Brazilian Carnival
 Devla Imperatrix Queen of Carnaval in Rio De Janeiro. Rio's carnaval is the largest in the world according to Guinness World Records.[1] | |
| Also called | Carnaval |
|---|---|
| Observed by | Brazilians,communities worldwide |
| Type | Cultural,Religious (Roman Catholicism) (Afro Candomblé) |
| Significance | Celebration prior to fasting season ofLent. |
| Begins | Friday before Ash Wednesday (51 days to Easter) |
| Ends | Ash Wednesday midday (46 days before Easter) |
| 2023 date | Afternoon, February 17 – midday, February 22 |
| 2024 date | Afternoon, February 10 – midday, February 14 |
| 2025 date | Afternoon, February 28 – midday, March 5 |
| 2026 date | Afternoon, February 13 – midday, February 18 |
| Frequency | annual |
| Related to | Carnival,Mardi Gras,Ash Wednesday,Lent |
TheCarnival of Brazil(Portuguese:Carnaval do Brasil,IPA:[kaʁnaˈvaw]) is an annual festival held the Friday afternoon beforeAsh Wednesdayat noon, which marks the beginning ofLent,the forty-day period before Easter. During Lent, Roman Catholics and some other Christians traditionally abstained from the consumption of meat and poultry, hence the term "carnival",fromcarnelevare,"to remove (literally," raise ") meat."[2]
Carnival is the most popular holiday in Brazil and has become an event of huge proportions.[3][4][5][6]Except for industrial production, retail establishments such as malls, and carnival-related businesses, the country unifies completely for almost a week and festivities are intense, day and night, mainly in coastal cities.[7]Rio de Janeiro's carnival alone drew 6 million people in 2018, with 1.5 million being travelers from inside and outside Brazil.[8]
Historically its origins can be traced to thePortuguese Age of Discoverieswhen theircaravelspassed regularly throughMadeiraisland, a territory which already celebrated emphatically its carnival season, and where they were loaded with goods but also people and their ludic and cultural expressions.[9][10]
Characteristics[edit]
Rhythm, participation, and costumes vary from one region of Brazil to another. In the southeastern cities ofRio de Janeiro,São Paulo,andVitória,huge organized parades are led bysamba schools.Those official parades are meant to be watched by the public, while minor parades (blocos) allowing public participation can be found in other cities, likeBelo Horizonte,[11]also in the southeastern region. The northeastern cities ofRecife,Olinda,Salvador,andPorto Segurohave organized groups parading through streets, and public interacts directly with them. It is a six-day party where crowds follow thetrios elétricosthrough the city streets, dancing and singing. Also in northeast,Olindacarnival features unique characteristics, heavily influenced by localfolkloreand cultural manifestations, such asFrevoandMaracatu.
The typical genres of music of Brazilian carnival are, in theSoutheast Regionin general, mostly cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo: thesamba-enredo,the samba de bloco, the samba de embalo and themarchinha;and in theNortheast RegionincludingPernambuco(mostly cities of Olinda and Recife):frevoandmaracatu,andBahia(mostly the city of Salvador):samba-reggae,pagode(also a type of Samba) and the main genreaxé music.These rhythms were mainly developed byAfro-BraziliansandPardos,incorporating and adapting many cultural influences, from the percussion beats of Africa to the military fanfares of Europe andiberian musicin the use of instruments likepandeiroandcavaquinho.
Brazilian carnival in essence is a synthesis of European, Native American, and Afro-Brazilian cultural influences, each group has played an important role in the development of the structure and aesthetic of the Brazilian carnival of today. For instance, the main rhythms used in carnival celebrations were developed by Afro-Brazilians and make use of European instruments like thecavaquinhoandpandeiroto create melodies and arrangements, also the fantasies and costumes in the Brazilian carnival borrow concepts from the clothing of the Native population in the use of feathers and the tendency to use lighter pieces.
Disruptions[edit]
The Carnival was first suspended in 1912, following the death of theBaron of Rio Branco,at the time Brazilian Minister of External Relations. The mayor of Rio reportedly postponed all licenses for the Carnival associations, but despite this many residents still partied in the streets anyway.[12]The Carnival went on as scheduled despiteWorld War IandWorld War II,besides during Brazil'smilitary dictatorship,despite strict regulations.
