Rubus
| Rubus Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Rubusbush with ripe and unripe blackberries | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Subfamily: | Rosoideae |
| Tribe: | Rubeae |
| Genus: | Rubus L.[1] |
| Type species | |
| Rubus fruticosus L.[2]
| |
| Synonyms[3] | |
|
List
| |
Rubusis a large and diversegenusof flowering plants in the rose family,Rosaceae,subfamilyRosoideae,withover 1,350 species,commonly known asbrambles.[3][4][5]
Raspberries,blackberries,anddewberriesare common, widely distributed members of the genus, andbristleberriesare endemic to North America. Most of these plants have woody stems with prickles like roses; spines, bristles, and gland-tipped hairs are also common in the genus. TheRubusfruit,sometimes called a bramble fruit, is anaggregateofdrupelets.The term "cane fruit" or "cane berry" applies to anyRubusspecies orhybridwhich is commonly grown with supports such as wires or canes, including raspberries, blackberries, and hybrids such asloganberry,boysenberry,marionberryandtayberry.[6]The stems of such plants are also referred to as canes.
Description
[edit]Bramble bushes typically grow asshrubs(though a few areherbaceous), with their stems being typically covered in sharpprickles.[7]They grow long, arching shoots that readily root upon contact with soil,[8]and form a soilrootstockfrom which new shoots grow in the spring.[9]The leaves are eitherevergreenordeciduous,andsimple,lobed,orcompound.[7]The shoots typically do not flower or setfruituntil the second year of growth (i.e. they arebiennial).[9]The rootstock isperennial.[10]Mostspeciesarehermaphroditeswith male and female parts being present on the same flower.[7]Bramble fruits areaggregate fruitsformed from smaller units calleddrupelets.[9]
Around 60-70% of species ofRubusarepolyploid(having more than two copies of each chromosome), with species ranging inploidyfromdiploid(2x, with 14 chromosomes[11]) to tetradecaploid (14x).[12]
Taxonomy
[edit]Modern classification
[edit]Rubusis very complex, particularly within theblackberry/dewberrysubgenus(Rubus), with polyploidy,hybridization,and facultativeapomixisapparently all frequently occurring, making speciesclassificationof the great variation in the subgenus one of the grand challenges ofsystematic botany.
Some treatments have recognized dozens of species each for what other, comparably qualified botanists have considered single, more variable species. On the other hand, species in the otherRubussubgenera (such as theraspberries) are generally distinct, or else involved in more routine one-or-a-few taxonomic debates, such as whether the European and American red raspberries are better treated as one species or two (in this case, the two-species view is followed here, withR. idaeusandR. strigosusboth recognized; if these species are combined, then the older nameR. idaeushas priority for the broader species).
The classification presented below recognizes 13 subgenera withinRubus,with the largest subgenus (Rubus) in turn divided into 12sections.Representative examples are presented, but many more species are not mentioned here. A comprehensive 2019 study found subgeneraOrobatusandAnoplobatusto bemonophyletic,while all other subgenera to beparaphyleticorpolyphyletic.[13]
Phylogeny
[edit]The genus has a likely North American origin,[13]with fossils known from theEocene-agedFlorissant Formationof Colorado, around 34 million years old.[14]Rubusexpanded into Eurasia, South America, and Oceania during theMiocene.[13]Fossilseeds from the earlyMioceneofRubushave been found in theCzechpart of theZittauBasin.[15]Many fossil fruits of †Rubus laticostatus,†Rubus microspermusand †Rubus semirotundatushave been extracted from bore hole samples of theMiddle Miocenefresh water deposits inNowy SaczBasin,West Carpathians,Poland.[16]
Molecular data have backed up classifications based on geography and chromosome number, but followingmorphologicaldata, such as the structure of the leaves and stems, do not appear to produce a phylogenetic classification.[17]
