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Botzinger complex

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In mammals, theBötzinger complex(BötC) is a group of neurons located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, and ventral respiratory column. In the medulla, this group is located caudally to the facial nucleus and ventral tonucleus ambiguus.[1][2]

Function

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The Bötzinger complex plays an important role in controlling breathing[3][4]and responding to hypoxia.[5][6]The Bötzinger complex consists primarily of glycinergic neurons[7]which inhibit respiratory activity. Of the respiratory cycle phases BötC generates post-inspiratory (Post-I) activity and augmenting expiratory (aug-e) activity.[8][9][10]

Name

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The Bötzinger complex was named by UCLA Professor Jack Feldman in 1978, after a bottle of white wine namedBotzingerpresent at his table during a scientific meeting in Hirschhorn, Germany, that year.[11]

Connections

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The Bötzinger Complex has projections to

Only augmenting expiratory neurons of BötC, which are exclusively glycinergic, project to the phrenic nucleus.[21][14]

Projections to the Bötzinger complex include thenucleus tractus solitarii(NTS)[22][23]the DRG and the VRG.[24]

Physiology

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These neurons are intrinsic pacemakers.[25]Post-I neurons display an initial burst of activity followed by decrease in activity at the end of inspiration. Aug-E neurons begin firing during the E2 phase and end before the phrenic nerve burst.[19][26]

