Border Personnel Meeting Point
Border Personnel Meeting pointsare locations along thedisputed Sino-Indian territoriesonLine of Actual Control(LAC) where the armies of both countries hold ceremonial and practical meetings to resolve border issues and improve relations. While border meetings have been held since the 1990s, the first formal Border Personnel Meeting point was established in 2013. There are five meeting points: two in the Indian Union Territory ofLadakh,one inSikkim,and two inArunachal Pradeshin India's Central and Eastern sectors.
India has identified the specificPatrol Pointswith the specified route and the maximum depth up to which Indian troops usually patrol into the disputed territory on LAC. Patrolling points provide a truer sense of the extent of India's limits of actual control.[1][2][3]
History
[edit]
The border betweenChinaandIndiais 3,488 kilometres (2,167 mi) in length[4]and often in sparsely populated areas. Its exact location has never been formally defined and is thus vague and in dispute. Both governments patrol up to where they each believe the border lies. Indian and China began discussing the border in the 1980s.[5]
One aspect of an initiative of Indian Prime MinisterNarendra Modito improve Indo-Chinese relations and reduce border tension was the creation of formal locations to hold Border Personnel Meetings.[4]Border Personnel Meeting points were established after the signing of a Border Defense Cooperation Agreement in October 2013.[6]The first three formal BPM Points were opened shortly after the agreement. Two additional locations were opened in 2015.[7]
Sino-Indian dispute is seen as the territory slicing aspect, one of many components, ofChina's salami slice strategy.[8]
BPM usage and types
[edit]To facilitate cooperation and peace at the disputed border through consultation and interaction, the armies of both countries, theIndian Armyand China'sPeople's Liberation Army(PLA), hold meetings near the border called Border Personnel Meetings (BPMs). These meeting have been held since 1995.[9]Formal meeting points are at fixed locations and have infrastructure. Before they were used, meetings were not in permanent locations and could have been on either the Indian or Chinese side of theLine of Actual Control(LAC).[10]
There are two types of BPMs. A ceremonial BPM is used for cultural exchange to build friendship and otherwise improve to bilateral defense relations between the two armies. Ceremonial BPMs have been held onNew Year's Day(January 1),[11]India'sRepublic Day(January 26), Harvest Festival (April 14),[12]May 15,PLA Day,which commemorates the establishment of the Chinese PLA (August 1), andIndian Independence Day(August 15).[9]These meetings include the playing of each country'snational anthemand saluting of their respective flags, and ceremonial addresses by representative of both armies.[12]
A BPM Flag Meeting is a meeting between the armies "used to resolve local issues like patrols inadvertently crossing over and prevents flare-ups".[4]
Summary of BPM point locations
[edit]BPM points at mountain passes along the border, from west to east, are:
| BPM point (pass and sector) | Indian State/UT | Chinese Prefecture (withinTibet Autonomous Region) |
Formal Opening Date | Prior First Use | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DBO-TWD | Ladakh | Ngari Prefecture | Aug 2015 | Unknown | Karakoram Passis also in this area. |
| Spanggur Gap(Chushul-Moldo) | Ladakh | Ngari Prefecture | 2013–2014 | Unknown | Moldo(Chinese:Mạc nhĩ đa) post of theIndian Army,coordinates33°33′27″N78°43′55″E/ 33.5575°N 78.732°E. Spanggur (Chinese:Tư phan cổ nhĩ) post of thePeople's Liberation ArmyofChina,coordinate:33°33′58″N78°35′28″E/ 33.566°N 78.591°E.This is near theRezang La. |
| Nathu La | Sikkim | Shigatse | 2013–2014 | <2006 | |
| Bum La Pass(Tawang) | Arunachal Pradesh | Nyingchi | 2013–2014 | <2006 | |
| Kibithu(Walong) | Arunachal Pradesh | Nyingchi | May 2015 | Nov 2006 | India's last village and border post on LAC is atKahopass/village. |
Details of BPM point locations
[edit]Moldo/Chushul - Spanggur-China
[edit]Chushulis in theLeh districtof the Indian state ofLadakhregion.[13][14]The meeting point is named after the nearby town (Chushul) or the mountain pass (Spanggur Gap). An October 1, 2015 meeting was held there and simultaneously inDaulat Beg Oldiin which issues relating to a border confrontation in Ladakh in the prior month were resolved. Both countries agreed to return their troops to the previous positions.[15]The meeting point and a nearby 1962Sino-Indian Warmemorial are a tourist attraction.[16]There is a meeting hut there.[17]
Nathu La
[edit]Nathu Lais a mountain pass in the Indian state ofSikkimand once part of the historicSilk Road.[4][14]It is also one of three open trading border posts between China and India. Along with Bum La Pass, it was one of the first two informal locations used in the first decade of BPMs.[10]
Bum La Pass
[edit]Bum La Passis a mountain pass in theTawang districtof the Indian stateArunachal Pradesh,[14][4]42 kilometres (26 mi) north of the town ofTawangat an altitude of 15,134 feet (4,613 m).[18]Fierce fighting took place there during the 1962 border war when China invaded India through the pass.
