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Breguet 14

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Breguet 14
Role Bomberandreconnaissance
Manufacturer Breguet
Designer Marcel Vuillierme
First flight 21 November 1916
Introduction May 1917
Status Retired
Primary users Aéronautique Militaire
US Army Air Service
Polish Air Force
Royal Thai Air Force
Produced 1916–1928
Number built c. 8,000[1]
Developed from Breguet AV
Variants Breguet 16and17

TheBreguet XIV(in contemporary practice) orBreguet 14was a Frenchbiplanebomberandreconnaissance aircraftofWorld War I.It was built in very large numbers and production continued for many years after the end of the war.

The Breguet 14 was among the first mass-produced aircraft to use large amounts of aluminium, rather than wood or steel, in its structure. This allowed theairframeto be both lighter and stronger, in turn making the aircraft fast and agile and it was able to outrun some contemporaryfighters.

Development

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Background

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The Breguet 14 was designed by aviation pioneer andaeronautical engineerLouis Breguet.[2]Breguet had already built a reputation for producing capable aircraft and for having innovative ideas, including the use of metal in aircraft construction. The outbreak of theFirst World Warin 1914 led to Breguet-built aircraft being ordered by the military air services of severalTriple Ententenations.[3]He temporarily abandoned the preferredtractor configurationfor apusher designto satisfy the French general staff, who sought a clear forward view for the observer.[3]

Renault powered Breguet XIV A.2 with prominent camera fairing on fuselage side for photo reconnaissance

In spite of the French official preference for pushers, Breguet remained a proponent of tractor aircraft.[4]In June 1916, he began a new design for a military two-seater, theBreguet AV.TheFrench Army'sSection Technique de l' Aéronautique(STAé) recommended that Breguet use theHispano-Suiza 8AV-8 engine of 130 kW (180 hp).[5]Breguet determined that the Hispano-Suiza lacked sufficient power, and instead chose theRenaultV-12 engine previously used in the Breguet Type V.[5]

Two variants of the Breguet AV (Type XIIIandType XIVto the French authorities) were built. Both had a boxy shape that was complemented by a rectangular frontal radiator and the unusualnegative or back staggerof its wings.[5]It possessed a sturdyundercarriage,along withaileronson the upper wing only. The lower wing featuredflapsalong the entiretrailing edges,that were forced into their raised position by the air, as the aircraft accelerated to its normal speed, being restricted from moving freely by a set of 12 adjustablerubberbungeecords.[6]

The airframe's structure was constructed primarily ofduralumin,an aluminium alloy which had been invented in Germany byAlfred Wilmonly a decade previously. Many sections, such as the duraluminlongeronsand spacers, were attached usingweldedsteel-tube fittings and braced usingpianowire. The wingsparswere of rectangular duralumin tubes with eitheroakorashshims at the attachment points and wrapped in a sheet steel sheath.[5]The wooden boxribshad frettedplywoodwebs and ash flanges. The tail unit was built up from welded steel tube, while the elevators featured large horn balances.[5]French officials were initially wary of the Type XIV's innovative materials due to a lack of experience with them.[7]

Into flight

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French Breguet XIV B.2 showing off the substantial flaps on the lower wings
American Breguet showing off its full load of bombs
Fiat powered Breguet XIV A.2

Louis Breguet took theprototypeinto the air for the first time on 21 November 1916.[7]In November 1916, the S.T.Aé. had issued requirements for four new aircraft types, and Breguet submitted the XIV for two of those -reconnaissanceandbomber.[7]

The prototype was passed to the S.T.Aé on 11 January 1917 for trials and was accepted to fill both roles. The report issued on 7 February 1917 from the trials stated that the prototype had attained a speed of 172 km/h (107 mph) at an altitude of 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[7]On 22 February 1917, Breguet asked the S.T.Aé about initiating production and informed them on 2 March thatjigswere ready.[7]On 6 March 1917, the first official production order was received by Breguet, calling for 150Breguet XIV A.2reconnaissance aircraft and an additional order for 100XIV B.2bombers was received on 4 April.[7] The A.2 was equipped with severalcameras,while some also hadradios.The lower wing of the 14 B.2 was fitted withMichelin-built bomb racks for thirty-two 115 mm (4.5 in) bombs.[8]To avoid the bomb racks jamming the flaps, a forward extension of the wings was added, while transparent panels were added to the sides of the fuselage to aid in the use of thebomb sight.[8]