The first disruption to the Carnival in 108 years took place in late September 2020 amid theCOVID-19 pandemic in Brazil,when the 2021 festival was cancelled.[13][14]The next festival was scheduled from 26 of February - 2 of March 2022, depending on the evolution of the epidemiological situation in the country.[15]The Carnival celebrations finally returned on February 19, 2023 after 2 years in hiatus, butfloods and landslidescaused some festivities to be cancelled.
By region[edit]
Rio de Janeiro[edit]
In the late 18th century, the"cordões"(literally "cords",lacesorstringsinPortuguese) combined with the"dança do coco"(literally "coconut dance" an Afro-Brazilian dance troupe form) were introduced inRio de Janeiro.These were pageant groups that paraded through city avenues performing on instruments and dancing. Today they are known asCarnavalblocos(blocks), consisting of a group of people who dress in costumes or special T-shirts with themes and/or logos.Blocosare generally associated with particular neighbourhoods; they include both a percussion or music group and an entourage of revelers. They eventually became the "fathers" of what everyone today knows as the famous and internationally renowned samba-schools in Brazil. Samba-schools (not only in Rio de Janeiro, but in São Paulo and several other cities) are the cultural epicenter of the Brazilian carnival, in terms of the "parading style". The first registered samba-school was called "Deixa-falar", but disappeared later and the first official samba-school contest happened in 1929, with only three groups, and "Oswaldo Cruz" group won the competition, with a samba written by Heitor dos Prazeres.GRES Estação Primeira de MangueiraSamba-School, represented byCartola,and Estácio de Sá samba School, represented by Ismael Silva, were the other 2 contestants. Eventually, "Oswaldo Cruz" becamePortelaSamba School, the greatest winner of Rio's Carnival with 22 Titles. Although many Brazilians tend now to favor other forms of national music culture to that of Rio's samba schools, the carnival of Rio de Janeiro remains the national festival par excellence, and the samba of Rio de Janeiro continues to be an agent of national unification.[16]
Carnavalblocos,also known asBlocos de Rua( "Street Blocks" ) occur in nearly every neighborhood throughout the city and metropolitan areas, but the most famous are the ones inCopacabana,Ipanema,Leblon,Lagoa,Jardim Botânico,and in downtown Rio. Organizers often compose their own music themes that are added to the performance and singing of classic "marchinhas" and samba popular songs. "Cordão do bola preta" ( "Polka Dot Bloco" ), that goes through the heart of Rio's historical center, and "Suvaco do Cristo" ('Armpit ofChrist the Redeemer', referring to the angle of the statue seen from the neighborhood), near the Botanical Garden, are some of the most famous groups.Monoblocohas become so famous that it plays all year round at parties and small concerts.
The formalizedsamba schoolsare very small groups of performers, financed by respected organizations (as well as legal gambling groups), who work year-round in preparation for Carnival. Samba Schools perform in the Sambadrome, which runs four entire nights and is overseen by LIESA.[17]They are part of an official competition, divided into seven divisions, in which a single school is declared the winner, according to ten judging categories[18]that include costume, flow, theme, and band music quality and performance. Some samba schools also hold street parties in their neighborhoods, through which they parade along with their followers.
All performers at the Sambadrome have to wear a costume. Some honored members of the school or community may receive one for free, but normally, most will have to pay for their own.[19]Tourists can have the same experience on the "Commercial Area" of some Samba Schools but need to buy their own costume from the school, or through an agent, either of which can be quite costly.[20]
Bahia[edit]
There are several major differences betweenCarnivalin the state ofBahiainNortheastern Braziland Carnival in Rio de Janeiro. The musical styles are different at each carnival; in Bahia there are many rhythms, including samba, samba-reggae,axé,etc., while in Rio there is the multitude ofsambastyles: the "samba-enredo", the "samba de bloco", the "samba de embalo", the "funk-samba", as well as the famous "marchinhas" played by the "bandas" in the streets.