Ceremonial meetings were held there every year on August 15 (Indian Independence Day) from 2006 to 2016. The Chinese did not participate in 2017 due to aborder standoffinDoklam.[19]Both armies resumed meeting on October 30, their first since the conflict ended on August 28.[18]Along with Nathu La, it was one of the first two informal locations used in the first decade of BPMs.[10]
Kibithu
[edit]Kibithuis in theAnjaw Districtof the Indian State ofArunachal Pradeshand opened in May 2015.[7]The first meeting there between the Indian and Chinese military occurred in conjunction with Prime Minister Modi's China visit of May 14–16.[4]At this meeting, Modi and ChinesePremierLi Keqiangagreed to open additional meeting points to improve bilateral defense relations.[7]The first BPM was held here in 2006, well before the location was formalized as a meeting point. That meeting coincided with the first visit to India by Chinese PresidentHu Jintaoand at the time was the third "informal" meeting point.[10]The exact meeting point is atKahopass on LAC, which is India's last village and pass, there is ITBP post north of Kaho. The Kaho village itself is north of Kibithu and Walong AGL base. All of these are on the bank ofLohit River,a left bank tributary ofBrahmaputra,which flows north to south from China to India.
Daulat Beg Oldi - Tianwendian
[edit]Daulat Beg Oldiis in theLadakhregion and opened in 2015.[7]Tianwendian,a Chinese military camp is on the Chinese side nearDepsang Plainsin the region ofAksai Chin,an area controlled by China but claimed byIndia.It is the highest meeting point.[11]
The first meeting at this location was held on August 1, 2015 (PLA Day). The events included a Chinese cultural program and other ceremonies meant to improve relations. Later in the month, India hosted a delegation from the PLA on the occasion ofIndian Independence Dayand celebrated with traditional songs and dances from Indian culture,Gatkamartial arts, and motorcycle acrobatics performed by theIndian Army Corps of Signals.[6]The first ceremonial BPM ever held on New Year's Day was here in 2016.[11]
A meeting hut was constructed approximately a year after the meeting point was opened.[17]
The meeting point is at an especially sensitive location as it was the region of many Chinese incursions.[13]The meeting point is at an elevation of 16,000 feet (4,900 m) and hosts one of the highest airstrips in the world.[13]It is the northernmost meeting point.[6]A three-week long confrontation occurred here in 2013 when China objected to Indian fortifications atChumur.[4]The airstrip was unused from the1965 India-Pakistan waruntil 2008 when India sought to show its ability to respond to threats in the remote region and landed anAntonov-32transport plane there. Five years later, India sent another transport, aC-130J Super Herculesto the base. India considers this location strategically important as a point from which to control theKarakoram HighwaybetweenGilgit-Baltistan,Pakistan and China'sXinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.Such control would be important in the event of a war between India and China.[13]
Proposed meeting points
[edit]In 2014, establishment of a meeting point atLipulekh PassinUttarakhand,35 kilometres (22 mi) from the Chinese town ofBurang,close toChanglawas discussed.[14]
In April 2016, discussions began on creating a meeting point in middle sector of the border, possibly in theHimachal Pradesh(eitherKaurikorShipki La) -Uttarakhand(eitherPulam SumdaorBarahoti) region on the Indian side in a site logistically convenient for both sides.[7]Discussions occurred inBeijingbetween Indian defense ministerManohar Parrikarand Chinese military and civilian leadership.[20]
BOM points map
[edit]
100miles
(locations in China in red, locations on LAC in yellow, locations in India in green, proposed/discussed expressed in blue) Borders present/absent as per OSM editors.