By mid-1917, the French authorities ordered a substantial increase in production.[9]Various other companies were contracted to manufacture the type.[7]On 25 April, French aviation companyDarracqwas requested to manufacture 330 aircraft. On 8 June, 50 were ordered fromFarmanand on 18 June,Paul Schmittwas issued a contract to produce 200 aircraft.[7]Some of the contractors were unable to commence quantity production of the Breguet 14 until 1918.[8]Following the war, some aircraft were constructed in French military workshops inIndo-China,although these are likely to have been reliant on imported parts.[10]

As an insurance against engine shortages, alternatives to the standard Renault powerplant were installed, both for experimental purposes and in production quantities.[11]Aside from some used in France, many of theBelgianandAmericanBreguet 14s were powered with theFiat A.12engine.[12]An improved model of the standard engine, the Renault 12Ff, appeared in Summer 1918 and was used on some late production aircraft.[11]Another engine adopted was built by French automotive companyLorraine-Dietrich,which was lighter but produced less power than the Renault unit. A number of late production B.2 models were equipped with the AmericanLiberty engine.To distinguish these aircraft, they were designatedBreguet XIV B.2 L.[13]

Other minor variants of the Breguet 14 were flown in small numbers during the Great War; these included theXIV B.1(Bombardement) long-range single-seat bomber, theXIV GR.2(Grande Raid) long-range reconnaissance/bomber, theXIV H(Hydro)floatplane,theXIV S(Sanitaire)air ambulanceand theXIV Et.2(Ecole)trainer.[14]Later variants, such as theXIVbis A.2andXIVbis B.2,featured improved wings. An variant equipped with enlarged wings was produced as theXVI Bn.2(Bombardement de nuit) night bomber. Further derivatives of the aircraft included theXVII C.2(Chasse) two-seat fighter, which would only be built in small numbers due to the end of the war.[11]Production of the Breguet 14 would continue long after the end of the war, only ending in 1926.[10]

Operational history

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United States Army Air Service Breguet 14 in France, 1918

The Breguet 14 was used in large numbers from May 1917 onwards, and at its peak equipped at least 71 escadrilles, and was deployed on both theWestern Front,where it participated in number major actions in which it typically acquitted itself well,[8]and in the east, on the Italian front.

For its actions during theBattle of the Lys,theSection Artillerie Lourde,equipped with the type, received acitationand was further lauded for its actions during the Allied counter-attack to theGerman spring offensive.On 9 July 1918, Capitaine Paul-Louise Weiller shot down two enemy aircraft during one sortie while flying the type.[8]

Following its introduction by the French, during 1918, the Breguet 14 was also ordered by theBelgian Army(40 aircraft) and theUnited States Army Air Service(over 600 aircraft).[15]Around half the Belgian and U.S. aircraft were fitted withFiat A.12engines due to shortages of the originalRenault 12F.Prior to theArmistice of 11 November 1918,the Breguet 14 was typically assigned to serve in both reconnaissance and bombing roles. By the end of the conflict, the type was reportedly responsible for having dropped over 1,887,600 kg (4,161,400 lb) of bombs.[16]

A Breguet 14 played a role in one of the last actions of the war. During November 1918, one aircraft was used to transport a German military officer, Major von Geyer, fromTergnierandSpa.It was covered in large white flags of truce to avoid being attacked.[16]

The type continued to be widely used after the war, equipping the French occupation forces in Germany and being deployed to support French troops in the colonies.[10]A special version was developed for the harsh conditions encountered overseas, designated "14 TOE" (Théatres des Operations Extérieures). These saw service in putting down uprisings inSyriaandMorocco,inVietnamand in the French intervention in theRussian Civil War.The last trainer examples were not withdrawn from French military service until 1932.