By the 1970s, four main types of carnival groups developed in Bahia: Afoxês, Trios Elétricos, "Amerindian" groups, and Blocos Afros. Afoxês use the rhythms of the African inspired religion,Candomblé.They also worship the gods of Candomblé, called orixás. An Electric Trio is characterized by a truck equipped with giant speakers and a platform where musicians play songs of local genres such as axé. People follow the trucks singing and dancing. The "Amerindian" groups were inspired by Western movies from the United States. The groups dress up as Native Americans and take on Native American names. Blocos Afros, orAfrogroups,were influenced by the Black Pride Movement in the United States, independence movements in Africa, and reggae music that denounced racism and oppression. The groups inspired a renewed pride in African heritage.[21]
Today, Bahia's carnival consists mostly of Trios Elétricos, but there are still Blocos Afros and Afoxês. Every year, about half a million tourists are attracted to Salvador. It is also possible to watch everything from the Camarotes (ringside seats) spread out along the way, offering more comfort to the visitors.
Pernambuco[edit]
The northeast state ofPernambucohas unique Carnivals in its present capitalRecifeand in its colonial capitalOlinda.Their main rhythms are thefrevoand themaracatu.Galo da Madrugadais the biggest carnival parade in the world, considering the number of participants, accordingThe Guinness Book of World Records.It means "dawn's rooster" and parades, as the name suggests, in the morning only.Frevois Pernambucan-style dance with African and acrobatic influences, as it is fast and electrifying, often using an open umbrella and frequent legs and arms movements.
UnlikeSalvadorand Rio, the festivities in Recife, Olinda and Itamaraca do not include group competitions. Instead, groups dance and play instruments side by side.Troçasandmaracatus,mostly of African influence, begin one week before Carnival and end a week later.
São Paulo[edit]
The carnival inSão Paulotakes place in theAnhembi Sambadromeon the Friday and Saturday night of the week of Carnival, as opposed to Rio's Carnival, which is held on Sunday and Monday night.
Various "samba schools" compete in a huge parade. Each school presents a different theme, which they expose through their costumes, dance, music, and the allegorical cars or "carros alegóricos",huge vehicles decorated according to the theme designed specifically for the parade. The schools are responsible for choosing their own themes, which usually revolve around historical happenings or some sort of cultural or political movement.
Vai-Vaiis the oldest school and has been the Special Group champion most times (15 total, including the 2015 championship). It also is the most popular, for it has a larger fan base and many supporters among the people of the city.
It is considered the most LGBTQ+ friendly Carnival in Brazil.[22]In 2017, theSexual Diversity Museum of São Pauloformed its own Carnival group to provide the message of inclusion, peace, and respect for all LGBT people.[22]In 2020, São Paulo Carnival has featuredCamilla Prins,the first transgender woman to lead a samba school in any Carnival event in Brazil.[23]
Espírito Santo[edit]
The Carnival inVitóriaare performed one week before Carnival, more precisely in Sambão do Povo. The schools are responsible for choosing their own themes, which usually revolve around historical happenings or some sort of cultural or political movement.
More than the traditional school parade, the carnival in Espirito Santos includes a large set of attractions, especially in the beach areas of the state, from north to south.
Minas Gerais[edit]
Carnival in Minas Gerais is often characterized byblocos carnavalescoswith varying themes and costume styles, typically accompanied by a brass and drums band. The carnival has been heavily influenced by the Rio de Janeiro Carnival, and several cities hold parades with samba schools. More recently,Axégroups from Bahia come to play in the state. The most traditional carnival parades happen in the historic cities ofOuro Preto,Mariana,São João del Rei,andDiamantina. Since the 2010s, the carnival in the state capitalBelo Horizontehas increased heavily in popularity, Other cities in the state, such asJuiz de Fora,Abaeté,Pompéu,andTrês Pontas,also have popular parades.
Ouro Pretois popular among college students. The city has a large proportion of students, who during the year live in places called Repúblicas (a Brazilian equivalent to afrat house). During carnival, the Repúblicas turn to affordable accommodation for bothresidentsandvisitorscoming from all over the country. The city hills, narrow streets, and stone pavement prevent traffic of heavy sound trucks.[24] Zé Pereira dos Lacaios,the oldest carnival block in Brazil with more than 150 years, parade in the city.