See also
[edit]- India-China Border Roads
- Line of Actual Control
- Line of Control
- McMahon Line
- Sino-Indian border dispute
- Sino-Indian relations
References
[edit]- ^Subramanian, Nirupama; Kaushik, Krishn (September 20, 2020)."Month before standoff, China blocked 5 patrol points in Depsang".The Indian Express.RetrievedSeptember 27,2020.
- ^Singh, Sushant (July 13, 2020)."Patrolling Points: What do these markers on the LAC signify?".The Indian Express.RetrievedSeptember 27,2020.
- ^"India-China LAC Standoff: Know what are patrolling points and what do they signify".The Financial Express.July 9, 2020.RetrievedSeptember 27,2020.
- ^abcdefgRanjan Sen, Sudhi (August 1, 2015)."An Airstrip at 16,000 Feet Becomes Meeting Point Between India and China".NDTV.RetrievedApril 26,2016.
- ^Mo, Jingxi (September 15, 2015)."Border 'confrontation' reports dismissed".ChinaDaily.com.cn.RetrievedApril 26,2016.
- ^abcAkhzer, Adil (August 15, 2015)."New Indo-China border meeting point at Daulat Beg Oldie in Ladakh sector".The Indian Express.RetrievedApril 26,2016.
- ^abcdePatranobis, Sutirtho (January 12, 2016)."India, China discussing new meeting point for military personnel".Hindustan Times.RetrievedApril 26,2016.
- ^Wider connotations of Chinese ‘salami slicing’,Asia Times, 22 October 2020.
- ^ab"Bonhomie, friendship between Indian and Chinese border personnel at Nathu La".sify.com.Archived fromthe originalon December 1, 2017.RetrievedNovember 24,2017.
- ^abcd"India, China on with Border Personnel Meeting".oneindia.November 15, 2006.RetrievedNovember 19,2017.
- ^abc"Indian, Chinese armies decide to improve ties at functional level".News18.January 2, 2016.RetrievedSeptember 14,2017.
- ^abYusuf, Jameel (April 14, 2016)."India, China officials meet on Ladakh border, pledge to maintain LAC sanctity".Deccn Chronicle.RetrievedNovember 24,2017.
- ^abcdSharma, Rajeev (August 2, 2015)."New border meeting venue: China extends an olive branch to India in Ladakh, but will it last?".Firstpost.RetrievedApril 26,2016.
- ^abcd"Indian soldiers prevent Chinese troops from constructing road in Arunachal".The Times of India.October 28, 2014.RetrievedNovember 11,2017.
- ^"Sino-Indian Troops Meet At Two BPMs; Reiterate Call For Peace".The Daily Excelsior.October 1, 2015.RetrievedNovember 19,2017.
- ^"Ladhaka Tours".elandholidays.com.RetrievedNovember 19,2017.
- ^ab"India, China hold meet in Ladakh on Independence Day".India at Melbourne.August 16, 2016. Archived fromthe originalon December 1, 2017.RetrievedNovember 19,2017.
- ^abPandit, Fajat (October 30, 2017)."Indian, Chinese troops hold ceremonial border meet in Arunchal".The Times of India.RetrievedNovember 19,2017.
- ^"Chinese Army Declines invitation of Indian Army on Independence Day to Participate in Border Personnel's Meeting at Arunachal Border".Voga News.August 16, 2017. Archived fromthe originalon November 20, 2017.RetrievedNovember 24,2017.
- ^Krishnan, Ananth (April 17, 2016)."India, China look at new border meeting point as Parrikar visits".indiatoday.RetrievedApril 26,2016.