Polish Breguet 14 during theKiev offensive

Other air arms using the type includedBrazil(30),China(70),Czechoslovakia(10),Denmark(4),Finland(38),Greece(approximately 42),Japan(2), theSiamese Air Force(42), Uruguay (9) andSpain(approximately 180). ThePolish Air Forceused 158 Breguet 14s, about 70 of them being used in combat in thePolish-Soviet war.In Japan, Breguet 14s were licence-built byNakajima.The type was also heavily used in various internal wars in China during the 1920s and 1930s.[10]

Weeks after the signing of the Armistice, the Breguet 14 was used to conduct several long-distance flights to demonstrate its capabilities.[17]On 26 January 1919, a double-crossing of theMediterraneanwas flown using the type by Lt Roget and Captaine Coli. On 5 April, Roget flew fromLyontoRomeand then toNice.[17]Roget and Coli later establish a new French long-distance record flying the Breguet 14, flying fromParistoKenitra,Morocco,a distance of 1,900 km (1,200 mi) in 11 hours 15 minutes. Aviation pioneerPierre-Georges Latécoèreconverted one example to conduct experimentalin-flight refuellingoperations.[18] After the war, Breguet manufactured of dedicated civil versions of the Breguet 14. The 14 T.2 Salon carried two passengers in a specially modified fuselage. An improved version, the 14 Tbis, was built as both a land-plane andseaplane.[19]The 14 Tbis also formed the basis of the improved 14 Tbis Sanitaire air ambulance version, and 100mail planescustom-built for Latécoère's airline,Lignes Aeriennes Latécoère.[17]After changing its name to "CGEA", the airline used, among others, 106 Breguet 14s for flights over theSaharaDesert. The 18 T was a single 14 T re-engined with aRenault 12Jaengine and equipped to carry four passengers.[17]When production finally ceased in 1928, the total for all versions built had exceeded 7,800 (according to other sources, 8,000 or even 8,370).

Variants

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Breguet 14T bis Sanitaire photo from L'Aéronautique October 1921

Data from:[20]

Breguet AV 1
(Given the STAé designationBreguet 13) Company designation of the first aircraft of the Breguet 13/14 family. Powered by a 263 hp (196 kW) Renault V-12 engine with short fuselage and all-flying rudder.
Breguet AV 2
(Given the STAé designationBreguet 14) Company designation of the second aircraft of the Breguet 13 / 14 family. Powered by a 263 hp (196 kW) Renault V-12 engine in a longer fuselage with fixed fin.
Breguet 13
AV 1 the first of the Breguet 14 family with a short fuselage and no fixed fin.
Breguet 14 A.2
Basic production variant to the two-seat Army co-operation specification (A.2), typically powered by a 300 hp (220 kW)Renault 12FeV-12 engine.[21]
Breguet 14 AP.2
High-altitude, long-range reconnaissance variant, powered by a 400 hp (300 kW)Liberty L-12engine. One converted from an A.2
Breguet 14 AE
A single aircraft, (F-AEEZ), converted for use in the colonies.
Breguet 14/400
Postwar aircraft powered by 400 hp (300 kW)Lorraine-Dietrich 12DaV-12 engines. Seventy aircraft delivered toChinaandManchuria.
Breguet 14 C
A single aircraft powered by a 450 hp (340 kW)Renault 12JaV-12 engine for use as a postal aircraft in theUnited States.
Breguet 14 H
A floatplane version powered by a 320 hp (240 kW)Renault 12Fe,with a large central float and smaller floats under each wing. At least two were built, used inIndo-China.
Breguet 14 B.2
The two-seat bomber version.
Breguet 14 B.1
A single-seat bomber version: two were ordered for a planned raid onBerlin.
Breguet 14 floatplane
A twin float hydroplane version, tested atSt Raphaëlin 1924.
Breguet 14 S
(S –Sanitaire) Ambulance aircraft modified to carry two stretchers in the rear fuselage. (A later dedicated ambulance aircraft was also produced).
Nakajima B-6
Breguet 14 B.2 bombers licence-built inJapanbyNakajima,powered by 360 hp (270 kW)Rolls-Royce EagleV-12 engines.
Yackey BRL-12 Transport
American conversion of a 14 B.2 with corrugated fuselage skins and floats.[22]