The first carnival party inBelo Horizontehappened in 1897, even before the inauguration of the city.[citation needed] Still, for decades the carnival in the city was not as popular as in historical cities. Only in the 2010s the situation has changed, and the carnival started gaining increasing popularity. In 2017, Belo Horizonte had the largest carnival in its history and the third-largest in Brazil. There were more than three million people on the streets, with about 500,000 tourists.[25]The Baianas Ozadas block hit a record audience of 500,000 people.
Juiz de Forahad one of the three largest carnivals in Brazil in the 1980s. But it has been steadily losing popularity. A deadlock between the league of local samba schools (LIESJUF) and the municipality'sculture agency(Funalfa)[26]prevented parades in the city since 2016. As a temporary solution, the parades have been held atIntendente Magalhães.[27]
Others[edit]
Some Southern cities such asUruguaiana,Florianópolis,andPorto Alegrehave smaller samba school groups or blocos, but like São Paulo state towns, they seem to prefer balls to street dancing.Curitibahosts modest carnival celebrations similar to those of other Brazilian cities and events such as Curitiba Rock Festival and a carnivalZombie Walk,all supported by Cultural Foundation of Curitiba which operates under supervision of government of Curitiba.[28][29][30][31]
Sambódromo[edit]
The Carnival parades in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo take place in theirsambódromos,located close to the city center. In theRio Sambódromo,the parades start at 20:00 or 21:00 (depending on the date) and end around 5:00 in the morning.[32]TheRio de Janeiro Metrooperates 24 hours during the main parade days.[32]
Music[edit]
Samba[edit]
The samba is still one of the most popular music styles in Brazil despite its extensive history. Its origins can be traced back to the 19th century in Salvador, Bahia which had strong links with western Africa and a contained a large black slave and ex-slave population.[33]After the abolition of slavery, many immigrated to Rio de Janeiro in order to start a new life. The hillside neighbourhoods known as "Little Africa" were where samba flourished.[34]Despite much initial distaste for the genre from the Brazilian government and those of high social class (who were striving for a more European culture),[35]"sambistas" continued playing, singing, and dancing the samba. From intimate samba-canções (samba songs) sung in bars to explosive drumparadesperformed during carnival, samba always evokes a warm and vibrant mood. In the 1930s, a group of musicians led by Ismael Silva founded in the neighborhood of Estácio de Sá the first samba school,Deixa Falar.During this period "blocos de carnaval" (groups of black individuals from the favelas, hillside slums, who came together to dance and sing samba during carnaval time) were being targeted by police for causing too much agitation with their performances. By creating organized institutions these people were able to find solace and protection in this newly legitimized practice.[36]These samba schools gave many living in the slums a purpose in life, furthering the genre and dance's importance to many Brazilians. They transformed the musical genre to make it fit better the carnival parade. In this decade, the radio spread the genre's popularity all around the country. The song Pelo Telefone by Donga and Mauro de Almeida is the first song to really skyrocket Samba's appeal and acclaim in Brazil.[37]The nationalist and populist dictatorship ofGetúlio Vargasused samba (inspired by the ideas of Gilberto Freyre) in creating a homogenous national culture, and many samba songs broadcast on the radio were censored to ensure the regime's nationalist messages were being diffused.[38]
In the following years, samba has developed in several directions, from the gentle samba-canção to the drum orchestras which make the soundtrack of carnival parade. One of these new styles was bossa nova, a musical movement initially spearheaded by young musicians and college students from Rio de Janeiro. It got increasingly popular over time, with the works ofJoão GilbertoandAntonio Carlos Jobim.In the sixties, Brazil was politically divided, and the leftist musicians of bossa nova started to draw attention to the music made in the favelas. Many popular artists were discovered at this time. Names like Cartola, Nelson Cavaquinho, Velha Guarda da Portela, Zé Keti, and Clementina de Jesus recorded their first albums. In the seventies, the samba got back to radio. Composers and singers like Martinho da Vila, Clara Nunes, and Beth Carvalho dominated the hit parade.[39]
Frevo[edit]
Frevois a wide range of musical styles originating fromRecifeandOlinda,Pernambuco,Brazil, all of which are traditionally associated with Brazilian Carnival. The wordfrevois said to come fromfrever,a misspeaking of the Portuguese wordferver(to boil). It is said that the sound of thefrevowill make listeners and dancers to feel as they are boiling on the ground. The word frevo is normally used interchangeably either to mean the frevo music or the frevo dance.
