Bolshoi Theatre

For other uses, seeBolshoi.

Not to be confused withBolshoi Theatre, Saint Petersburg.

Bolshoi Theatre

Большой театр
Bolshoi Theatre
Bolshoi Theatre Location within central Moscow
Address	Teatralnaya Square1, Tverskoy District,Moscow, Russia
Coordinates	55°45′37″N37°37′07″E
Public transit	TeatralnayaorOkhotny Ryad(Moscow Metro)
Capacity	1,740
Construction
Opened	1825
Architect	Joseph Bové
Website
www.bolshoi.ru

TheBolshoi Theatre(Russian:Большо́й теа́тр,romanized:Bol'shoy teatr,IPA:[bɐlʲˈʂojtʲɪˈat(ə)r],lit.'Grand Theater') is a historicopera houseinMoscow,Russia,originally designed by architectJoseph Bové.Before theOctober Revolutionit was a part of theImperial Theatresof theRussian Empirealong withMaly Theatre(Small Theatre) in Moscow and a few theatres in Saint Petersburg (Hermitage Theatre,Bolshoi (Kamenny) Theatre,laterMariinsky Theatreand others).

TheBolshoi Balletand Bolshoi Opera are among the oldest and best known ballet and opera companies in the world. It is by far the world's biggest ballet company, with more than 200 dancers.The theatre is the parent company ofThe Bolshoi Ballet Academy,a leading school of ballet. It has a branch at the Bolshoi Theater School inJoinville,Brazil.

The main building of the theatre, rebuilt and renovated several times during its history, is a landmark of Moscow and Russia (its iconicneoclassicalfaçade is depicted on theRussian 100-ruble banknote). On 28 October 2011, the Bolshoi re-opened after an extensive six-year renovation.The official cost of the renovation is 21 billion rubles ($688 million). However, other Russian authorities and other people connected to it claimed much more public money was spent.The renovation included restoring acoustics to the original quality (which had been lost during theSoviet Era), as well as restoring the original Imperial decor of the Bolshoi.

Presently Bolshoi Theatre is under US and EU sanctions and banned from performing in these countries.

History

The old Bolshoi Theatre in the early 19th century

Bolshoi Theatre in 1883 after reconstruction byAlberto Cavos

Bolshoi Theatre in 1905

Bolshoi Theatre in 1932

The Bolshoi on a 1951 stamp

Bolshoi Theatre in 2006 before the renovation

Origins

The company was founded on 28 March [O.S.17 March] 1776,whenCatherine IIgranted PrincePeter Urusova licence to organise theatrical performances, balls and other forms of entertainment.Urusov set up the theatre in collaboration with English tightrope walkerMichael Maddox.Initially, it held performances in a private home, but it acquired thePetrovka Theatreand on 30 December 1780, it began producing plays and operas, thus establishing what would become the Bolshoi Theatre. Fire destroyed the Petrovka Theatre on 8 October 1805, and the New Arbat Imperial Theatre replaced it on 13 April 1808, however it also succumbed to fire during the French invasion of Moscow in 1812.

The first instance of the theatre was built between 1821 and 1824, designed and supervised to completion by architectJoseph Bovébased upon an initial competition-winning design created by Petersburg-based Russian architectAndrei Mikhailovthat was deemed too costly to complete.The new building opened on 18 January 1825 as the Bolshoi Petrovsky Theatre with a performance of thecatalanFernando Sor's ballet,Cendrillon.Initially, it presented only Russian works, but foreign composers entered the repertoire around 1840.

Renovations in the 19th century

In 1843 a large-scale reconstruction of the theatre took place using a design by A. Nikitin, but a fire in 1853 caused extensive damage and so a further reconstruction was carried out, byAlberto Cavos,son of the opera composerCatterino Cavos.

20th century

On 7 December 1919 the house was renamed theState Academic Bolshoi Theatre.Only a few days later, however, on 12 December, there was an unsuccessful attempt to shut the institution entirely.BeethovenHall opened on 18 February 1921.Ivan Rerbergdirected further reconstruction of the theatre between 1921 and 1923. A bomb damaged the structure during World War II, but this was repaired.