Species
[edit]
Better-known species ofRubusinclude:
- Rubus aboriginum– garden dewberry
- Rubus allegheniensis– Allegheny blackberry
- Rubus arcticus– Arctic raspberry
- Rubus argutus
- Rubus armeniacus– Himalayan blackberry
- Rubus caesius– European dewberry
- Rubus canadensis– smooth blackberry
- Rubus chamaemorus– cloudberry
- Rubus cockburnianus
- Rubus coreanus– bokbunja
- Rubus crataegifolius
- Rubus deliciosus
- Rubus domingensis
- Rubus ellipticus
- Rubus flagellaris– northern dewberry
- Rubus fraxinifolius– mountain raspberry
- Rubus glaucus
- Rubus hawaiensis
- Rubus hayata-koidzumii
- Rubus hispidus– swamp dewberry
- Rubus idaeus– red raspberry
- Rubus illecebrosus
- Rubus laciniatus– cut-leaved blackberry
- Rubus leucodermis– whitebark raspberry
- Rubus moluccanus
- Rubus nepalensis
- Rubus nivalis– snow raspberry
- Rubus niveus
- Rubus occidentalis– black raspberry
- Rubus odoratus– purple-flowered raspberry
- Rubus parviflorus– thimbleberry
- Rubus pedatus
- Rubus pensilvanicus– Pennsylvania blackberry
- Rubus phoenicolasius– wineberry
- Rubus probus
- Rubus pubescens– dwarf raspberry
- Rubus rosifolius
- Rubus saxatilis– stone bramble
- Rubus spectabilis– salmonberry
- Rubus tricolor
- Rubus trivialis– Southern dewberry
- Rubus ulmifolius– elm-leaved blackberry
- Rubus ursinus– trailing blackberry
- Rubus vestitus– European blackberry
A more complete subdivision is as follows:
Hybrid berries
[edit]The term "hybrid berry" is often used collectively for those fruits in the genusRubuswhich have been developed mainly in the U.S. and U.K. in the last 130 years. AsRubusspecies readily interbreed and areapomicts(able to set seed without fertilisation), the parentage of these plants is often highly complex, but is generally agreed to include cultivars of blackberries (R. ursinus,R. fruticosus) and raspberries (R. idaeus). The British National Collection ofRubusstands at over 200 species and, although not within the scope of the National Collection, also hold many cultivars.[18][19]
The hybrid berries include:-[20]
- loganberry(California, U.S., 1883)R.×loganobaccus,a spontaneous hybrid betweenR. ursinus'Aughinbaugh' andR. idaeus'Red Antwerp'
- boysenberry(U.S., 1920s) a hybrid betweenR. idaeusandR.×loganobaccus
- nectarberrySuspected variant of boysenberry, a hybrid betweenR. idaeusandR.×loganobaccus
- olallieberry(U.S., 1930s) a hybrid between the loganberry and youngberry, themselves both hybrid berries
- veitchberry(Europe, 1930s) a hybrid betweenR. fruticosusandR. idaeus
- skellyberry(Texas, U.S., 2000s), a hybrid betweenR. invisusandR. phoenicolasius
- marionberry(1956) now thought to be a blackberry cultivarR.'Marion'
- silvanberry,R.'Silvan', a hybrid betweenR.'Marion' and the boysenberry
- tayberry(Dundee, Scotland, 1979), another blackberry/raspberry hybrid
- tummelberry,R.'Tummel', from the same Scottish breeding programme as the tayberry
- hildaberry(1980s), a tayberry/boysenberry hybrid discovered by an amateur grower
- youngberry,a complex hybrid of raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries
Etymology
[edit]The generic name means blackberry inLatinand was derived from the wordruber,meaning "red".[21]
The blackberries, as well as various otherRubusspecies with mounding or rambling growth habits, are often calledbrambles.However, this name is not used for those like the raspberry that grow as upright canes, or for trailing or prostrate species, such as most dewberries, or various low-growing boreal, arctic, or alpine species. The scientific study of brambles is known as "batology". "Bramble "comes from Old Englishbræmbel,a variant ofbræmel.[5]
See also
[edit]- Mulberry,an unrelated deciduous tree with similar looking fruit
References
[edit]- ^"Rubus".Germplasm Resources Information Network.Agricultural Research Service,United States Department of Agriculture.Retrieved2010-06-27.