The frevo music came first, which is carnival music played by brass or wind marching bands combined with parts of the samba school drumline. By the end of the 19th century, bands from the Brazilian Army regiments based in the city of Recife started a tradition of parading during the Carnival. Since theCarnivalis originally linked to religion, they played religiousprocessionmarches and martial music, as well. A couple of regiments had famous bands that attracted many followers and it was just a matter of time to people start to compare one to another and cheer for their favorite bands. The two most famous bands were theEspanha(meaning Spain), whose conductor was of Spanish origin, and the14,from the 14th regiment. The bands started to compete with each other and also started playing faster and faster, louder and louder.
Axé[edit]
As singerDaniela Mercurybegan her rise to stardom in Rio and São Paulo, anything coming from Salvador would be labeled Axé Music. Soon, the artists became oblivious to the derogatory origins of the term and started taking advantage of it. With the media pushing it forward, the soundtrack of Carnival in Salvador quickly spread over the country (through off-season Carnival shindigs), strengthening its industrial potentials and producing year-round hits along the 90s.
Tested within the height of Carnival heat, Axé songs have been commercially successful in Brazil throughout the past decade. The year 1998 was particularly fortunate for the artists fromBahia:together, Daniela Mercury,Claudia Leitte,Ivete Sangalo,Asa de Aguia,Chiclete com Banana,Araketu, Cheiro de Amor, andÉ o Tchansold over 3.4 million records.[41]
TV broadcasting[edit]
The Brazilian Carnival Parades were first broadcast in the late 1960s on television onRede Globo,which brought the Rio celebrations live, bringing the celebrations to more people all over the nation. By the 1970s, color broadcasting and satellite transmissions made the broadcasts to be beamed to other parts of the nation in real-time, by then featuring the top schools under, since 1984 theLiga Independente das Escolas de Samba do Rio de Janeiro– also known as theSpecial Group(since 1990), and formerly under theAssociação das Escolas de Samba da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro.The now-defunctRede Manchetebroadcast the event on several occasions and mounted a joint broadcast with Globo for the 1987 event.
Since 1991, Globo's broadcast of the parades, now dubbedGlobeleza,at the Sambodrome in Rio and São Paulo have become the center of national and international attention. Until 2017, fans of the samba schools on parade also expected to watch a short preview of the performances of the schools involved to be broadcast during the duration of the event. By 2018 lyric video style adverts appeared in their place, complete with the colours of the competing schools in attendance, featuring the lyrics of the songs to be performed by the schools.
Globo acquired also the rights to air the parade of samba schools of São Paulo in 1990, and victory parades there were later aired in other local TV channels. Parades belonging to the Access Group (5th Division) and the B Series schools in Rio were also broadcast on several TV stations and are still the case today (in 2015Rede Recordand NGT aired the parades of the lower-level schools). Since 2014, Globo also has full rights to the A Series (Rio) and Paulista parades, which were co-shared with the Viva Channel before its closure in 2015 (which aired lower-level parades and the victory parades of the two cities' winning schools for the year) and regionally, RBS airs the Carnivals of Florianopólis and Porto Alegre, and since 2015, cable channelTVCOMdisplay the gaucho parades in the south. The Rio parade can also be heard on radio and seen via online streaming as well (thru TVG Rio and from 2015 in G1, which offers an online live streaming of the victory parade). In 2023,Rede Bandeirantestook over the broadcasting rights for the A Series.