Operators

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Argentina
Belgium
Brazil
China
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
El Salvador
Estonia
Finland
France
Greece
Guatemala
Japan
Central Lithuania
IranPersia
Paraguay
Poland
  • Polish Air Force- three French escadrilles were redesignated as Polish and transferred with their aircraft to Poland in 1919.[28]These were supplemented with an additional 70 aircraft which were eventually retired in 1924.[29]
Portugal
Romania
Serbia
  • Serbian Air Force- During WW1 three French escadrilles operated in Serbia with Serbian crews, and their aircraft eventually transferred to Serbia - who used them until 1923[29]
Soviet Union
SpainSpain
Sweden
ThailandSiam
Turkey
United States
Uruguay
Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Survivors and replicas

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Replica Breguet 14 at theRoyal Thai Air Force Museum

Specifications (14 B.2)

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Breguet 14 B.2 drawing

Data fromFrench aircraft of the First World War,[20]Profile #157:The Breguet 14[35]

General characteristics

  • Crew:Two
  • Length:8.870 m (29 ft 1 in)
  • Upper wingspan:14.364 m (47 ft 2 in) with original ailerons
14.86 m (48.8 ft) with balanced ailerons
  • Lower wingspan:13.664 m (44 ft 10 in) with original ailerons
13.284 m (43.58 ft) with balanced ailerons
  • Height:3.33 m (10 ft 11 in)
  • Wing area:50.2 m2(540 sq ft) with original ailerons
48.5 m2(522 sq ft) with balanced ailerons
  • Airfoil:Eiffel 4.6%[36]
  • Empty weight:1,017 kg (2,242 lb)
  • Gross weight:1,769 kg (3,900 lb)
  • Powerplant:1 ×Renault 12FcxV-12 water-cooled piston engine, 220 kW (300 hp)
Alternative engines
Renault 12Fcy230 kW (310 hp)
Renault 12Fe240 kW (320 hp) sometimes fitted withRateauturbocharger
Renault 12Ff260 kW (350 hp)
Renault 12K300 kW (400 hp)
Fiat A.12190 kW (260 hp)
Fiat A.14450 kW (600 hp)
Lorraine-Dietrich 12Da280 kW (370 hp)
Lorraine-Dietrich 12E290 kW (390 hp)
Liberty L-12300 kW (400 hp)
Panhard 12C260 kW (350 hp)
Panhard 12D250 kW (340 hp)
Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII270 kW (360 hp) (Nakajima B-6)
  • Propellers:2-bladedRatiersérie 34 fixed-pitch wooden propeller, 2.940 m (9 ft 8 in) diameter with Renault 12F engines
(2-bladedRatiersérie 34 fixed-pitch wooden propeller withLiberty L-12engine)

Performance

  • Maximum speed:195 km/h (121 mph, 105 kn)
  • Endurance:2 hours 45 minutes
  • Service ceiling:6,200 m (20,300 ft)
  • Rate of climb:4.867 m/s (958.1 ft/min)
  • Time to altitude:::2,000 m (6,600 ft) in 9 minutes 15 seconds
3,000 m (9,800 ft) in 16 minutes 30 seconds
5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 47 minutes
  • Wing loading:32 kg/m2(6.6 lb/sq ft) (at max. takeoff weight)
  • Power/mass:0.15 kW/kg (0.09 hp/lb) (at max. takeoff weight)

Armament

  • Guns:1 × fixed 7.7 mm (0.303 in)Vickers machine gun+ 2 × flexible 7.7 mm (0.303 in)Lewis Gunon T.O.3 or T.O.4 mount for the observer
  • Bombs:up to 355 kg (783 lb) of bombs, typically 32x 8 kg (18 lb)115mm bombs

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toBréguet 14.

