred."California Fungi: Xerocomellus dryophilus".www.mykoweb.com.Retrieved2024-07-15.
- ^"Boletus edulis - Mushrooms Up! Edible and Poisonous Species of Coastal BC and the Pacific Northwest".explore.beatymuseum.ubc.ca.Retrieved2024-07-15.