The Carnivals of Recife and Salvador are shown byBandsince the early 2000s, and Band also holds broadcast rights for the victory parade. Both fall under theBand Foliabrand. This is also the case for SBT which also broadcasts the events under theSBT Foliabanner and is also, since recently, seen via live streaming onYouTube.Since 2008, Globo also has its own broadcast team and crew for the broadcasts of the late nightGalo da Madrugadain Recife.
Twinning[edit]
Santa Cruz de Tenerife,Spain;Since 1984, Rio de Janeiro is twinned with the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife for the special link between the Carnival of Rio and theCarnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife.[42][43][44]
See also[edit]
- Micareta,an off-season celebration similar to Carnival
References[edit]
- ^"Largest carnival".Guinness World Records. 1 January 2004.Archivedfrom the original on 15 April 2016.Retrieved11 February2016.
- ^"Carnival".Online Etymology Dictionary.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2012.Retrieved9 February2009.
- ^"Topic: Carnival in Brazil".Statista.Archivedfrom the original on 29 December 2020.Retrieved4 December2020.
Carnival is, without a doubt, the biggest national festivity in Brazil. For five days each year, the entire country unites in one big street party, where everyone is invited. But Carnival is not only a big part of the country's culture, it is also an important event for the Brazilian economy.
- ^NewsPaper, The Brasilians (6 February 2018)."Carnival, the Most Beloved Tradition of Brazil".The Brasilians.Archivedfrom the original on 27 October 2020.Retrieved4 December2020.
- ^"Rio's Carnival – General Info".www.brazilao.com.Archivedfrom the original on 11 April 2021.Retrieved4 December2020.
- ^"Brazil Holidays and Festivals".www.iexplore.com.Archivedfrom the original on 16 April 2021.Retrieved4 December2020.
Undoubtedly, Carnival is the country's most famous gathering. Throughout many of Brazil's metropolises, Carnival brings an energy that is unrivaled across the globe.
- ^"Carnival in Brazil".Topics-mag.com. 7 October 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 28 June 2011.Retrieved4 June2011.
- ^"Rio's carnival by the numbers".France 24.9 February 2018.Retrieved12 February2024.
- ^"Carnaval da Madeira poderá ter influenciado festividades no Brasil | Sociedade | Diário Digital".Diariodigital.sapo.pt.Archived fromthe originalon 8 March 2016.Retrieved11 February2016.
- ^"SIC Notícias – Cultura".Sicnoticias.sapo.pt.Archived fromthe originalon 28 August 2018.Retrieved11 February2016.
- ^"Carnaval de Belo Horizonte terá público recorde, menos recurso e mais restrições – 23/01/2016".Em.com.br.23 January 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 23 February 2020.Retrieved28 November2016.
- ^de Sousa, Marcelo (24 September 2020)."Virus disrupting Rio's Carnival for first time in a century".Associated Press.Archivedfrom the original on 24 October 2021.Retrieved13 October2021.
- ^"Global Covid report: Rio cancels Carnival for first time in a century as global deaths near 1m".The Guardian.25 September 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 26 October 2021.Retrieved13 October2021.
- ^"Río de Janeiro suspende el carnaval por primera vez en 108 años"(in Spanish). La Radio 1029. 1 October 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 9 July 2021.Retrieved9 July2021.
- ^"Confirman carnaval de Río de Janeiro para febrero del 2022".El Comercio(in Spanish). 8 July 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 9 July 2021.Retrieved9 July2021.
- ^Vianna H,The Mystery of Samba: Popular Music and National Identity in Brazil,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 1995, trans. Chasteen J, University of North Carolina Press 1999. p.107.
- ^"LIESA – Liga Independente das Escolas de Samba do Rio de Janeiro".Liesa.globo.com.Archivedfrom the original on 4 January 2010.Retrieved11 February2016.
- ^"Mapa de Notas".Retrieved20 November2013.[dead link]
- ^"O Portal de Notícias da Paraíba, Nordeste e Brasil".WSCOM.com.br.Archived fromthe originalon 19 December 2014.Retrieved11 February2016.
- ^"Buy your Costumes for the Brazilian Costume Parade in Rio".Riocostumes.com.Archived fromthe originalon 28 May 2013.Retrieved11 February2016.