- ^"RubusL. ".Tropicos.Missouri Botanical Garden.Retrieved2010-06-27.
- ^ab"RubusL. "Plants of the World Online.Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 31 March 2023.Retrieved4 September2021.
- ^Brouillet, Luc (2014)."Rosaceae (subfam. Rosoideae) tribe Rubeae".In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA).Vol. 9. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,Missouri Botanical Garden,St. Louis, MO &Harvard University Herbaria,Cambridge, MA.
- ^ab"the definition of bramble".Dictionary.com.Archivedfrom the original on 2016-02-15.Retrieved2016-02-15.
- ^Klein, Carol (2009).Grow your own fruit.United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224.ISBN978-1-84533-434-5.
- ^abc"Rubus - Trees and Shrubs Online".www.treesandshrubsonline.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-09-27.Retrieved2023-09-27.
- ^"Brambles and other woody weeds /RHS Gardening".www.rhs.org.uk.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-05-24.Retrieved2016-02-15.
- ^abc"Bramble or blackberry | Woodlands.co.uk".www.woodlands.co.uk.Archivedfrom the original on 2016-09-14.Retrieved2016-02-15.
- ^"Blackberry Planting, Spacing, and Trellising".Alabama Cooperative Extension System.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-09-27.Retrieved2023-09-27.
- ^"Rubus all species | GDR".www.rosaceae.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-09-28.Retrieved2023-09-27.
- ^"Small genomes in tetraploid Rubus L. (Rosaceae) from New Zealand and southern South America".www.ars.usda.gov.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-09-27.Retrieved2023-09-27.
- ^abcCarter, Katherine A.; Liston, Aaron; Bassil, Nahla V.; Alice, Lawrence A.; Bushakra, Jill M.; Sutherland, Brittany L.; Mockler, Todd C.; Bryant, Douglas W.; Hummer, Kim E. (2019-12-20)."Target Capture Sequencing Unravels Rubus Evolution".Frontiers in Plant Science.10:1615.doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.01615.ISSN1664-462X.PMC6933950.PMID31921259.
- ^Leopold, Estella B.; Manchester, Steven R.; Meyer, Herbert W. (2008),"Phytogeography of the late Eocene Florissant flora reconsidered",Paleontology of the Upper Eocene Florissant Formation, Colorado,Geological Society of America,doi:10.1130/2008.2435(04),ISBN978-0-8137-2435-5,archivedfrom the original on 2024-05-24,retrieved2021-09-23
- ^Acta Palaeobotanica – 43(1): 9-49, January 2003 – Early Miocene carpological material from the Czech part of the Zittau Basin – Vasilis Teodoridis
- ^Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3-117.
- ^Lawrence A. Alice & Christopher S. Campbell (1999). "Phylogeny of Rubus (rosaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region sequences".American Journal of Botany.86(1). Botanical Society of America: 81–97.doi:10.2307/2656957.JSTOR2656957.PMID21680348.
- ^National Collection ofRubusSpecies, Houghton, England, United KingdomArchived2017-09-12 at theWayback Machinewww.rubusspecies.com
- ^"Plant Heritage – National Collections Scheme, UK Garden Plants".nccpg.com.Archivedfrom the original on 20 January 2015.Retrieved20 January2015.
- ^Ardle, John (July 2013). "Hybris vigour".The Garden.
- ^Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000).CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names.Vol. IV R-Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 2345.ISBN978-0-8493-2678-3.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-05-24.Retrieved2020-12-29.
External links
[edit]
Data related toRubusat Wikispecies- Rubusat theWestern Kentucky University