Citations

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  1. ^Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 16.
  2. ^Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 3.
  3. ^abBruce and Noel 1967, p. 4.
  4. ^Bruce and Noel 1967, pp. 4–5.
  5. ^abcdeBruce and Noel 1967, p. 5.
  6. ^Bruce and Noel 1967, pp. 5–6.
  7. ^abcdefghBruce and Noel 1967, p. 6.
  8. ^abcdeBruce and Noel 1967, p. 7.
  9. ^Bruce and Noel 1967, pp. 6–7.
  10. ^abcdBruce and Noel 1967, p. 12.
  11. ^abcBruce and Noel 1967, p. 8.
  12. ^Bruce and Noel 1967, pp. 8–9.
  13. ^Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 9.
  14. ^Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 10.
  15. ^Bruce and Noel 1967, pp. 10–11.
  16. ^abBruce and Noel 1967, p. 11.
  17. ^abcdBruce and Noel 1967, p. 13.
  18. ^Bruce and Noel 1967, pp. 13–14.
  19. ^"1921 Paris Air Salon: Breguet 14Tbis."Flight,24 November 1921.
  20. ^abDavilla, Dr. James J.; Soltan, Arthur M. (January 2002).French aircraft of the First World War.Flying Machines Press. pp. 101–126.ISBN1891268090.
  21. ^Type 14 A2. Model 1921(PDF).Notice technique de l'avion Breguet(Report). Ministere de la guerre. 24 April 1922.
  22. ^Eckland, K.O."Aerofiles Y–Z".www.aerofiles.com.Retrieved20 July2019.
  23. ^Davilla, 1997, p.115
  24. ^Flores Jr., 2015, pp.359-364
  25. ^abcdefghijDavilla, 1997, p.116
  26. ^Morareau 1990, p. 16
  27. ^"All-Time Aircraft Used List | Paraguayan Air Force".
  28. ^Davilla, 1997, pp.116-117
  29. ^abcdDavilla, 1997, pp.117
  30. ^abcdDavilla, 1997, pp.118
  31. ^abcDavilla, 1997, pp.119
  32. ^abRimell, 1990, pp.38-39
  33. ^"Breguet 14 A2 Plane Info".Retrieved7 January2021.
  34. ^"Aero Visuals Airframe Dossier".Aerial Visuals.1993–2021.Retrieved7 January2021.
  35. ^Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 14.
  36. ^Lednicer, David."The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage".m-selig.ae.illinois.edu.Retrieved16 April2019.

Bibliography

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  • Andersson, Lennart (July 1998). "Histoire de l'aéronautique persane, 1921–1941: La première aviation du Chah d'Iran" [History of the Persian Air Force, 1921–1941: The First Aircraft of the Shah of Iran].Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire(in French) (76): 2–12.ISSN1243-8650.
  • Bruce, J. M.; Noel, Jean (1967).The Breguet 14.Profile Publications Number 157. London and Hatford: Profile Publications.ASINB0007JXD5I.
  • Davilla, Dr. James J.; Soltan, Arthur (1997).French Aircraft of the First World War.Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press.ISBN978-1891268090.
  • Flores Jr., Jackson (2015).Aeronaves Militares Brasileiras.Rio de Janeiro: Action Editora.ISBN978-8585654412.
  • Grandolini, Albert (January 2022). "The King's Breguets: The Royal Siamese Aeronautical Service's Breguet 14s".The Aviation Historian(38): 88–98.ISSN2051-1930.
  • Hirschauer, Louis; Dollfus, Charles, eds. (1920).L'Année Aéronautique: 1919–1920.Paris: Dunod. pp. 27–28.
  • Hirschauer, Louis; Dollfus, Charles, eds. (1921).L'Année Aéronautique: 1920–1921.Paris: Dunod. p. 39.
  • Kowalski, Tomasz J. (2002).Samolot Breguet 14.Typy Broni i Uzbrojenia no. 197 (in Polish). Warsaw: Dom Wydawniczy Bellona i Agencja Wydawnicza CB.ISBN8311094616.
  • Morareau, Lucien (February 1990). "Histoire de l'Aviation Embarquée en France: La 4emeFlotille, de la reconnaissance au bombardement ".Le Fana de l'Aviation(in French). No. 243. pp. 14–17, 19–21.
  • Nelcarz, Bartolomiej & Peczkowski, Robert (2001).White Eagles: The Aircraft, Men and Operations of the Polish Air Force 1918–1939.Ottringham, UK: Hikoki Publications.ISBN1-902109-73-2.
  • Rimell, Ray (1990).World War One Survivors.Bucks: Aston Publications.ISBN0-946627-44-4.
  • Sapienza, Antonio Luis (April 1999). "Le role de aviation lors de la révolution de 1922 au Paraguay" [The Role of Aircraft during the 1922 Paraguayn Revolution].Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire(in French) (73): 24–26.ISSN1243-8650.
  • Toelle, Alan D. (2003).Breguet 14.Windsock Datafile Special. Hertfordshire, UK: Albatros Publications.ISBN978-1902207612.
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