- ^Collins, John F. (2015).Revolt of the Saints: Memory and Redemption in the Twilight of Brazilian Racial Democracy.Durham, NC: Duke University press.ISBN978-0-8223-5320-1.
- ^abAlface, Felipe (7 February 2018)."The LGBT side of Carnival in Brazil".The Washington Blade.Archivedfrom the original on 4 November 2020.Retrieved31 October2020.
- ^Savarese, Mauricio (22 February 2020)."Brazilian transgender dancer shatters Carnival parade taboo".AP News.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2022.Retrieved31 October2020.
- ^"Carnival of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais".V-brazil.com.Archivedfrom the original on 19 July 2011.Retrieved4 June2011.
- ^"Carnaval de BH bate recorde com três milhões de pessoas nas ruas".March 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 5 March 2017.Retrieved4 March2017.
- ^"Liga das escolas de samba cancela desfile competitivo de 2018 em Juiz de Fora".G1. 10 October 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 27 February 2018.Retrieved27 February2018.
- ^"Liesb auxiliará na reestruturação do Carnaval de Juiz de Fora".SRZD. 27 January 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 28 February 2018.Retrieved27 February2018.
- ^"Curitiba's carnival".Gazeta do Povo.Archivedfrom the original on 24 September 2015.Retrieved11 February2016.
- ^Greene, Stephen (5 March 2014)."Carnival in Curitiba: Zombie Walk".The Head of the Heard. Archived fromthe originalon 28 April 2016.Retrieved11 February2016.
- ^"Carnaval de Curitiba abre espaço para o rock e zumbis – Notícia – Fundação Cultural de Curitiba".Fundacaoculturaldecuritiba.com.br.Archivedfrom the original on 3 March 2016.Retrieved11 February2016.
- ^"Google Tradutor".Translate.google.com(in Portuguese).Archivedfrom the original on 1 October 2015.Retrieved11 February2016.
- ^ab"Sambódromo Information".Bolerio.com.Archivedfrom the original on 8 July 2011.Retrieved4 June2011.
- ^Barke, Michael, Tony Escasany, and Greg O’Hare. “Samba: A Metaphor for Rio’s Favelas?” Cities 18, no. 4 (2001): 260.
- ^Barke, Michael, Tony Escasany, and Greg O’Hare. “Samba: A Metaphor for Rio’s Favelas?” Cities 18, no. 4 (2001): 260.
- ^Alison Raphael. “From Popular Culture to Microenterprise: The History of Brazilian Samba Schools.” Latin American music review 11, no. 1 (1990): 74.
- ^Alison Raphael. “From Popular Culture to Microenterprise: The History of Brazilian Samba Schools.” Latin American music review 11, no. 1 (1990): 76.
- ^da Cunha, Fabiana Lopes. "Samba Locations: An Analysis on the Carioca Samba, Identities, and Intangible Heritage (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)." In Latin American Heritage, Cham: Springer International Publishing, n.d: 5.
- ^Shaw, Lisa. “São Coisas Nossas: Samba and Identity in the Vargas Era (1930-45).” Portuguese studies 14 (1998): 157.
- ^"Samba in Rio de Janeiro".Travel-amazing-southamerica.com. 7 August 1942.Archivedfrom the original on 17 May 2011.Retrieved4 June2011.
- ^Source: UNESCO Office in Brasilia UNESCO Office in Brasilia (7 December 2012)."Brazilian frevo dance is inscribed on the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization".Unesco.org.Archivedfrom the original on 18 November 2016.Retrieved11 February2016.
- ^"Axé Music in Salvador".Allbrazilianmusic.com.Archivedfrom the original on 6 June 2011.Retrieved4 June2011.
- ^"Tenerife-ABC".Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2011.Retrieved21 February2020.
- ^"Fiestas de España. El Carnaval de Tenerife".Archived fromthe originalon 21 September 2010.Retrieved21 February2020.
- ^"El Carnaval de Tenerife".Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2017.Retrieved21 February2020.
External links[edit]
- (in English)Torcida JovemSchool of Samba
- (in English)TV report about the Rio Carnival – BBC World News
- (in English)Street View of Rio Carnival 2012