New stage of 2002

A new stage for the Bolshoi Theatre, called the New Stage, went into service on 29 November 2002, constructed to the left of the theatre's historic main stage. Together with auxiliary buildings — a restored 17th-century building, two rehearsal halls, and artists' recreation rooms — it forms a single theatre complex, theBolshoi Theatre of Russia.The new building is on a natural hill which it shared, until recently, blocks of old houses with communal apartments.

Major rebuilding and renovation (2005–2011)

The curtain of the Bolshoi Theater

From July 2005 to October 2011 the theatre was closed for restoration. The building, whose architecture combines three differentstyles,was damaged and a quick renovation seemed to be necessary.

Repairs were initially estimated at 15 billion rubles ($610 million) but engineers found that more than 75% of the structure was unstable,According toThe Moscow Times,the true cost may have been double that,andDer Spiegelquotes a figure of $1.1 billion.The rebuilding and renovation was funded entirely by the federal government.

During the long period of reconstruction, the company continued to mount productions, with performances held on the New Stage and on the stage of theGreat Kremlin Palace.

The renovation included restoring acoustics to the original quality (which had been lost during theSoviet Era), as well as restoring the originalImperialdecor of the Bolshoi.After the renovation, the theater has a maximum capacity of 1,740 seats.Finally, on 28 October 2011, the Bolshoi Theatre re-opened with a concert featuring international artists and the ballet and opera companies.The first staged opera,Ruslan and Lyudmila,followed soon after.

Notable premieres

The Bolshoi has been the site of many historic premieres, including:

• Tchaikovsky'sThe VoyevodaandMazeppa
• Modest Mussorgsky's one version ofBoris Godunovwas given on 16 December 1888.
• Rachmaninoff'sAlekoandFrancesca da Rimini
• Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's operaThe Maid of Pskov,withFeodor Chaliapinsinging the role ofIvan the Terrible
• Dmitri Shostakovich's operaLady Macbeth of the Mtsensk Districtin 1935.

Other notable facts

• The first symphonic concert by the Bolshoi Orchestra took place at the Bolshoi Theatre on 4 May 1919, conducted bySerge Koussevitzky
• During theCOVID-19 pandemic,at least 34 members of the theatre were infected.

Ballet and opera

See also:Bolshoi Ballet

Performance in the Bolshoi Theatre (1856)

Alexander III of Russiaand his family at the Bolshoi, 1883

The Bolshoi is arepertory theatre,meaning that it draws from a list of productions, any one of which may be performed on a given evening. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, there have been a few attempts to reduce the theatre's traditional dependence on large state subsidies.The Bolshoi has been associated from its beginnings with ballet.Tchaikovsky's balletSwan Lakepremiered at the theatre on 4 March 1877.The chief ballet conductor from 1923 to 1963 wasYuri Fayer.

After the death ofJoseph Stalin,the company toured internationally and became an important source of cultural prestige, as well as foreign currency earnings. As a result, the "Bolshoi Ballet" became a well-known name in the West.

However, the Bolshoi suffered from losses through a series of defections of its dancers. The first occurrence was on 23 August 1979, withAlexander Godunov;followed byLeonid KozlovandValentina Kozlovaon 16 September 1979; and other cases in the following years. Bolshoi continues to tour regularly with opera and ballet productions in the post-Soviet era.

Until the mid-1990s, most foreign operas were sung in Russian, but Italian and other languages have been heard more frequently on the Bolshoi stage in recent years.

Auditorium of the Bolshoi Theatre in 2014

Orchestra

Orchestra of the Bolshoi Theater in the workplace

Music director and chief conductorVassily Sinaiskyquit abruptly at the start of December 2013, after a 41-month tenure, citing the need to avoid conflict. General director Vladimir Urin accepted his resignation, and selectedTugan Sokhievas replacement. Sokhiev's four-year contract, settled on 20 January 2014, and became effective immediately. Sokhiev left his position in connection with the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.In December 2023,Valery Gergievwas appointed artistic director of the company, with immediate effect, with an initial contract of 5 years.