References

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  1. ^Bianchi AL, Grélot L, Iscoe S, Remmers JE (1988)."Electrophysiological properties of rostral medullary respiratory neurones in the cat: an intracellular study".J Physiol.407:293–310.doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017416.PMC1191204.PMID3256618.
  2. ^abOtake K, Sasaki H, Mannen H, Ezure K (1987). "Morphology of expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger complex: an HRP study in the cat".J Comp Neurol.258(4): 565–79.doi:10.1002/cne.902580407.PMID3034989.
  3. ^Bongianni F, Corda M, Fontana GA, Pantaleo T (1991). "Reciprocal connections between rostral ventrolateral medulla and inspiration-related medullary areas in the cat".Brain Res.565(1): 171–4.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)91751-l.PMID1773353.
  4. ^Guyenet PG (2000). "Neural structures that mediate sympathoexcitation during hypoxia".Respir Physiol.121(2–3): 147–62.doi:10.1016/s0034-5687(00)00125-0.PMID10963771.
  5. ^Hirooka Y, Polson JW, Potts PD, Dampney RA (1997). "Hypoxia-induced Fos expression in neurons projecting to the pressor region in the rostral ventrolateral medulla".Neuroscience.80(4): 1209–24.doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00111-5.PMID9284071.
  6. ^Nitsos I, Walker DW (1999). "The distribution of FOS-immunoreactive neurons in the brainstem, midbrain and diencephalon of fetal sheep in response to acute hypoxia in mid and late gestation".Brain Res Dev Brain Res.114(1): 9–26.doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(99)00010-3.PMID10209238.
  7. ^Winter SM, Fresemann J, Schnell C, Oku Y, Hirrlinger J, Hülsmann S (2009)."Glycinergic interneurons are functionally integrated into the inspiratory network of mouse medullary slices".Pflügers Arch.458(3): 459–69.doi:10.1007/s00424-009-0647-1.PMC2691554.PMID19238427.
  8. ^Richter A, Heyne K, Sagebiel J, Weber M (1986). "[Respiratory emergency in the newborn infant: extreme laryngotracheo-esophageal cleft (esophagotrachea)]".Monatsschr Kinderheilkd.134(12): 874–7.PMID3821744.
  9. ^Richter DW (1982). "Generation and maintenance of the respiratory rhythm".J Exp Biol.100:93–107.PMID6757372.
  10. ^Merrill EG (1981). "Where are the real respiratory neurons?".Fed Proc.40(9): 2389–94.PMID7250385.
  11. ^Hartman, Kristen (2016-04-02)."From the President: A Sigh is (Not) Just a Sigh... – Advanced Targeting Systems".Advanced Targeting Systems – Advanced Targeting Systems.Retrieved2024-06-20.
  12. ^abJiang C, Lipski J (1990). "Extensive monosynaptic inhibition of ventral respiratory group neurons by augmenting neurons in the Bötzinger complex in the cat".Exp Brain Res.81(3): 639–48.doi:10.1007/bf02423514.PMID2226695.
  13. ^abcdOtake K, Sasaki H, Ezure K, Manabe M (1988). "Axonal projections from Bötzinger expiratory neurons to contralateral ventral and dorsal respiratory groups in the cat".Exp Brain Res.72(1): 167–77.doi:10.1007/bf00248512.PMID3169184.
  14. ^abTian GF, Peever JH, Duffin J (1998). "Bötzinger-complex expiratory neurons monosynaptically inhibit phrenic motoneurons in the decerebrate rat".Exp Brain Res.122(2): 149–56.doi:10.1007/s002210050502.PMID9776513.
  15. ^Lipski J, Merrill EG (1980). "Electrophysiological demonstration of the projection from expiratory neurones in rostral medulla to contralateral dorsal respiratory group".Brain Res.197(2): 521–4.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(80)91140-3.PMID7407571.
  16. ^Bryant TH, Yoshida S, de Castro D, Lipski J (1993). "Expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger Complex in the rat: a morphological study following intracellular labeling with biocytin".J Comp Neurol.335(2): 267–82.doi:10.1002/cne.903350210.PMID8227518.
  17. ^Richter DW, Smith JC (2014)."Respiratory rhythm generation in vivo".Physiology.29(1): 58–71.doi:10.1152/physiol.00035.2013.PMC3929116.PMID24382872.
  18. ^Shen L, Li YM, Duffin J (2003). "Inhibitory connections among rostral medullary expiratory neurones detected with cross-correlation in the decerebrate rat".Pflügers Arch.446(3): 365–72.doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1024-0.PMID12687375.
  19. ^abSmith JC, Abdala AP, Koizumi H, Rybak IA, Paton JF (2007)."Spatial and functional architecture of the mammalian brain stem respiratory network: a hierarchy of three oscillatory mechanisms".J Neurophysiol.98(6): 3370–87.doi:10.1152/jn.00985.2007.PMC2225347.PMID17913982.
  20. ^Ezure K, Tanaka I, Saito Y (2003). "Brainstem and spinal projections of augmenting expiratory neurons in the rat".Neurosci Res.45(1): 41–51.doi:10.1016/s0168-0102(02)00197-9.PMID12507723.
  21. ^Schreihofer AM, Stornetta RL, Guyenet PG (1999). "Evidence for glycinergic respiratory neurons: Bötzinger neurons express mRNA for glycinergic transporter 2".J Comp Neurol.407(4): 583–97.doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990517)407:4<583::aid-cne8>3.0.co;2-e.PMID10235646.
  22. ^Accorsi-Mendonça D, Bonagamba LG, Leão RM, Machado BH (2009)."Are L-glutamate and ATP cotransmitters of the peripheral chemoreflex in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius?".Exp Physiol.94(1): 38–45.doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2008.043653.PMID18931046.
  23. ^Ruff F, Caubarrere I, Salem A, Dubois F, Duroux P (1975). "[Regional distribution of pulmonary perfusion during fluid overload in man]".Ann Anesthesiol Fr.16 Spec No 2-3: 164–8.PMID9861.
  24. ^Douse MA, Duffin J (1992). "Projections to Bötzinger expiratory neurons by dorsal and ventral respiratory group neurons".NeuroReport.3(5): 393–6.doi:10.1097/00001756-199205000-00004.PMID1633274.
  25. ^Almado CE, Leão RM, Machado BH (2014)."Intrinsic properties of rostral ventrolateral medulla presympathetic and bulbospinal respiratory neurons of juvenile rats are not affected by chronic intermittent hypoxia".Exp Physiol.99(7): 937–50.doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2013.077800.PMID24728679.
  26. ^Moraes DJ, Bonagamba LG, Costa KM, Costa-Silva JH, Zoccal DB, Machado BH (2014)."Short-term sustained hypoxia induces changes in the coupling of sympathetic and respiratory activities in rats".J Physiol.592(Pt 9): 2013–33.doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.262212.PMC4230776.PMID24614747.
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