Chief conductors and music directors

• Samuil Samosud(1936–1942)
• Ariy Pazovsky(1943–1948)
• Nikolai Golovanov(1948 –1953)
• Alexander Melik-Pashayev(1953–1963)
• Yevgeny Svetlanov(1963–1965)
• Gennady Rozhdestvensky(1965–1970)
• Yuri Simonov(1970–1985)
• Alexander Lazarev(1987–1995)
• Peter Feranec(1995–1998)
• Mark Ermler(1998–2000)
• Gennady Rozhdestvensky (2000–2001)
• Alexander Vedernikov(2001–2009)
• Leonid Desyatnikov(2009–2010)
• Vassily Sinaisky(2010–2013)
• Tugan Sokhiev(2014–2022)
• Valery Gergiev(2023–present)

Cultural status

Thequadrigawas sculpted byPeter Clodt von Jürgensburg.

The Bolshoi Theatre attracts large numbers of tourists. As a result, prices can be much higher than in other Russian theatres.

Controversies

• The rebuilding and renovation cost was $1.1 billion,sixteen times the initial estimate. In 2009 prosecutors alleged the lead contractor was paid three times for the same work.
• Anastasia Volochkova,a former Bolshoi prima ballerina, has said she sees the theatre "as a big brothel" because, she has claimed, ballerinas are invited to parties by theatre administrators and refused roles if they do not accept.
• On 17 January 2013,Sergei Filin,the Bolshoi's ballet director, was attacked withsulfuric acidand as a result lost much of his eyesight.A male dancer was later charged with the crime.
• In the area of box office, a theatre insider told the German publicationDer Spiegelthat tickets are often sold to mafia dealers, who in turn sell them on the black market for double the face value.
• Performance quality has been criticized by the former music directorAlexander Vedernikov(2001-2009). He has claimed the Bolshoi Theatre was putting "bureaucratic interests before artistic ones."
• July 8, 2017, three days before the premiere, the Bolshoi Theatre called off the premiere of a ballet about legendary dancerRudolf Nureyev.The Director GeneralVladimir Urinclaimed it was due to the bad quality of the dancing, however the principal dancerMaria Alexandrovaclaimed it was the first sign of a 'new era' of censorship.It was the first time a show has been pulled in such a way since the collapse of the Soviet Union (where such censorship persisted), sparking rumours about the motivation behind it.

See also

• List of productions of Swan Lake derived from its 1895 revival

Footnotes

• TheBolshoi Kamenny Theatreused to exist inSaint Petersburg.It stood next to the Circus Theatre (rebuilt in 1860 as theMariinsky Theatre), but was replaced in the 1890s by the present-day building of theSt. Petersburg Conservatory.It was at St. Petersburg's Bolshoi that the first great Russian operas, Glinka'sA Life for the TsarandRuslan and Lyudmila,premiered.
• In a bit of ideological editing, the Bolshoi Theatre appears to be "destroyed" by the device of a split screen inDziga Vertov'sMan with a Movie Camera.

External links

• OfficialBolshoi Theatrewebsite(in English)
• OfficialBolshoi Theatrewebpages YouTube
• OfficialBolshoi Theatrewebpages Facebook
• OfficialBolshoi Theatrewebpages VKontakte
• OfficialBolshoi Theatrewebpages Twitter
• OfficialBolshoi Theatrewebpages Instagram
• Bolshoi Theatre in Theatrical Russia Annual Dictionary
• For Ballet Lovers Only: Bolshoi dancers of the past and of today in biographies and photos
• Chief ConductorsArchived2009-02-21 at theWayback Machine
• Bolshoi Theatre School in Brazil website
• Bolshoi Delights Cuba AudiencePhoto Feature,Havana Times,Feb 15, 2010
• Reconstruction of Bolshoi Theatre, Pictures
• The New Stage of Bolshoi Theatre, Pictures
• The Bolshoi Theatre at Google Cultural Institute